Rar!os@ dt`l.sAn50J&横 ஥\Thumbs.db݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ࡱ>  Root Entry $1Catalog9p  !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345678: JFIF``C     C   ``" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?Ϗ-=06t}Bʵ2V|NL|KpGY@9}эMԢJFYPZHz v`O7UfU$e~jcSc(]Nўa="Lno45S{I45]uaU.K)gl($p5<%⯉ށ.fX odq*ɕ!q)U~AAOx;"v⶛?Vl6hqܩ0129 Bx}u`O7l"v ]tC׷M+Ror!IO_Оi?i]Оi?i]z,Vi$Hś$?Ÿ~]N*Jl^ 7IM3IM3>o(yO$-͜y&s+״ oW؟n^.?,7!!KgmQ]~|0lgX?5~nχ KX5|w_aDpj/gc3) zw=';|J?/ov鵞EN5+c/f}1ƗW].^񯊼Omz?9c$%iRVUd!e$YT)EVvG}RהbSAk_3ޫo0>GO,?|AGzÝObi.R=>uR33+[̪σ?" ~'Ƽܒ SU~Ld1Q{o$R)l|NZ׫W\?lo}'?_ On5mZ8|+B c+n7~N끟lWsy}8dݻRq5}O2ҵ%ck"ړ> &:w>+i?tw.03툋o򖻯 h6ФMg@I5͉OGS}ڥ1VXdIg?pFz]_)/DI_w??Ə{? ]֍sW/D9'}D׳?ऴK`og ❼6-7; *oM~n>HRe>(Ik^^U"џM,<_j<7z/0I5 3j_oO9 d hdg-:u_GZ* yT??#3}5 oY֦Oun-o9Ulw;@\t~#^k:Q(" ,wsv}k+kWKҾr5Մ{  7J8.U{xYwxѼ?ٞ->ٞ->~+ #``Ebjbjmm.Z!RnRnRnRn ^nJ*Uwoooooooovvvvvvv$ xhsz>v-uoouuvoowvvvuRoovvuvvvv on 0Rn v^vv%w0Uwvzhv"zvzvopvqtrDooovvv oooUwuuuuJ*J*J*dCmJ*J*J*m  #% 5@>9 @><0=0 =4@5O 5;>3> 5B5@1C@3 (?5@20O @540:F8O  1913, 2B>@0O  1922, 20@80=BK =0720=8O  ;K5 B5=8, 0:8@>20==0O :0@5B0). ><0= A>74020;AO :0: 2B>@0O G0ABL B@8;>388 >AB>: 8 0?04, =0G0B>9 @><0=>< !5@51@O=K9 3>;C1L. 5B5@1C@3 =5 B>;L:> <5AB> 459AB28O  >1@07 3>@>40 ?@8>1@5B05B 2 @><0=5 A8<2>;8G5A:89 E0@0:B5@. -B> 8 @50;L=K9 3>@>4, AB>;8F0 8<?5@88, 8 B>G:0 2AB@5G8 >AB>:0 8 0?040 2 8AB>@88 >AA88, >:=> 2 2@>?C 4;O 0780BA:>9 >AA88. "0: 65 8 35@>8 @><0=0 5;>3> 42CA>AB02=K ?> A2>59 ?@8@>45, :064K9 87 =8E =045;5= B8?8G5A:8<8 G5@B0<8 @50;8AB8G5A:>3> EC4>65AB25==>3> >1@070 8 A8<2>;8G5A:8< 7=0G5=85<, :>B>@>5 2:;04K205B 2 =53> 02B>@. @><5 B>3>, 5;K9 AG8B0;, GB> <8@>2>5 @0728B85 A>25@H05BAO ?> A8AB5<5 2>72@0B>2, 8 :064>5 O2;5=85, 2>7@>640OAL =0 >G5@54=>< 28B:5 2 =>2>< >1;8GL5, A>E@0=O5B 2 A515 G5@BK 8AB>@8G5A:>3> ?@>>1@070. >MB><C B0:>5 206=>5 7=0G5=85 2 02B>@A:8E E0@0:B5@8AB8:0E ?@8>1@5B0NB C?><8=0=8O > 35=50;>388 35@>52. ;02=>5 ;8F> @><0=0  8:>;09 ?>;;>=>28G ., AK= A5=0B>@0 ?>;;>=0 ?>;;>=>28G0 1;5CE>20; MB> 8 @CAA:89 ABC45=B XX 25:0, 70=8<0NI89AO D8;>A>D859, 8 4@52=89 BC@0=5F, ?>B><C GB> 2 68;0E 53> >BF0 B5G5B 0780BA:0O :@>2L. >A;54=89 3>4 @01>BK =04 @><0=>< A>2?0; A C2;5G5=85< 5;>3> 0=B@>?>A>DA:8<8 845O<8 C4>;LD0 (B59=5@0, B0:65 >B@0782H8<8AO 2 @><0=5. . =5 O2;O5BAO 3;02=K< 35@>5< 2 >1I5?@8=OB>< A<KA;5 MB>3> A;>20, => >= ?>AB02;5= 02B>@>< 2 F5=B@ AN65B=KE ?5@5?;5B5=89, :>B>@K5 @072820NBAO 2 A0<>AB>OB5;L=K5 B5<K. 5@20O  8 3;02=0O  AN65B=0O ;8=8O A2O70=0 A B5@@>@8AB8G5A:8< 0:B><, :>B>@K9 >= 4>;65= A>25@H8BL ?@>B82 A2>53> >BF0, :@C?=>3> 3>AC40@AB25==>3> G8=>2=8:0, =045;5==>3> >4=>2@5<5==> G5@B0<8 >15@-?@>:C@>@0 A8=>40 >=AB0=B8=0 5B@>28G0 >154>=>AF520 8 35@>O @><0=0 ..">;AB>3> 0@5=8=0. 52>;NF8>=5@K-B5@@>@8ABK 2>A?>;L7>20;8AL 53> =5>AB>@>6=K< >15I0=85< A>25@H8BL B5@@>@8AB8G5A:89 0:B ?@>B82 >BF0, >B=>H5=8O A :>B>@K< 1;5CE>20-AK=0 =0?><8=0NB >B=>H5=8O =4@5O 5;>3> : A>1AB25==><C >BFC. !5<59=K5 >B=>H5=8O AB0@H53> 1;5CE>20 A 65=>9, :>B>@0O =0 AB@0=8F0E @><0=0 2>72@0B8;0AL 2 A5<LN ?>A;5 4;8B5;L=>3> @07@K20 A <C65<, 2> <=>3>< =0?><8=0NB >B=>H5=8O <564C @>48B5;O<8 =4@5O 5;>3>, =5>4=>:@0B=> >?8A0==K5 8< 2 <5<C0@0E 8 2>A?@>872545==K5 2 @O45 ?@>708G5A:8E ?@>872545=89. 0@0;;5;L=> @0728205BAO 8AB>@8O 8459=>3> @52>;NF8>=5@0-B5@@>@8AB0 C4:8=0, A:2>7L >1;8: :>B>@>3> ?@>ABC?0NB G5@BK 235=8O 87 54=>3> 2A04=8:0. C4:8=, C=825@A8B5BA:89 B>20@8I ., =0?@02;5==K9 : =5<C 4;O ?>43>B>2:8 ?>:CH5=8O, ?5@5405B 5<C :>@>1:C A A0@48==8F59, 345 8 A?@OB0=0 1><10 4;O C189AB20 >BF0. 59AB28O<8 C4:8=0 @C:>2>48B 8??0=G5=:>, B09=K9 035=B >E@0=:8, A :>B>@K< 2E>48B 2 @><0= B5<0 ?@>2>:0F88, 2A5>1I53> ?@540B5;LAB20, ?>?02H0O =0 AB@0=8FK @><0=0 2> <=>3>< ?>4 2?5G0B;5=85< @07>1;0G5=8O 75D0 8 C189AB20 .. !B>;K?8=0 . >3@>2K<, 2 ?@>H;>< B0:65 035=B0 >E@0=:8.  @><0=5 5;>3> >E@0==>5 >B45;5=85 2KABC?05B 2 42CE 8?>AB0AOE: >=> ?><>305B B5@@>@8ABC 8??0=G5=:> 3>B>28BL ?>:CH5=85 =0 A5=0B>@0 1;5CE>20 G5@57 53> AK=0, 8 >=> 65 >E@0=O5B A5=0B>@0 8 A>>1I05B 5<C > ?@54>AC48B5;L=KE A2O7OE 8:>;0O ?>;;>=>28G0. 07>1;0G5=85 8??0=G5=:> 8 C189AB2> 53> C4:8=K<, AE>4OI8< A C<0, 70:0=G820NB MBC AN65B=CN ;8=8N. ABL 2 @><0=5 8 @><0=B8G5A:0O ;8=8O, A2O70==0O A C2;5G5=85< 8:>;0O ?>;;>=>28G0 !>DL59 5B@>2=>9 8ECB8=>9 8 55 <C65<, => >=0 =5 ?>;CG05B ?@>4>;65=8O. 072O7:>9 3;02=>9 AN65B=>9 ;8=88 AB0=>28BAO 27@K2 2 4><5 A5=0B>@0 1;5CE>20, :>B>@K9 2 A8;C AB5G5=8O >1AB>OB5;LAB2 >1E>48BAO 157 65@B2.  M?8;>35 5;K9 >B?@02;O5B 8:>;0O ?>;;>=>28G0 70 3@0=8FC, 345 >= ?@51K205B 2?;>BL 4> A<5@B8 >BF0, 0 A0<>3> >BF0, 2KH54H53> 2 >BAB02:C, 70AB02;O5B 1572K574=> 68BL 2 45@52=5. ><0=C . 5;>3> ?>A2OI5=0 >1H8@=0O :@8B8G5A:0O 8 8AA;54>20B5;LA:0O ;8B5@0BC@0. !@07C ?>A;5 2KE>40 A>2@5<5==8:8 >F5=8;8 @><0= :0: 7=0G8B5;L=>5 ;8B5@0BC@=>5 A>1KB85, => 2 F5=B@5 >1AC645=8O >:070;8AL =5 B5 8;8 8=K5 35@>8, 0 53> 3;02=K5 B5<K. A>15==> >AB@CN @50:F8N 2K720;8 >1@07K @52>;NF8>=5@>2, :>B>@K5 2 87>1@065=88 .5;>3> =045;5=K G5@B0<8 ?5@A>=0659 5A>2 >AB>52A:>3>. CAA:85 @52>;NF8>=5@K, ?8A0; 0=>=8<=K9 02B>@, 45;OBAO 4;O 02B>@0 5B5@1C@30 =0 425 :0B53>@88: >1<0=CBKE 4C@0:>2 8 ?>4;KE >1<0=I8:>2... 8B.: 20=>2 OG. 4>E=>25=85 C60A0 // !>1@. A>G. @NAA5;L, 1987. ".4; >;3>?>;>2 . =4@59 5;K9 8 53> @><0= 5B5@1C@3. ., 1988. ..20=>20  (3@5G. 1C:2. 25AL<0 ?0<OB;82K9) 1) 35@>9 ;804K ><5@0 (VIII 2. 4> =.M.), B@035489 -AE8;0 30<5<=>= (458 3. 4> =.M.), !>D>:;0 O:A (>:. 455-445 4> =.M.), 2@8?840 D835=8O 2 2;845 (408-405 33. 4> .%.). . 1K; 35@>5< M?8G5A:8E ?5A5= > "@>O=A:>9 2>9=5 5I5 2 4>3><5@>2A:CN M?>EC.  ;8045 ., F0@L 8:5=, 2>73;02;O5B ?>E>4 3@5:>2 ?@>B82 "@>8. 3> AA>@0 A E8;;><, E@01@59H8< 35@>5< 3@5G5A:>3> 2>9A:0, ?>AB0282H0O =0 :0@BC AC4L1C 2A53> 2>9A:0, ;568B 2 >A=>25 AN65B0 ;804K. . ?@54AB05B ?5@54 =0<8 :0: =04<5==K9 8 M3>8AB8G=K9 2;0AB8B5;L, :>B>@>3> B>;L:> 3>@L:89 >?KB 70AB02;O5B ?@8<8@8BLAO A E8;;>< 8 2>72@0B8BL 5<C 53> ?;5==8FC @8A584C. =0;>38G=K5 A2>9AB20 E0@0:B5@0 . ?@>O2;O5B 8 2 B@035488 !>D>:;0 O:A.  B@035488 2@8?840 D835=8O 2 2;845 . >:07K205BAO 2K=C645==K< ?>4 402;5=85< 2>9A:0 @048 CA?5E0 B@>O=A:>3> ?>E>40 ?@8=5AB8 2 65@B2C A2>N 4>GL D835=8N, ?@5420@8B5;L=> 2K7202 55 ?>4 ;>6=K< ?@54;>3>< A204L1K A E8;;><.  48AA55 ><5@0 C?><8=05BAO 3815;L . >B @C:8 ;N1>2=8:0 53> 65=K ;8B5<=5AB@K -38AD0 ?>A;5 2>72@0I5=8O 53> 87-?>4 "@>8. 815;8 . ?>A2OI5=0 B@03548O -AE8;0 30<5<=>=, ?5@20O G0ABL B@8;>388 @5AB5O. . >?>25I05B > 27OB88 "@>8 8 > A2>5< ?@54AB>OI5< ?@81KB88 ?@8 ?><>I8 >3=5==>3> B5;53@0D0 8 B5< >1;53G05B 4;O ;8B5<=5AB@K 2>7<>6=>ABL 70@0=55 ?@83>B>28BLAO : ?@5ABC?;5=8N. @81K2 87-?>4 "@>8 2 @3>A, 345 >=, A>3;0A=> -AE8;C, F0@AB2>20;, . ?>A;5 :>;510=89 ?>4405BAO ;LAB82K< C3>2>@0< ;8B5<=5AB@K 8, A>94O A :>;5A=8FK, 2E>48B 2> 42>@5F ?> ?C@?C@=K< :>2@0<, ?@>O2;OO MB8< 45@7>ABL ?> >B=>H5=8N : 1>30<. ;8B5<=5AB@0 A0<0 C18205B 53> 2 20==5, >?CB02 ?@5420@8B5;L=> ?>:@K20;><, 0 70B5< @0A?@02;O5BAO A ?@82575==>9 8< 87 "@>8 =0;>6=8F59 0AA0=4@>9, ?@>@8F0B5;L=8F59, 4>G5@LN F0@O @80<0. > 2B>@>9 G0AB8 B@8;>388 (%>MD>@K) 4065 3>2>@8BAO, GB> ;8B5<=5AB@0 ?5@54 B5<, :0: ?>E>@>=8BL ., @0AG;5=8;0 53> B5;>.  B@5BL59 G0AB8 (2<5=840E) B5=L ;8B5<=5AB@K 60;C5BAO, GB> . ?@5A;54C5B 55 C?@5:0<8 2 F0@AB25 <5@B2KE. 8B.: /@E> .. @0<0BC@38O -AE8;0 8 =5:>B>@K5 ?@>1;5<K 4@52=53@5G5A:>9 B@035488. ., 1978, 3;.4. ..09F52 2) 5@>9 B@035489 . ==5O !5=5:8 30<5<=>= 8 "@>O=:8 (A5@548=0 I 2. =.M.). 5@20O 87 MB8E B@035489 O2;O5BAO ?5@5@01>B:>9 7=0<5=8B>3> 30<5<=>=0 -AE8;0.  >B;8G85 >B ?@>B>B8?0 35@>9 !5=5:8 ?>O2;O5BAO 2 =59 ;8HL =5=04>;3>; 3>@074> 1>;LH55 2=8<0=85 C45;5=> -38ADC 8 ;8B5<=5AB@5. ">=:89 A8<2>;8G5A:89 @8AC=>: -AE8;0 (?C@?C@, =0 :>B>@K9 A?5@20 =5 >A<5;8205BAO ABC?8BL ., 8 =5?>=OB=>5 4;O >:@C60NI8E ?@>@>G5AB2> 0AA0=4@K) 70<5=5= 15A54>9 1C4CI8E C189F: 65=0 :>;51;5BAO, 8 -38AD C156405B 55 ?@8=OBL @07C<=>5 @5H5=85. !0< . ?>O2;O5BAO 2 B@035488 B>;L:> =0 :>@>B:>5 2@5<O, GB>1K 2K@078BL A2>N @04>ABL 8 >1<5=OBLAO A B@>O=A:>9 ?@>@>G8F59 =5A:>;L:8<8 A;>20<8: B0 ?@54C?@56405B 53>, => <8:5=A:89 F0@L =5 A;CH05B 55, ?@8=8<0O 0AA0=4@C 70 157C<=CN, 8 ?@8:07K205B A;C30< C45@60BL 55. -B>B 1;54=K9 >1@07 2?>;=5 5AB5AB25==> 70A;>=5= A2>8< 1;8AB0B5;L=K< ?@>B>B8?><. B>@0O B@03548O ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 AN65B=CN :>=B0<8=0F8N 5:C1K 8 "@>O=>: 2@8?840 (?@8G5< ?5@20O B0:65 A>45@68B 425 ?>GB8 =57028A8<K5 AN65B=K5 ;8=88: =5C40G=CN ?>?KB:C 5:C1K A?0AB8 >;8:A5=C (55 B@51>20;0 2 65@B2C B5=L E8;;0) >B 6@5G5A:>3> =>60 8 55 <5ABL D@0:89A:><C F0@N 70 :>20@=> ?>3C1;5==>3> AK=0 >;84>@0); 745AL . 459AB2C5B B>;L:> 2 ?5@2>9 G0AB8 8 =5 ?>O2;O5BAO 2> 2B>@>9 (?>?KB:0 =4@><0E8 A?0AB8 AK=0 AB80=0:A0). B@84K 2>>1I5 =5 ?>;L7>20;8AL @0A?>;>65=85< B@038:>2 <;04H53> ?>:>;5=8O; =081>;55 =5?@82;5:0B5;L=K< >1@07 . 2K2545= 2 O:A5 !>D>:;0. >?@5:8 MB>9 B@048F88 . 87>1@065= :0: C<5@5==K9 8 @07C<=K9 ?@028B5;L; >= ?KB05BAO A?0AB8 >;8:A5=C (G53> =5B C 2@8?840) 8 A?>@8B A =5>1C740==K< 8 :@>2>604=K< 5>?B>;5<>< (87>1@065==K< 2 B@048F8OE 5@38;8O): 8 >48= 70:>= =5 I048B ?;5==>3> 8 =5 ?@5?OBAB2C5B :07=8  'B> =5 70?@5I05B 70:>=, B><C <5H05B A25@H8BLAO ABK4  >1548B5;N ?>72>;5=> 2A5, GB> >= =8 @5H8B A45;0BL  ><C ?>72>;5=> <=>3>5, B><C ?>4>105B 65;0BL ;8HL =08<5=LH53>.  =>2>5 2@5<O MB> >B=>H5=85 : 35@>O< ?><5=O;>AL (1;5ABOI89 ?@8<5@ 2 @CAA:>9 4@0<0BC@388  =4@><0E0 . 0B5=8=0, 345 . =5 >AB02;5=> ?@82;5:0B5;L=KE G5@B). !C4L15 . ?>A2OI5=K B0:65 B@035488 . ;LDL5@8 30<5<=>= (1776) 8 . 0C?B<0=0 !<5@BL 30<5<=>=0 (1943). 8B. A<. : AB0BL5 $85AB. .. N168= !$  (D@0=F. Agasfer) 5@>9 @><0=0 D@0=FC7A:>3> ?8A0B5;O -65=0 !N 5G=K9 684 (1844-1845; 2 @CAA:8E ?5@52>40E  30AD5@). 535=40@=K< ?@>B>B8?>< >1@070 . ?>A;C68; ?5@A>=06 E@8AB80=A:>9 ;535=4K, 2>7=8:H59 2 ?>74=55 A@54=525:>2L5. !>3;0A=> ;535=45, :>340 %@8AB0 25;8 =0 >;3>DC, >=, CB><;5==K9 BO65ABLN :@5AB0, E>B5; ?@8A5ABL C 4><0 >4=>3> 52@59A:>3> @5<5A;5==8:0, => B>B, >7;>1;5==K9 8 87<CG5==K9 @01>B>9, >BB>;:=C; 53>, A:0702: 48, =5 >AB0=02;8209AO. / ?>94C, A:070; %@8AB>A, => 8 BK 1C45HL E>48BL 4> A:>=G0=8O 25:0. ! B5E ?>@ . >1@5G5= =0 25G=CN 687=L 8 25G=>5 A:8B0=85, 4> 2B>@>3> ?@8H5AB28O %@8AB0, B>;L:> B>340 A =53> 1C45B A=OB MB>B 3@5E. !CI5AB2C5B <=>3> ;8B5@0BC@=KE 8AB>G=8:>2 >1@070 .  XIII 2. > =5< ?8H5B 0=3;89A:89 <>=0E >465@ #M=4>25@A:89.  1602 3. 2KH;0 0=>=8<=0O :=830 @0B:>5 >?8A0=85 8 @0AA:07 > =5:>5< 52@55 ?> 8<5=8 30AD5@.  XVII 2. 4065 ?>O2;ONBAO A>>1I5=8O > O:>1K 8<52H8E <5AB> 2AB@5G0E A . (2 N15:5, 59?F835 8 2 (0<?0=8).  1774 3. 5B5 A>7405B D@03<5=B ?>M<K 5G=K9 684. !N65B >1 . 8A?>;L7>20; 2 A2>8E ?@>872545=8OE (5;;8 (4@0<0 -;;040, 1822), =045;82H89 . G5@B0<8 1C=B0@O. . ?@54AB05B 8 :0: >;8F5B2>@5=85 BKAOG5;5B=59 <C4@>AB8 G5;>25G5AB20. = >1;0405B 40@>< ?@542845=8O 8 ?@54A:07K205B 2>8=AB25==><C AC;B0=C 0E<C4C 3815;L 53> 8<?5@88. /= >B>F:89 ?>A2OB8; >1@07C . =5A:>;L:> 3;02 2 A2>5< @><0=5 C:>?8AL, =0945==0O 2 !0@03>A5 (1804). . >B>F:>3> 42865BAO ?> 2>;5 GC68E 70:;OB89, 8<5NI8E 2;0ABL =04 =8<. = @0AA:07K205B >1 8AB>@88 A2>53> @>40 8 7@08;O 2 ?5@8>4 ?@8H5AB28O %@8AB0. . >:07K205BAO 2 G8A;5 B>@3CNI8E 2 E@0<5 A044C:552, :>B>@KE 873>=O5B >BBC40 8ACA. > :064K9 @07, :>340 53> @0AA:07 ?>4E>48B : 8725AB=><C M?87>4C, . 2 15A?>:>9AB25 70<>;:05B 8 8AG5705B.  >AA88 ?>MB . 5@=5B (..C:>2A:89) =0?8A0; @><0=B8G5A:CN ?>M<C 5G=K9 684 (1839). ..C:>2A:89 >1@0B8;AO : MB><C >1@07C 2 =5>:>=G. ?>M<5 30AD5@. 5G=K9 684. A5<8@=CN 8725AB=>ABL >1@07 . >1@5; ?>A;5 2KE>40 020=BN@=>3> @><0=0 -65=0 !N 5G=K9 684. ><0= 2 2845 D5;L5B>=>2 ?5G0B0;AO 2 ?0@86A:>9 3075B5 Constitucionel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deus ex machina (1>3 87 <0H8=K), ?>O2;OOAL :0: @07 2 B5 <><5=BK, :>340 ?8A0B5;L =5 <>65B 8=K<8 A@54AB20<8 @072O70BL 70?CB02H89AO AN65B=K9 C75;. >B82K 8 AN65B=K5 ;8=88, =025O==K5 >1@07>< ., ?@>4>;60NB 68BL 2 ;8B5@0BC@5 8 ?>A;5 @><0=0 -65=0 !N. =8 O2=> ?@>3;O4K20NB 2> <=>38E 35@>OE $..>AB>52A:>3> ( 0A:>;L=8:>2, 20= 0@0<07>2).  =5>6840==>9 ?@8BG52>-A0B8@8G5A:>9 8=B5@?@5B0F88 >1@07 . 8A?>;L7>20;8 .;LD 8 .5B@>2 2 @><0=5 >;>B>9 B5;5=>:. 8B.: 0=8;8= .. -?>E0 A>@>:>2KE 3>4>2 8 30AD5@ -65=0 !N// !N -. 30AD5@. .; ., 1933. ".1; @>=8= . 525F <8;>A5@48O, 8;8 87=L 8 B2>@G5AB2> -65=0 !N// !N -. 30AD5@. ., 1992. ".1. .. &C:0=>2 !  #-  (=5<. Agnes Bernauer) 5@>8=O B@035488 $. 5115;O 3=5A0 5@=0CM@ (1851). 1@07 .. 8AB>@8G5A:89, 2 >A=>2C AN65B0 ?>;>65=K A>1KB8O E@>=8:8, >B=>AOI85AO : ?5@2>9 B@5B8 XV 25:0. !C4L15 .. ?>A2OI5=K =0@>4=K5 ;535=4K, 4@0<0BC@38G5A:85 8 ?@>708G5A:85 ?@>872545=8O. > A2845B5;LAB2C 5115;O, ?@8 =0?8A0=88 B@035488 53> 24>E=>2;O;8 B0:85 65=A:85 >1@07K, :0: -<8;8O 0;>BB8 8 =B83>=0. ..  4>GL F8@N;L=8:0 87 1020@A:>3> 3>@>40 C3A1C@30, 70 :@0A>BC, :@>B:89 =@02 8 1;03>G5AB85 ?@>720==0O 0C3A1C@3A:8< 0=35;><. 0 3>@>4A:>< ?@074=8:5 .. C2845; =0A;54=8: 1020@A:>3> ?@5AB>;0 <>;>4>9 35@F>3 ;L1@5EB 8 2;N18;AO A ?5@2>3> 273;O40, =5 65;0O A;CH0BL =8:0:8E 4>2>4>2 > A>A;>2=>< =5@025=AB25. .. >B25G05B ;L1@5EBC 2708<=>ABLN, 8 >=8 AB0=>2OBAO <C65< 8 65=>9. !C4L10 .. A:;04K205BAO B@038G5A:8: >B5F ;L1@5EB0, 35@F>3 -@=AB, =5 <>65B ?@8<8@8BLAO A =5@07C<=K< ?>ABC?:>< A2>53> AK=0; 2 53> >BACBAB285 ?@81;865==K5 35@F>30 70:;NG0NB .. 2 B5<=8FC, 0 ?>B><, >128=82 2 B><, GB> >=0 =0@CH8;0 A2OI5==K9 <8@>?>@O4>:, @07;CG8;0 >BF0 A AK=><, ?@83>20@820NB : A<5@B8. .. <C65AB25==> 8 157@>?>B=> 2AB@5G05B ?@83>2>@ 8 ?>38105B, CB>?;5==0O 2 @5:5. 8=0AB8G5A:85 8=B5@5AK B>@65AB2CNB  687=L 15728==>3> G5;>25:0 2 A@02=5=88 A =8<8 =8GB>. "@03548O 5115;O @54:> ?>?040;0 =0 AF5=C, 2 80-5 3>4K XX 25:0 A2>N 4@0<0BC@38G5A:CN 20@80F8N AN65B0 ?@54;>68; =5<5F:89 4@0<0BC@3 $@0=F A025@ @5F. 8B.: ;5:A8=0 .. !2>5>1@0785 @50;87<0 2 B2>@G5AB25 $. %5115;O 40-E 33. // 5B>4 8 <0AB5@AB2>. >;>340, 1970; 0@5;LA:89 .. $@84@8E 5115;L // 5115;L $. 71@0==>5. ., 1978. ". 1. ..0:0@>20 ,$ (D@. Adolphe) 5@>9 @><0=0 . >=AB0=0 4>;LD (1806-1810; 874. 1816). . ?5@A>=06 2> <=>3>< 02B>18>3@0D8G5A:89; 8AB>@8O 53> ;N128 : ?>;L:5 -;;5=>@5, ;N1>2=8F5 =5:>53> 3@0D0 ., MB>, ?@8 2A5E =5A>2?045=8OE :>=:@5B=KE A8BC0F89, 8AB>@8O ;N128 A0<>3> >=AB0=0 8 5@<5=K 45 !B0;L. E A2O7L 4;8;0AL 1>;55 15 ;5B (A 1794 ?> 1811), 7=0O 8 AA>@K 8 @07@K2K; 4=52=8:8 >=AB0=0 A2845B5;LAB2CNB > B><, :0: <=>3> ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E =01;N45=89 =04 A>1AB25==K<8 ?5@56820=8O<8 2;>68; >= 70B5< 2 CAB0 ., >B ;8F0 :>B>@>3> 2545BAO ?>25AB2>20=85 2 >A=>2=>9 G0AB8 @><0=0. 4=0:> <564C @><0=>< 8 687=LN 5ABL A@548 ?@>G8E >4=> 206=>5 @07;8G85: >=AB0= 70 3>4K A2>53> @><0=0 A 3-6>9 45 !B0;L CA?5; 2;N18BLAO 2 =5A:>;L:8E 4@C38E 65=I8= 8 4065 2ABC?8BL 2 1@0: A (0@;>BB>9 0@45=15@3, :>B>@CN 7=0; 5I5 4> 2AB@5G8 A 5@<5=>9; 2 @><0=5 A8BC0F8O ?@>I5 8 ?>B><C B@038G=55: ;N128 4>;LD0 8 -;;5=>@K <5H0NB ;8HL >=8 A0<8, 8E A>1AB25==K5 E0@0:B5@K. ., AK= <8=8AB@0 >4=>3> =5<5F:>3> :C@DN@AB0, @0=> ?>B5@O; <0BL 8 @>A ?>4 =01;N45=85< >BF0, :>B>@K9 1K; 70AB5=G82 A A>1AB25==K< AK=>< 8 =5 C<5; 2KA:070BL 5<C A2>N =56=>ABL. >MB><C . ?@82K: : >48=>G5AB2C; >= ?@OG5B A2>8 ?>4;8==K5 <KA;8 70 A25BA:8< 7;>A;>285<, 6825B 157 F5;8 8 4C<05B, GB> F5;8, :>B>@0O 1K;0 1K 4>AB>9=0 E>BL <0;59H53> CA8;8O, 2>>1I5 =5 ACI5AB2C5B. 0AA:07K ?@8OB5;59 > ;N128 8 A2O7OE A 65=I8=0<8 ?@>1C640NB 2 =5< ;N1>?KBAB2>, >= 8I5B, 2 :>3> 1K 5<C 2;N18BLAO, 8 =0G8=05B 4><>30BLAO ;N128 -;;5=>@K A:>@55 87 BI5A;028O, G5< 87 AB@0AB8. >=0G0;C >= 2AB@5G05B A>?@>B82;5=85, => MB> ;8HL @0A?0;O5B 53> GC2AB2>, 0 -;;5=>@0 >B25G05B 5<C 2708<=>ABLN. 5A:>;L:> <5AOF52 ;N1>2=8:8 =0A;0640NBAO A2>8< AG0ABL5< 2B09=5, 70B5< 8E A2O7L AB0=>28BAO 8725AB=>9 2A5<. -;;5=>@0 ?>@K205B A 3@0D>< ., GB>1K ?>A2OB8BL . 2AN A2>N 687=L, . =0G8=05B C65 BO3>B8BLAO =5>1E>48<>ABLN A>87<5@OBL :064K9 A2>9 H03 A 55 65;0=8O<8, => =5 <>65B 1@>A8BL 2>7;N1;5==CN. B5F ., =54>2>;L=K9 B5<, GB> 53> AK= >B:@KB> A>45@68B ;N1>2=8FC, A>18@05BAO 2KA;0BL -;;5=>@C 87 3>@>40; GB>1K A?0AB8 55 >B MB>3> ?>7>@0. . C57605B 2<5AB5 A =59, 8 ;N1>2=8:8 ?>A5;ONBAO 2 =51>;LH>< 1>35<A:>< 3>@>4:5, 0 70B5< ?5@55760NB 2 >;LHC, 345 -;;5=>@0 ?>;CG8;0 =0A;54AB2>. . C65 402=> =5 ;N18B -;;5=>@C B0: AB@0AB=>, :0: ?@5645; 8< 42865B =5 AB>;L:> ;N1>2L, A:>;L:> 60;>ABL, 5<C =5?@8OB=> A;CH0BL 60;>1K -;;5=>@K, :>B>@0O, GC2AB2CO 53> >E;0645=85, >AK?05B 53> C?@5:0<8.  4CH5 . 8 A0< A>3;0H05BAO A B5<, > G5< ?@54C?@5640; 53> >B5F: 687=L A -;;5=>@>9 >1@5:05B 53> =0 15725AB=>ABL, ;8H05B 2>7<>6=>AB8 ?@>O28BL A51O =0 :0:>< 1K B> =8 1K;> ?>?@8I5. > E0@0:B5@ . B0:>2, GB> @0AAB0BLAO A -;;5=>@>9, ?@8G8=8BL 59 1>;L 5<C BO65;>, 8 >= ?>AB>O==> >B:;04K205B @0AAB020=85. >=5F MB>9 =5@07@5H8<>9 A8BC0F88 :;045B A<5@B5;L=0O 1>;57=L -;;5=>@K, :>B>@0O, C7=02 > B><, GB> . 40; 4@C3C A2>53> >BF0 >15I0=85 ?>@20BL A =5N, =0G8=05B G0E=CBL 8 C<8@05B. . >1@5B05B 4>;3>640==CN A2>1>4C, => >=0 5<C C65 =5 <8;0, 81> >48=>G5AB2> >:07K205BAO 5I5 AB@0H=55. !0<>5 70<5G0B5;L=>5 2 :>=AB0=>2A:>< 87>1@065=88 . 0=0;87 ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E <5E0=87<>2, :>B>@K5 4286CB ?>ABC?:0<8 35@>O. . 459AB2C5B B> 8A:@5==5, B> ?> 2>;5 BI5A;028O, >= 60645B =57028A8<>AB8 8 >4=>2@5<5==> =C6405BAO 2 ?@82O70==>ABOE, >= AB@0AB=> 65;05B G53>-B>, => ;8HL B>;L:> 65;0=85 MB> 8A?>;=O5BAO, >E;045205B : ?@54<5BC A2>59 AB@0AB8, >= AB@5<8BAO A:@KBL A0< >B A51O 8AB8==K5 <>B82K A2>8E 459AB289, >= @07@K205BAO <564C 25;5=8O<8 M3>87<0 8 3>;>A>< A>AB@040=8O. @8G5< E0@0:B5@ . @0A:@K205BAO 2 8AB>@88 53> ;N128 : -;;5=>@5 B0: ?>;=>, GB>, :0: 70<5G05B 02B>@, ?> MB><C M?87>4C <>6=> AC48BL >1> 2A5E 4@C38E MB0?0E 53> 687=8, <>6=> A:070BL =025@=O:0, GB> >= =5 ?>42870;AO A ?>;L7>9 =8 =0 :0:>< ?>?@8I5, GB> >= @0AB@0B8; A2>8 A?>A>1=>AB8, @C:>2>4AB2COAL 548=AB25==> A2>59 ?@8E>BLN, G5@?0O A8;K 548=AB25==> 2 A2>5< >7;>1;5=88. (5@52>4G8: 4>;LD0 =0 @CAA:89 O7K: ..O75<A:89 ?>4B25@640;: 02B>@ B0: 25@=> >1>7=0G8; =0< A >4=>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O E0@0:B5@8AB8G5A:85 G5@BK ., GB>, ?@8<5=OO 8E : 4@C38< >1AB>OB5;LAB20<, : 4@C3><C 2>7@0ABC, <K ;53:> 2K:;04K205< <KA;5==> 25AL 6@5189 53>, =0 :0:CN AF5=C 459AB28O =8 1K; 1K >= :8=CB.)  >B;8G85 >B 3-68 45 !B0;L, :>B>@0O 2 @><0=5 >@8==0, A>740202H5<AO >4=>2@5<5==> A 4>;LD><, >1JOA=O5B B@03548N A2>8E 35@>52 =5AE>4AB2>< 8E =0F8>=0;L=>AB59, >=AB0=0 8=B5@5ACNB >1I5G5;>25G5A:85 A2>9AB20 E0@0:B5@0; ., ?> <5B:><C 2K@065=8N B>3> 65 ..O75<A:>3>, =5 D@0=FC7, =5 =5<5F, =5 0=3;8G0=8=: >= 2>A?8B0==8: 25:0 A2>53>, 8, 1>;55 B>3>, >= ?@54AB028B5;L >?@545;5==>3> B8?0 ;N459, =5 8AG57=C2H53> 2<5AB5 A MB8< 25:><,  GC2AB28B5;L=KE M3>8AB>2, =5?>A;54>20B5;L=KE, =5@5H8B5;L=KE 8 1572>;L=KE. !>2@5<5==8:8, >4=0:>, 2845;8 2 . ?@5645 2A53> AK=0 25:0, =0A;54=8:0 5=5 8 '09;L4-0@>;L40; 2 >AA88 >4=8< 87 A0<KE 2=8<0B5;L=KE 8 2>AB>@65==KE G8B0B5;59 4>;LD0 1K; CH:8=, A>>1I82H89 =5:>B>@K5 G5@BK . 235=8N =538=C, 0;5@80=C >;>F:><C (35@>N =57025@H5==>3> >B@K2:0 0 C3;C <0;5=L:>9 ?;>I048...) 8 4065 >= C0=C 87 0<5==>3> 3>ABO. 8B.: O75<A:89 .. @548A;>285 : ?5@52>4C 4>;LD0 // O75<A:89 .. -AB5B8:0 8 ;8B5@0BC@=0O :@8B8:0. ., 1984. !.122-129; E<0B>20 .. 4>;LD 5=60<5=0 >=AB0=0 2 B2>@G5AB25 CH:8=0 // E<0B>20 ..  CH:8=5. ., 1989. !.51-89; 8=71C@3 ./.  ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 ?@>75. ., 1977. !.276-280. .. 8;LG8=0    . (=5<. Adrian Lewerk un) 5@>9 @><0=0 ". 0==0 >:3>@ $0CABCA: 87=L =5<5F:>3> :><?>78B>@0 4@80=0 525@:N=0, @0AA:070==0O 53> 4@C3>< (1947).  =0?8A0==>< 2 1949 3. 157 <0;>3> 42CEA>BAB@0=8G=>< B@C45 AB>@8O >:B>@0 $0CABCA0. ><0= >4=>3> @><0=0 ". 0== A ?@>B>:>;L=>9 B>G=>ABLN 2>A?@>872>48B A8BC0F8N A>740=8O @><0=0, D8:A8@C5B 8AB>G=8:8 AN65B0. > ?@87=0=8N 02B>@0, =8:>3> 87 A2>8E 35@>52 >= =5 ;N18; B0: =56=>, B@52>6=> 8 ?@540==>, :0: .. !E>4=K< >1@07>< >B=>A8BAO : 35@>N 2K<KH;5==K9 18>3@0D  !5@5=CA &59B1;><, ?@540==K9 5<C A 45BAB20 548=AB25==K9 4@C3. ..  ;N18<>5 A>740=85 ". 0==0, 48BO 53> AB0@>AB8, A0<K9 A;>6=K9 2 :>=B5:AB5 53> B2>@G5AB20, <>65B 1KBL, A0<K9 B@038G5A:89 87 53> 35@>52.  ?@>B82>?>;>6=>ABL ?@>7@0G=>AB8 0=A0 0AB>@?0, =01;N40B5;O, => ?@5645 2A53> CG5=8:0, .. A<CB5= 8 70304>G5=. = A0< ?@>4CF8@C5B @50;L=>ABL.  >B;8G85 >B >A8D0 A 53> AC4L1>9-<8D><, G5B:> >?@545;5==>9 ?@8=F8?>< 25G=>3> ?>2B>@5=8O 87=0G0;L=>3> C7>@0, .. ?;5==8: 8=48284C0;L=>9 B@035488. 1@07 .. >B=>A8BAO : @07@O4C :;NG52KE 4;O A>2@5<5==>9 :C;LBC@K =5 B>;L:> :0: EC4>65AB25==0O <>45;L, => 8 :0: <>45;L EC4>6=8:0 XX 25:0.  MB>< 35@>5 :C;LBC@0 F8B8@C5B A51O A0<>5. ..  EC4>65AB25==K9 3><C=:C;CA, A>740==K9 ?CB5< >@30=870F88 F8B0B, 45B0;59 18>3@0D89 @50;L=KE ?@>B>B8?>2 ($.8FH5, :><?>78B>@0 C3> >;LD0) 8 B>3>, GB> A0< ".0== =07K20; ?0@>4859  EC4>65AB25==KE, A<KA;>2KE 708<AB2>20=89 (@073>2>@ A G5@B>< 20=0 0@0<07>20, D0CAB>2A:89 AN65B, :>;;878O AB825=A>=>2A:8E %0940 8 65:8;O). 1@07 35@>O AB@C:BC@8@C5BAO 8 >B:@>25==K<8 ;8B5@0BC@=K<8 ?0@0;;5;O<8. @5645 2A53> MB>, :>=5G=>, @07;8G=K5 20@80F88 <8D0 > 4>:B>@5 $0CAB5  >G5284=0 ?5@5:;8G:0 A 35@>O<8 =0@>4=>9 :=838 AB>@8O 4>:B>@0 >30==0 $0CAB0, ?@>A;02;5==>3> 2>;H51=8:0 8 G5@=>:=86=8:0, "@038G5A:>9 8AB>@88 4>:B>@0 $0CAB0 . 0@;>, $0CAB>< 5B5. .. >BG5B;82> A>7=05B MBC A2O7L; =5 A;CG09=> ?>A;54=55 A2>5 ?@>872545=85 >= =07K205B ;0G 4>:B>@0 $0CABCA0. .. 8 A0< F8B8@C5B 8A:CAAB2>, ?@52@0I0O EC4>65AB25==K9 >?KB 2 ?>2>4 4;O 687=8. =0<5=8BK9 <>B82 A20B>2AB20 (.. ?>AK;05B C48 (25@4BD535@0 A45;0BL ?@54;>65=85 0@8 >4>, @57C;LB0B>< G53> AB0;0 ?><>;2:0 C48 8 >4>), 708<AB2>20==K9 C (5:A?8@0 (?> AN65BC :><5488 5A?;>4=K5 CA8;8O ;N128 .. ?8H5B >?5@C), ?@8405B 45<>=8G5A:>5 72CG0=85 ?>ABC?:0< 35@>O, :>B>@K9 7=05B, G5< 2A5 70:>=G8BAO (2;N1;5==0O 2 C48 =5A0 =AB8B>@8A C18205B 53>), B> 5ABL ?> A>1AB25==>9 2>;5 >@30=87C5B AN65B, 3815;L=K9 4;O 4>@>38E ;N459. @8 MB>< A0< .. >AB05BAO AB>@>==8< =01;N40B5;5<. @0240, >:>=G0B5;L=> >?@545;8BL <5@C 83@K .. 2 687=L A;>6=>, :0: 8 ?>=OBL, G53> 1>;LH5 2 53> @5H5=88 ?@>F8B8@>20BL (5:A?8@0  A>7=0B5;L=>3> 65;0=8O @07@CH8BL B>, GB> 1>;LH5 2A53> 4>@>3> (35@>9 =5 A;CG09=> 2K18@05B 2 :0G5AB25 ?>A@54=8:0 C48 (25@4BD535@0, : :>B>@><C >= ?8B05B >A>1CN ?@82O70==>ABL), 8;8 =52>7<>6=>ABL >B:070BLAO >B 8A:CH5=8O 2>?;>B8BL ?@8E>BL =5G0O==>9 D0=B0788  2>?;>B8BL, =5A<>B@O =0 =5OA=>5 ?@54GC2AB285 D8=0;0. !0<0 845O 687=8 4;O .. 48A:@548B8@>20=0 B@038G5A:>9 2>7<>6=>ABLN 2>?;>I5=8O >A2>5==>3> 8A:CAAB2>< AN65B0. 48= 87 ?@8=F8?80;L=KE <>B82>2 @><0=0  A<5E 35@>O, =55AB5AB25==>ABL, AB@0==>ABL :>B>@>3> 1K;0 >G5284=0 4;O 53> ?@540==>3> 4@C30 &59B1;><0 C65 2 45BAB25. -B> A<5E ?>AB>@>==53>, A<5E =01;N40B5;O, ?0<OB=0O 45B0;L, 0:F5=B8@CNI0O 3;02=>5 A2>9AB2> =0BC@K ..  E>;>4=>ABL. >B82 E>;>40 CAB>9G82> E0@0:B5@87C5B 35@>O, A2O70==>3> A 4LO2>;>< C70<8 4CE>2=>9 A45;:8. 0 40@ 35=80;L=>3> B2>@F0 >= ;8H05BAO ?@020 =0 ;N1>2L. > C65 2 45BAB25 .. AB@0==> >BAB@0=5= >B A2>8E 1;87:8E. !25@E>40@5==K9 @515=>: 8 N=>H0, .. M<>F8>=0;L=> >B ?@8@>4K E>;>45=, 53> ?>78F8O  =5 B@>=L <5=O  noli me tangere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hetaera esmeralda (0=0;>38O A D0:B>< 18>3@0D88 8FH5, 70@0782H53>AO A8D8;8A>< ?>A;5 ?>A5I5=8O ?C1;8G=>3> 4><0), @073>2>@ A G5@B>< ;8HL A?>A>1 ;530;870F88 2 <0B5@80;L=><, 25I=>< 2>?;>I5=88 B>3>, : G5<C >= ?@83>2>@5= >B 25:0 >A>1K< 40@><, ?@87=0:8 :>B>@>3>  C=0A;54>20==K5 >B >BF0 3>;>2=K5 1>;8 (1>;57=L C ".0==0 2A5340 7=0:, ?5G0BL 871@0==>AB8) 8 A<5E. "5< 4@0<0B8G=55 53> 3>B>2=>ABL ;N18BL ?>A;5 A45;:8. > 2A5< A2>8< 871@0==8:0< >= =5A5B 3>@5 8;8 A<5@BL  >10OB5;L=><C 25@B>?@0EC C48 (25@4BD535@C, 548=AB25==>9 65=I8=5, 0@8 >4>, ;N18<><C ?;5<O==8:C 5?><C:C (=5945259=C.  D8=0;L=><C 157C<8N, ;0GC 4>:B>@0 $0CABCA0, >= ?@8E>48B C65 8=K<, ?@5>1@065==K< >?KB>< G5;>25G5A:>3> AB@040=8O 8 1>;8. "@C4=> >?@545;8BL, GB> 5ABL 53> AF5=0 A G5@B><  ?;>4 D0=B0788 8;8 B>B 459AB28B5;L=> O28;AO <>;>4><C :><?>78B>@C 2 >1;8GL5 ?>H;>3> >AB@O:0 (> 254L <K-B> =0B0A:0=K 2 ;8B5@0BC@5, <K A@07C 70<5G05<, GB> M:A?@><B =5 =>2...). '5@B ..  53> 2>7<>6=K9 42>9=8:  A=865==K9 ?0@0D@07, ?;CB, B@8:AB5@, ?>72>;O5B >1=0@C68BL A2O7L A B@048F859 ;8B5@0BC@=>3> 42>9=8G5AB20 (>D<0=, >3>;L, >AB>52A:89, !B825=A>=).  45:;0@0B82=>9 42CA<KA;5==>AB8, 2 5@=8G5A:>9 ;5:A8:5, 0 B0:65 2 A?>A>1=>AB8 ?@O<> =0 3;070E B@0=AD>@<8@>20BLAO 5ABL O2=>5 AE>4AB2> A> A28B>9 >;0=40. 2>9AB25==>ABL ?@8@>4K ;8G=>AB8 8 40@0 .. >1=0@C68205BAO 8 2 53> B2>@G5AB25, >A>15==> 2 ?>:0;8?A8A5, 2 :>B>@>< 18>3@0D>< >B<5G05BAO AC1AB0=F8>==>5 B>645AB2> <564C 15A?@8<5@=> 1;065==K< 8 15A?@8<5@=> C60A=K<, 2=CB@5==OO >4=>@>4=>ABL 45BA:>3> E>@0 0=35;>2 8 04A:>3> E>E>B0. =  871@0==8:, ?@8720==K9 2>?;>B8BL 45<>=878@>20==>ABL A2>59 M?>E8, >1@5G5==K9 1KBL 55 EC4>65AB25==K< 2K@078B5;5<. 3> <C7K:0 15AG5;>25G=0, A>7=0B5;L=> 8 ?>;5<8G5A:8 453C<0=878@>20=0, => >=0 8 =5 <>65B 1KBL 4@C3>9, 5A;8 55 A>7405B 35=80;L=K9 :><?>78B>@ XX 25:0.  2A5 65 45<>=8G5A:>5 2 .. A>G5B05BAO A 3C<0=8AB8G5A:8<, 0 =5 ?@>B82>AB>8B 5<C. 5<5F:89 :><?>78B>@ XX 25:0 >:07K205BAO 2K=C645==K<  :0: EC4>6=8:  27OBL =0 A51O 25@H5=85 7;0, D>:CA8@CO 7;>, ?@>=87K20NI55 A>2@5<5==CN :C;LBC@C. >MB><C B0: 206=>, GB> >=  =5<5F:89 :><?>78B>@, 28=>2=K9 >G5284=55 4@C38E, => ?@5645 2A53> 2K@0782H89 1>;57=L F828;870F88 2 F5;><. B25@302H89 B5>@88 42CE 5@<0=89  4>1@>9 8 7;>9, ". 0== ?8A0; 2 ?8AL<5 0;LB5@C D>= >;> 7 A5=BO1@O 1945 3. > B><, GB> 7;0O 5@<0=8O  MB> 4>1@0O =0 ;>6=>< ?CB8, 4>1@0O 2 1545, 2 ?@5ABC?;5=8OE 8 2 3815;8. A>1K9 :>=B5:AB B@035488 .. ?@8405B ?5@5?;5B5=85 2 @><0=5 42CE 2@5<5==KE ?;0AB>2: 2@5<5=8 ?>25AB2>20=8O (1885-1930), A>2?040NI53> A 3>40<8 687=8 35@>O, 8 2@5<5=8 ?>25AB2>20B5;O, ?@8E>4OI53>AO =0 3>4K A>740=8O @><0=0 A0<8< ". 0==><  ?5@8>4 53> 2K=C645==>9 M<83@0F88. B<>AD5@0 E@>=8:8 A>1KB89 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K B>;L:> CA8;8205B 4@0<0B87< ?5@56820=89 35@>O  ?@>2>725AB=8:0 4CE>2=>3> :>;;0?A0 :C;LBC@K. "@03548O ..  B@03548O 3815;8 3C<0=8AB8G5A:>9 B@048F88. C;LBC@0 >:070;0AL 8AG5@?0==>9, 15AA8;L=>9 2 CA;>28OE >1I53> F5==>AB=>3> :@0E0. !3>2>@ A 4LO2>;><  8;8 >B:07 >B 8;;N789  ?>?KB:0 4;O .. 8A:C?8BL A>1>9 28=C A>2@5<5==>3> G5;>25G5AB20, >=  B@038G5A:0O 65@B20 A2>53> EC4>65AB25==>3> ?@8720=8O. 8B: 0A8 . "0;0=B 8 2@5<O: ".0== >:B>@ $0CABCA // 0A8 . 8B5@0BC@=>-D8;>A>DA:85 MBN4K. ., 1974. !. 181-226; CA0:>20 .. "><0A 0== 8 53> @><0= >:B>@ $0CABCA. , 1976. "..!CE0=>20   #   (D@. Adrienne Lecouvreue) 5@>8=O :><5488-4@0<K -. !:@810 4@85==0 5:C2@5@ (1849). 5@>8=O !:@810  8AB>@8G5A:>5 ;8F>, ?@8<04>==0 ><548 $@0=A57 (3>4K 687=8: 1692-1730), 25;8:0O B@038G5A:0O 0:B@8A0, :>B>@0O, ?> A;>20< >;LB5@0, 87>1@5;0 8A:CAAB2> @073>2>@0 A5@4F5< =0 AF5=5, 345 ?@5645 F0@8;0 E>;>4=0O 45:;0<0F8O. 0==OO 8 2=570?=0O A<5@BL .. (>=0 ?>GC2AB2>20;0 A51O ?;>E> 2> 2@5<O A?5:B0:;O 8 A:>=G0;0AL B5< 65 25G5@>< 4><0) 40;0 ?>2>4 : @07;8G=K< A;CE0<: 3>2>@8;8, 1C4B> >=0 1K;0 >B@02;5=0 A>?5@=8F59-0@8AB>:@0B:>9 35@F>38=59 C;L>=A:>9. @O4 ;8 MB> A>>B25BAB2C5B 459AB28B5;L=>AB8; >;LB5@, =0 @C:0E :>B>@>3> C<5@;0 ., 2A5340 >B@8F0; ?>4>1=CN 25@A8N. > ;535=40 68;0 4>;385 3>4K, C?><8=0=8O > =59 <>6=> =09B8 8 2 8AB>@8G5A:8E @><0=0E, =0?@8<5@, C .$59EB20=35@0. -. !:@81 8A?>;L7>20; B> 65 >1JOA=5=85 A<5@B8 0:B@8AK, A>7402 :><548N 8=B@838 A MDD5:B=>9 B@038G5A:>9 @072O7:>9. .. 4;O !:@810  8450;L=0O 0:B@8A0 8 65=I8=0. =0 C2;5G5=0 B2>@G5AB2><, 2>AE8I05BAO >@=5;5< 8 0A8=><, <0=5@0 55 83@K ?@>AB0 8 1;03>@>4=0. .. 25@8B, GB> 2KA>:85 GC2AB20 55 35@>8=L =5 B>;L:> ?@5:@0A=K9 2K<KA5;, 8 >=0 4>:07K205B MB> A2>59 687=LN.  ?L5A5 ?@>B82>?>AB02;5=K 425 2;N1;5==K5 65=I8=K  0:B@8A0 .. 8 ?@8=F5AA0 C;L>=A:0O.  =5AG0ABLN, >=8 ;N1OB >4=>3> G5;>25:0  3@0D0 >@8A0 !0:A>=A:>3>. >340-B> >= 1K; C2;5G5= ?@8=F5AA>9, => ?>-=0AB>OI5<C ?>;N18; B>;L:> .. 15 40<K ?>4>7@520NB > ACI5AB2>20=88 A>?5@=8FK, 8 A;>682H0OAO A8BC0F8O ?>;=>ABLN @0A:@K205B 8E E0@0:B5@K. ;O B>3> GB>1K =0:070BL =525@=>3> 2>7;N1;5==>3>, ?@8=F5AA0 A?>A>1AB2C5B 53> 70:;NG5=8N 2 4>;3>2CN O<C. .. ?@>405B A2>8 1@8;;80=BK, >B405B 2A5 45=L38, ;8HL 1K 2K@CG8BL B>3>, :B>, :0: >=0 AG8B05B, >1<0=C; 8 ?@540; 55. .. =5 ?@>AB> 70CG8205B =087CABL <>=>;>38 1;8AB0B5;L=>3> >@=5;O, >=0 ?@>=8:05BAO 53> <KA;O<8 8 459AB28B5;L=> AB0=>28BAO G5<-B> ?>E>659 =0 53> 157C?@5G=KE 35@>8=L. -B>3> =5;L7O A:070BL > 7=0B=KE 40<0E, :>B>@K5 A;CH0NB @5G8 B@038G5A:8E 35@>52, 0?;>48@CNB 8<, 0 ?>B><, ?@8:@K20OAL GC68< 8<5=5<, ?>AK;0NB A>?5@=8F0< >B@02;5==K5 1C:5BK. !0<>9 7=0<5=8B>9 8A?>;=8B5;L=8F59 @>;8 .. 1K;0 .. >>=5= 2 A?5:B0:;5 ./ "08@>20 (0<5@=K9 B50B@, 1919). > >B7K20< D@0=FC7A:8E :@8B8:>2 (2> 2@5<O 30AB@>;59 B50B@0), @CAA:0O 0:B@8A0 4>AB83;0 2 MB>9 <5;>4@0<5 <0AHB01>2 2KA>:>9 B@035488. .. >G5B>20 " 5@>9 A:07:8 2 AB8E0E 91>;8B (1929) 8 ?@>708G5A:>3> ?@>872545=8O >:B>@ 91>;8B (?> %LN >DB8=3C)  ..'C:>2A:>3>. "@52>6=K9 2A:@8: 1>;L=>3> 9! >;8B! ?@52@0B8;AO 2 A0<>5 ;0A:>2>5 8<O =0 A25B5. .  A:07>G=K9 4>:B>@, >G5=L 4>1@K9, ?>B><C GB> ;5G8B H>:>;04>< 8 3>3>;5<-<>3>;5<. = <G8BAO =0 ?><>IL A:2>7L A=53 8 3@04, ?@5>4>;5205B :@CBK5 3>@K 8 1CHCNI85 <>@O, ?@83>20@820O B>;L:> >4=>: , 5A;8 O =5 4>94C, // A;8 2 ?CB8 ?@>?04C, // 'B> AB0=5BAO A =8<8, A 1>;L=K<8, // ! <>8<8 725@O<8 ;5A=K<8? >:B>@ . 87 ?@>708G5A:>9 A:07:8  A0<> 2>?;>I5=85 4>1@0 8 <8;>3> 020=BN@87<0: >= A0<>>B25@65==> 1>@5BAO A :@>2>604=K< 0@<0;55<, >A2>1>6405B 87 ?8@0BA:>3> ?;5=0 <0;LG8:0 5=BC 8 53> >BF0-@K10:0, =5 1>8BAO 70I8B8BL >B AB@0H=>3> H0@<0=I8:0 154=CN 8 1>;L=CN >157LO=:C '8G8. 0 MB> . ;N1OB 2A5 725@8, @K1K 8 ?B8FK, <0;LG8:8 8 452>G:8. !?@0254;82>AB8, 15@56=><C >B=>H5=8N : G5;>25:C 8 682>B=K< CG8B 'C:>2A:89 <0;5=L:8E G8B0B5;59, @0AA:07K20O > 4>1@KE 45;0E 4>:B>@0 . 8 53> 25@=KE 4@C759. !N65B > 4>:B>@5 . 1K; 2>?;>I5= 2 45BA:8E CB@5==8:0E, <C;LBD8;L<0E, 0 B0:65 2 D8;L<5 ..K:>20 91>;8B-66, A>548=82H5< ?0@>48N 8 ?@8BGC. ..>@>B:>20  (0=3;. Ivanhoe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lice) 5@>8=O 42CE A:07>: . M@@>;;0 @8:;NG5=8O ;8AK 2 AB@0=5 GC45A (1865) 8 !:2>7L 75@:0;> 8 GB> B0< C2845;0 ;8A0, 8;8 ;8A0 2 075@:0;L5 (1871). 8B5@0BC@0, ?>A2OI5==0O MB8< ?@>872545=8O< M@@>;;0, ?> >1J5<C 2 =5A:>;L:> @07 ?@52KH05B B5:ABK A0<>3> ?8A0B5;O. =B5@?@5B0F859 ;8AK 2 AB@0=5 GC45A 8 075@:0;LO 70=8<0;8AL <0B5<0B8:8, D878:8, 8AB>@8:8, B5>;>38 8, :>=5G=>, ;8B5@0BC@>254K. 59AB28B5;L=>, A:07:8 '0@;70 NB28460 >46A>=0, >:AD>@4A:>3> ?@>D5AA>@0 <0B5<0B8:8, 27O2H53> A515 ?A524>=8< LN8A M@@>;;, 8<5NB A;>6=K9 5AB5AB25==>=0CG=K9 8 D8;>A>DA:89 ?>4B5:AB, ?><8<> MB>3> >=8 >A=>20=K =0 AB0@>9 0=3;89A:>9 B@048F88 =>=A5=A0, A>45@60B <=>65AB2> AAK;>:, =0<5:>2 8 A:@KBKE ?0@>489, ?>=OB=KE ;8HL A>2@5<5==8:0<, 40 8 B> =5 2A5<.  2A5-B0:8 =5 AB>8B 701K20BL, GB> ?5@20O 87 A:07>: @>48;0AL 2A53> ;8HL :0: 8<?@>2870F8O, @0AA:070==0O >4=064K ;5B=8< 4=5< 2> 2@5<O ;>4>G=>9 ?@>3C;:8 B@5< <0;5=L:8< 452>G:0<, A5AB@0< 8445;;. !@54=OO 87 =8E, 45AOB8;5B=OO ;8A0, AB0;0 35@>8=59 7=0<5=8BKE ?@8:;NG5=89.  :0:85 1K A;>6=K5, <=>3>3@0==K5 A<KA;K <K =8 2:;04K20;8 B5?5@L 2 A:07:8, >1@07 25A5;>9, ;N1>?KB=>9 . 8<55B 2 =8E =5 <5=LH55 7=0G5=85, G5< 8A?>;L7>20==K5 M@@>;;>< B5>@88 8 =>259H85 =0CG=K5 38?>B57K. ?@>G5<, A0< 02B>@ =5>4=>:@0B=> ?8A0; > B><, GB> A:07:8 A>G8=5=K 8< ?@5645 2A53> 4;O @072;5G5=8O 53> <0;5=L:8E 4@C759.  >15 MB8 A:07:8  A=K, ?@828452H85AO ., :>B>@0O B0: C40G=> 70A=C;0: A=0G0;0 =0 15@53C @5:8 ?>4 45@52><, 0 ?>B><, 2> 2B>@>9 @07, C A51O 4><0 2 :@5A;5.  ?5@2>< ?@8:;NG5=88 . 2848B ?@>1530NI53> <8<> 15;>3> :@>;8:0 A G0A0<8, :>B>@K5 >= 2K=8<05B 87 68;5B=>3> :0@<0=0, 8 2A;54 70 =8< ?@K305B 2 =>@C, >B:C40 4;8==K9 BC==5;L ?@82>48B 55 2 !B@0=C 'C45A. "0< . 64CB =525@>OB=K5 2AB@5G8 A> 725@O<8, C<5NI8<8 ;>38G5A:8 <KA;8BL; A ?8@>6:0<8 8 3@810<8, >B25402 :>B>@K5 <>6=> C25;8G8BLAO 8;8 C<5=LH8BLAO 2 @>AB5; A :>@>;5<, :>@>;52>9 8 8E ?@842>@=K<8, :>B>@K5 >:06CBAO B>;L:> :>;>4>9 :0@B; A G5H8@A:8< :>B><, C<5NI8< 8AG570BL, => >AB02;OBL ?>A;5 A51O C;K1:C, <54;5==> B0NICN 2 2>74CE5. A5 AB@0=LH5 8 AB@0=LH5,  3>2>@8B >H5;><;5==0O ., 8 A =59 ?@8E>48BAO A>3;0A8BLAO. > 8 A0<0 35@>8=O 2K7K205B 2>AE8I5==>5 C482;5=85 G8B0B5;O  MB0 1;03>2>A?8B0==0O 28:B>@80=A:0O 452>G:0 2K:07K205B =5>1K:=>25==>5 ?@8ACBAB285 4CE0, 74@02K9 A<KA; 8 A?>A>1=>ABL :@8B8G5A:>3> AC645=8O. . E>@>H> 2>A?8B0=0 8 C<55B 256;82> @073>20@820BL 8 A 3CA5=8F59, 8 A @8D>=><, 8 A> AB@0==>9 G5@5?0E>9 2078, =5 B5@OO ?@8 MB>< A>1AB25==>3> 4>AB>8=AB20. @><5 B>3>, >=0 ;N1>7=0B5;L=0 8 <>65B ?@8=8<0BL >:@C60NI55 B0:8<, :0:>2> >=> 5ABL, ?CABL 4065 MB> >:@C60NI55 ?5@525@=CB> 225@E =>30<8. 450;L=0O A:07>G=0O 35@>8=O! A5 MB8 F5==K5 :0G5AB20 ?>A;C60B 59 8 2> 2B>@>9 A:07:5, >1AB>OB5;LAB20 :>B>@>9 5I5 1>;55 A;>6=K 8 70?CB0==K, ?>A:>;L:C . ?>?0405B 2 <8@ =0>1>@>B, <8@ 075@:0;LO.  >A=>25 2B>@>9 A:07:8 M@@>;;0 ;568B >?8A0=85 H0E<0B=>9 7040G8, 8 2A5 ?5@542865=8O 35@>52 5ABL ?5@542865=8O H0E<0B=KE D83C@ =0 4>A:5. > :0:85 AB@0==K5 MB8 35@>8! '53> AB>8B E>BO 1K >48= (0;B09->;B09, ?@54;030NI89 . 7040GC 87 >1;0AB8 D>@<0;L=>9 ;>38:8, 8;8 2710;<>H=0O '5@=0O >@>;520, GL8 ?>ABC?:8 =52>7<>6=> ?@54C3040BL.  2A5-B0:8 ;8A0 ?@5>4>;5205B ?@5?OBAB28O 8 AB0=>28BAO >@>;52>9, >AB020OAL 2 B> 65 2@5<O 25A5;>9 8 =5?>A@54AB25==>9 452>G:>9, 452>G:>9 CH54H8E 4=59, 402=59 @04>ABLN <>59  :0: =0?8A0; M@@>;; 2 70:;NG8B5;L=>< AB8E>B2>@5=88. 8B.: 5<C@>20 .. ;8A0 2 !B@0=5 'C45A 8 2 075@:0;L5 // M@@>;; . ;8A0 2 AB@0=5 GC45A 8 2 075@:0;L5. ., 1978. .. >G5B>20 !" 5@>8=O B@035488 2@8?840 ;:5AB0 (;:5AB840, 438 3. 4> =.M.). . 65=0 D5AA0;89A:>3> F0@O 4-<5B0. ?>;;>=, =0:070==K9 52A>< 70 C189AB2> :8:;>?>2, ?@>A;C68; C 4<5B0 3>4 10B@0:><. &0@L >B=>A8;AO : ?>;;>=C A 25;8G09H8< ?>GB5=85<, ?>MB><C 2 =03@04C 70 53> 1;03>G5AB85 ?>;;>= 2K3>2>@8; C 1>38=L AC4L1K 4;O F0@O ?@02> >BA@>G8BL A2>N A<5@BL, 5A;8 2<5AB> =53> 2 84 A>3;0A8BAO A>9B8 :B>-B> 4@C3>9. >340 : 4<5BC ?@8H5; 45<>= A<5@B8, >= ?>?@>A8; A2>8E ?@5AB0@5;KE @>48B5;59 70<5=8BL 53> 2 ;>4:5 %0@>=0. > >=8 >B:070;8AL, 8 B>;L:> <>;>40O . @5H8;0AL @0AAB0BLAO A 687=LN @048 A2>53> <C60. > 2@5<O ?@83>B>2;5=89 : ?>E>@>=0< . 2 4>< 4<5B0 ?@8E>48B 5@0:;. 4<5B, =5 65;0O ?@>A;KBL =5?@825B;82K< E>7O8=><, A:@K205B >B 3>ABO A2>5 3>@5 8 25;8B =0:@KBL 4;O =53> ?8@H5AB25==K9 AB>;. > 2@5<O ?8@0 5@0:; 70<5B8;, GB> A;C38 D5AA0;89A:>3> F0@O 2 B@0C@5, 8 C7=0;, GB> . C<5@;0.  1;03>40@=>ABL 70 B5?;K9 ?@85< 5@0:; @5H05B ?><>GL 4<5BC. = ?>4AB5@5305B 45<>=0 A<5@B8 >:>;> <>38;K F0@8FK 8 >B18205B 55 C ?>A;0==8:0 840. . 2>72@0I05BAO : <C6C. 1@07 . 1K; 2>?;>I5= 2 87>1@078B5;L=>< 8A:CAAB25 (A:C;L?BC@0 . >45=0 !<5@BL ;:5ABK), 2 ?>M788 (?>M<0 .. 8;L:5), 2 4@0<0BC@388 (=0G8=0O A ?L5AK .!0:A0 5@=0O 65=0 ;:5AB0 8 55 25@=K9 <C6 4<5B, XVI 2., ?>74=55 2 4@0<0E . 8;0=40, . ;LDL5@8, ". #094;5@0 8 4@.). . AB0;0 35@>8=59 >?5@ .. N;;8, ..$@0=:0, .$.5=45;O, .. ;N:0, 0 B0:65 =5A:>;L:8E 10;5B>2, ?>AB02;5==KE .. >25@>< (XVIII 25:). .-.CI8=0 ,  (8A?. Aldemaro) 5@>9 :><5488 >?5 45 530 #G8B5;L B0=F52 (1594).  >1@075 . 4@0<0BC@3 A45;0; ?>?KB:C @07@5H8BL :>=D;8:B ;N128 8 G5AB8. 1=8I02H89 0@8AB>:@0B 15@5B A515 4@C3>5 8<O 8 =0=8<05BAO CG8B5;5< B0=F52 2 1>30BK9 4><, ?>A:>;L:C =5 2848B 8=>3> A?>A>10 C2845BLAO A ?@5:@0A=>9 $;>@5;>9. 2>N@>4=K9 1@0B ., 8:0@54>, ?@8E>48B 2 C60A >B MB>3> 70<KA;0 8 BI5B=> AB0@05BAO 4>:070BL, GB> ?>4>1=>5 @5<5A;> C=8605B AB0@8==K9 @>4. 065 A;C38  8 B5 ?>@8F0NB ., 81> @KF0@N 020@@K ?>4>105B A@060BLAO, 0 =5 1@5=G0BL =0 38B0@5 4;O C25A5;5=8O 40<. 'B> 4> ?@5AB0@5;>3> >BF0, B> 53> <>65B ?@>AB> C18BL 25ABL >1 C=865=88 AK=0. A;5?;5==K9 AB@0ABLN, . =5 A;CH05B =8:0:8E 4>2>4>2, =045OAL =0 2708<=>5 GC2AB2>.  >= =5 >1<0=K205BAO 2 A2>8E >6840=8OE: 53> ?@8@>4=>5 1;03>@>4AB2> AB>;L 25;8:>, GB> $;>@5;0 45;05B 2K1>@ ?@5645, G5< C7=05B > 7=0B=>< ?@>8AE>645=88 .  B><C 65 AB0B=>3> 8 :@0A82>3> . =8:B> 2A5@L57 =5 2>A?@8=8<05B 2 :0G5AB25 60;:>3> =05<=>3> B0=F>@0. AB8==0O ?@8G8=0 <0A:0@040  :@09=OO 154=>ABL ., =540@>< 8:0@54> 3>2>@8B :C75=C, GB> =5 A;54C5B ?><KH;OBL > 65=8BL15, :>340 A B@C4>< A2>48HL :>=FK A :>=F0<8. > 2;N1;5==K5 >1@5B0NB AG0ABL5: >B5F $;>@5;K A>3;0H05BAO =0 55 1@0: A ., ?>A:>;L:C ?@52KH5 2A53> AB028B <C65AB2> 8 25@=>ABL, 0 MB8<8 :0G5AB20<8 . =045;5= A?>;=0  2 >B;8G85 >B A2>53> =57040G;82>3> A>?5@=8:0 0=40;8=>. !204L10 ?> @0AG5BC G@520B0 1540<8: AB0@H0O A5AB@0 $;>@5;K, :>B>@CN 2K40;8 70<C6 70 1>30G0, 5420 =5 =02;5:;0 ?>7>@ =0 A5<LN. CMB 42CE A8;L=KE ;8G=>AB59  $;>@5;K 8 . >1CA;>28; AF5=8G5A:89 CA?5E ?L5AK.  ?@>A;02;5==>9 ?>AB0=>2:5 &"! (1946) @>;L . 8A?>;=O; .. 5;L48=. 8B.: ;02A:8= 3. >?5 45 530. .; ., 1960. .. C@0H:8=F520 ,&!" (D@. Alceste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e ira), =5B ?@02KE 8 >H810NI8EAO, :0: =5B G5;>25:0, A?>A>1=>3> ?@52>7<>GL A2>N ?@8@>4C, 8 =5B 8=482840, E>BL 87@54:0 =5 6064CI53> A?@0254;82>AB8. 5 ?8B0NI89 8;;N789 >B=>A8B5;L=> ;N4A:>9 ?>@>4K, AC@>2K9 AC4LO >1I5AB25==>9 =@02AB25==>AB8, @83>@8AB 8 8450;8AB, . <CG8B5;L=> 2;N1;5= 2 :>:5B;82CN !5;8<5=C, 3@0F8>7=>5 2>?;>I5=85 <>4=>3> ?>@>:0 ;8F5<5@8O. 52CH:0 2545B =5G5AB=CN, => 25AL<0 87>1@5B0B5;L=CN 83@C A F5;>9 4N68=>9 2>74KE0B5;59, A@548 :>B>@KE .  A0;>=5 !5;8<5=K, =0AB>OI59 H:>;5 7;>A;>28O, 0@8AB>:@0B8G5A:0O <>;>456L C?@06=O5BAO 2 8@>=8G5A:>< A;>25A=>< ?>@B@5B8@>20=88 >1I8E 7=0:><KE. >2545=G5A:0O AB@0B538O 35@>8=8, 2>7<>6=>, =5 1>;55 G5< A;54>20=85 <>45, ?@54?8AK20NI59 <>;>4>9 >A>15 2KAH53> 0@8AB>:@0B8G5A:>3> :@C30 87OI=>5 7;>O7KG85 8 ;53:>ABL >1@0I5=8O. 4=0:> . >?>;G05BAO =0 =58A:@5==>ABL ;N18<>9, =0E>4O C 4204F0B8;5B=59 >7>@=8FK O2=K5 ?@87=0:8 >1I53> =@02AB25==>3> @0A?040. ?@>G5<, @02=>5 =53>4>20=85 2K7K20NB C . 2A5 ?@>O2;5=8O 42C;8G8O: 256;82>ABL $8;8=B0, 87OI=> >@=0<5=B8@>20==0O 83@0 2 <=5=8O >:@C65=8O !5;8<58K, ?@540B5;LAB2>, 87<5=K, ?;CB=8, ;LAB82>ABL, :C;LB828@C5<K5 ?@8 42>@5. !?>A>1=>ABL 68BL 2 2>>1@0605<>< <8@5, =5 65;0O 70<5G0BL B@51>20=89 8 70:>=>2 @50;L=>AB8, AB>;L E0@0:B5@=>5 A2>9AB2> <>;L5@>2A:8E ?5@A>=0659 (<=8<>3> @>3>=>AF0 !30=0@5;O, 3>A?>48=0 C@45=0, @3>=0, <=8<>3> @>3>=>AF0 @30=0), C . ?@52@0I05BAO 2 A2>5>1@07=K9 0CB87<, AB@5<8B5;L=> @072820NI89AO =0 =0H8E 3;070E. > <@0G=0O M:70;LB0F8O 35@>O 8 53> 1C=B ?@>B82 2A53>, GB> ?@8 42>@5 8 2 A25B5 >:@C605B, 8<55B 42>O:CN ?@8@>4C.  8<5==> MB> >1AB>OB5;LAB2> A>>1I05B >1@07C ?A8E>;>38G5A:CN >1J5<=>ABL 8 ?@54>?@545;O5B 53> 4@0<0B87<. 074@065=85 . <>65B 1KBL ?@>G8B0=> 8 :0: ?@8=F8?80;L=>5 =5?@8OB85 70:>=>2 1KB8O, 345 ;>6L F5<5=B8@C5B 687=L A>F8C<0, >:07K205BAO A2>53> @>40 >1I5AB25==K< 4>3>2>@><, 70;>3>< 3@0640=A:>3> A>3;0A8O. > >=> <>65B 1KBL >1JOA=5=> 8 53> ;N1>2=K< ?>@065=85<: =5CAB0==K9 18G520B5;L ;N4A:8E ?>@>:>2 ?>?0405B 2 A5B8 : A0<><C 42CA<KA;5==><C 87 G5;>25G5A:8E ACI5AB2, 8 4065 53> >AB@>5 7@5=85 =5 <>65B 871028BL 35@>O >B ?;5=0 8@@0F8>=0;L=>9 AB@0AB8. 870=B@>? G5AB5= 8 =5B5@?8< : =0@CH8B5;O< 70?>2548 =5 ;38, => A0< >BO3>I5= A<5@B5;L=K< 3@5E><  3>@4K=59, <5H0NI59 5<C >1@5AB8 30@<>=8N A <8@>< 8 A A0<8< A>1>9. = 2KA>:><5@=> B@51>20B5;5= : 4@C3C, 4065 3@C1 A =8<, 15AF5@5<>=5= A GC2AB20<8 4>1@>45B5;L=>9, ;N1OI59 53> -;80=BK 8 M3>8AB8G5A:8 B@51>20B5;5= : !5;8<5=5. =  =587;5G8<K9 M3>F5=B@8:, 8 MB0 E0@0:B5@>;>38G5A:0O >A>15==>ABL 35@>O ?@8405B >?@545;5==CN H0B:>ABL 53> ?>78F88. > ACI5AB2C 2 2KA>:>9 :><5488 :0: 1K 420 B@C4=> A;8205<KE . 48=  B@81C= 8 ?@>B5AB0=B, 4@C3>9  @07>G0@>20==K9 ;N1>2=8:, 1>;L=>9 G5@=>9 <5;0=E>;859, @0A?@>AB@0=ONI89 A2>5 ?;>E>5 =0AB@>5=85 =0 25AL A25B. "5< =5 <5=55 ?5@54 =0<8 548=K9 >1@07. >7<>6=>, @8ACO A8BC0F8N, ?@>O2;ONICN 157=0456=>ABL G5;>25G5A:>3> AB@5<;5=8O : 8450;C, 25;8:89 :><548>3@0D ?>-A2>5<C 8 2 A>>B25BAB288 A 60=@>< A2>53> ?@>872545=8O ?>:070; 42>9AB25==CN ?@8@>4C MB>3> AB@5<;5=8O. !G0AB;82K5  4>1@K 8 B5@?8<K, =5C40G=8: A:;>=5= 8A:0BL ?@8G8=K A2>53> =5AG0ABLO 2 >1J5:B82=KE 70:>=><5@=>ABOE 1KB8O.  B>340 8AB>@8O =5?@8<8@8<>3> >1;8G8B5;O AB0=>28BAO :><5489=>9 8AB>@859 G5;>25:0, CB@0B82H53> 74@02K9 A<KA;, 0 2<5AB5 A =8< 8 @50;L=K9 273;O4 =0 25I8. >=:>=D>@<87< . 1K; A<5H>= 4;O A>2@5<5==8:>2 >;L5@0, > G5< ?8HCB <=>385 8AA;54>20B5;8 (. 5=8HC, #.. %0CM@B 8 4@.). !0< 02B>@ 2 @>;8 A2>53> 35@>O, ?> @0AA:070< C0;>, 2K3;O45; >G5=L :><8G=>. 4=0:> A> 2@5<5=5< 2 >1@075 . >BG5B;8255 ?@>ABC?8;8 B@038G5A:85 G5@BK; . ?@024>;N15F 8 <CG5=8:  >45@60; 25@E =04 2;N1;5==K< <5;0=E>;8:><.  >AA88 .!. @81>54>2K< 1K;0 A>740=0 :><548O >@5 >B C<0, 35@>9 :>B>@>9 '0F:89, ?> <=5=8N <=>38E, O2;O5BAO ?0@0D@07>< <>;L5@>2A:>3> <870=B@>?0. ?5@2K5 ?L5A0 1K;0 ?@54AB02;5=0 2 ?0@86A:>< B50B@5 0;5- >O;L 2 1666 3>4C. >;L . 8A?>;=8; A0< >;L5@.  40;L=59H5< 2 @>;8 35@>O 2KABC?8; <>;>4>9 0:B5@ ;8@8G5A:>3> 8 4065 B@035489=>3> ?;0=0 !0@>=.  >AA88 . 83@0;8 .. <8B@52A:89 (1757), .!. >G0;>2 (1823), .. 5B8?0 (1889). 8B.: : AB0BLO< !:0?5= 8 "0@BND. ..065=>20 #  8 !%/ (;0B. Amor et Psyche) 5@>8 =>25;;K-A:07:8 . ?C;5O, 2E>4OI59 2 53> 5B0<>@D>7K (II 2. =.M.). 1@07K . 8 . ?@54AB02;ONB A;>6=K9 A?;02 0=B8G=KE ?@54AB02;5=89 >1 8450;L=KE 35@>OE-;N1>2=8:0E A D8;>A>DA:8<8 ?>=OB8O<8. .  2 @8<A:>9 <8D>;>388 1>65AB2> ;N128, A>>B25BAB2CNI55 3@5G5A:><C -@>BC. = 87>1@060;AO N=>H59 8;8 <0;LG8:>< A 7>;>BK<8 :@K;KH:0<8, A ;C:>< 8 AB@5;0<8, :>;G0=>< 8 8=>340 A D0:5;><. . 2 3@5G5A:>9 <8D>;>388 G0I5 2A53> >;8F5B2>@O;0 G5;>25G5A:CN 4CHC, E>BO 8=>340 >B>645AB2;O;0AL A B5< 8;8 8=K< 682K< ACI5AB2><, A >B45;L=K<8 DC=:F8O<8 682>3> >@30=87<0 (4KE0=85) 8;8 53> G0ABO<8 (480D@03<0  ><5@). @5G5A:>5 A;>2> ?A8E5 >7=0G05B 4CH0 8;8 101>G:0, G0AB> . 87>1@060;8 ;5B0NI59 8;8 2 2845 ?B8FK.  D8;>A>D88 ?>=OB85 > . :0: > G5;>25G5A:>< A>7=0=88, ?>4G8=5==>< <8@>2>9 70:>=><5@=>AB8, 225; 5@0:;8B -D5AA:89 (540-480 3B. 4> =.M.). <C ?@8=04;568B 2KA:07K20=85: @545;>2 4CH8 =5 >BKI5HL, ?> :0:><C ?CB8 =5 848, B0: 3;C1>: 55 @07C<. >=OB85 . :0: 15AA<5@B=>9 G5;>25G5A:>9 ACI=>AB8 225; 8D03>@ (584-500 33. 4> =.M.). = 65 3>2>@8; > ?5@52>?;>I5=8OE . !N65B =>25;;K >1 . 8 . >48= 87 A0<KE @0A?@>AB@0=5==KE 2 <8@>2>< D>;L:;>@5: 2AB@5G05BAO ?>2A5<5AB=> >B !:0=48=0288 4> =4>=5788, >B D@8:8 4> >AB>G=>9 2@>?K. 0?@8<5@, 2 @CAA:>< D>;L:;>@5 >= 2?>;=5 A>>B25BAB2C5B AN65BC > &0@52=5-;O3CH:5 8;8 > 0A8;8A5 @5<C4@>9.  52@>?59A:>< D>;L:;>@5 A =8< G0I5 2A53> A>?>AB02;ONB AN65B >1 ;5=L:>< F25B>G:5. 1I0O AE5<0 B0:>20: : 452CH:5 A20B05BAO =5:B>, 8<5NI89 B08=AB25==K9 (G0I5  C60A=K9) >1;8:, CA;>285< 70:;NG5=8O 1@0:0 O2;O5BAO 70?@5B =0 @073;O4K20=85, => 452CH:0 =0@CH05B MB> CA;>285, ?>A;5 G53> AC65=K9 8AG5705B 8 59 ?@8E>48BAO 8A:0BL 53>, ?@>E>4O G5@57 B@C4=K5 8 >?0A=K5 8A?KB0=8O.  A:07:5 >1 . 8 . ?>47C68205<0O A2>8<8 7028AB;82K<8 A5AB@0<8 . A<>B@8B =>GLN =0 . 8 2;N1;O5BAO 2 =53>, => A> A25G8 =0 . ?0405B :0?;O 2>A:0, >= ?@>AK?05BAO 8 8AG5705B. . >B?@02;O5BAO =0 ?>8A:8 8 ?>?0405B 2 F0@AB2> <0B5@8 . 1>38=8 5=5@K. "0, AG8B0NI0O . A2>59 A>?5@=8F59, ?KB05BAO ?>3C18BL 55 8 70405B 59 =52K?>;=8<K5 7040=8O: @07>1@0BL :@C?C ?> 75@=KH:C, ?@8=5AB8 H5@ABL 7;0B>@C==KE >25F, 4>AB0BL 2>4K 87 8AB>G=8:0, :>B>@K9 AB5@53CB 4@0:>=K, 8, =0:>=5F, ?@8=5AB8 87 0840 10=>G:C A :@0A>B>9 @>75@?8=K. . 2A5 65 2K?>;=O5B 2A5 7040=8O 8 >?OBL 2AB@5G05B .  :>=F5 :>=F>2 .?8B5@ 405B A>3;0A85 =0 1@0: . 8 . 8, GB>1K C@02=OBL 8E, 45;05B . 1>38=59. B 1@0:0 . 8 . @>48;0AL 4>GL 5;0=85 (Voluptas). !@07C ?>A;5 ?>O2;5=8O 5B0<>@D>7 1K;> >1@0I5=> 2=8<0=85 =0 A8<2>;8G5A:CN ?0@0;;5;L <564C AC4L1>9 3;02=>3> 35@>O CF8O 8 . =0 B0: 65, :0: 8 ., ?>?;0B8;0AL 70 A2>5 ;N1>?KBAB2>, 2K=C645=0 1K;0 ?@>9B8 G5@57 BO6:85 8A?KB0=8O 8, =0:>=5F, >1@5;0 A2>5 AG0ABL5. . 8=B5@?@5B8@>20;8 4065 :0: >1@07 4CH8 CF8O, ?@>H54H59 ?CBL >B B09=KE =87<5==KE AB@0AB59 : ;N128, >A2OI5==>9 1>30<8. !:07:0 >1 . 8 . ?>;CG8;0 =>2CN 687=L 2 E@8AB80=A:>< <8@5 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: $C;L35F89 40; 59 A8<2>;8G5A:>5 B>;:>20=85 2 E@8AB80=A:>< 4CE5: ;N1>2L G5;>25G5A:>9 4CH8 : >3C (!:07:0 > >38=5 A8E55 8 C?84>=5, VI 25:). >4>1=>5 65 0;;53>@8G5A:>5 B>;:>20=85 405B MB>9 A:07:5 >::0GG> 2 B@0:B0B5  35=50;>38OE O7KG5A:8E 1>65AB2. !N65B >1 . 8 . 8A?>;L7>20;AO <=>38<8 ?8A0B5;O<8 8 ?>MB0<8: 0D>=B5=>< (@><0= N1>2L A8E58 8 C?84>=0), 8;0=4><, >340=>28G5< (CH5=L:0), !B5=40;5< (0@<A:0O >18B5;L), CH:8=K< (0@KH=O-:@5ABLO=:0). ... 5@<>=B>2 2 ?>M<5 5<>= ?5@52>@0G8205B MBC A:07:C. <5AB> ., A?0A0NI53> ., 2KABC?05B 5<>=, ?KB0NI89AO ?>3C18BL 4CHC "0<0@K. > 70:0=G8205BAO ?>M<0 A;>20<8, :>B>@K5 <>3;8 1K AB0BL M?8;>3>< 4;O 0?C;552A:>9 A:07:8: ...=0 AB@040;0 8 ;N18;0 //  @09 >B:@K;AO 4;O ;N128.  A;>6=>< A8<2>;8G5A:>< :;NG5 MB>B AN65B =0H5; 2>?;>I5=85 8 2 4@0<0B8G5A:>9 ?>M<5 . ;>:0 5A=O AC4L1K. 1@07K . 8 . 24>E=>2;O;8 8 7=0<5=8BKE EC4>6=8:>2: 0D0M;O (D@5A:8 =0 28;;5 $0@=578=0 2 8<5), 0=>20, ">@20;L4A5=0 8 4@. AB05BAO >B:@KBK< 2>?@>A >1 8AB>G=8:0E A:07:8 4;O A0<>3> ?C;5O. .. "@>=A:89 2848B 55 8AB>:8 2 4>;8B5@0BC@=>< ?5@8>45 3@5G5A:>3> D>;L:;>@0, E>BO 548=AB25==K< ?>E>68< AN65B>< MB>3> ?5@8>40 1K;0 ;535=40 >1 >, 2>7;N1;5==>9 52A0. @C385 8AA;54>20B5;8 ($5;8=3) AG8B0NB, GB> A:07:0 >1 . 8 . F5;8:>< ?;>4 D0=B0788 A0<>3> ?C;5O. "@5BL8 ($@84;5=45@, !20=, 5@<5=35<) ?@54?>;030NB, GB> ?C;59 (C@>65=5F @8<A:>9 ?@>28=F88 2 !52. D@8:5) >1@01>B0; 2 3@5:>-@8<A:>< AB8;5 AN65B :018;LA:>9 A:07:8 !K= B5@85;8. 0: 1K B> =8 1K;>, => >1@07K . 8 . 2 G8B0B5;LA:>< A>7=0=88 AB0;8 2 =0G0;5 4;8==>3> @O40 ?>;C;535=40@=KE >1@07>2 ;N1>2=KE ?0@: 0D=8A 8 %;>O, 8@0< 8 $8A10, "@8AB0= 8 7>;L40, ><5> 8 6C;L5BB0, 59;0 8 5=46=C=, "0E8@ 8 CE@0, $5@E04 8 (8@8=. 848<>, 8<5==> MB>9 =>25;;5 ?C;5O <K >1O70=K ?>O2;5=8N 25;8:>9 A:07>G=>-;8B5@0BC@=>9 D>@<C;K:  =5:>B>@>< 3>AC40@AB25 68;8-1K;8 F0@L A F0@8F59. K;> C =8E B@8 4>G:8. 8B.: >;O:>20 !.. 5B0<>@D>7K, 8;8 >;>B>9 >A5; ?C;5O. ., 1988. .. &C:0=>2 $"  (;0B. Amphytryon) 1) 5@>9 :><5488 ;02B0 <D8B@8>= (>:.214 3. 4> =.M.). 8D > B><, :0: 52A (.?8B5@), 2;N182H8AL 2 65=C D820=A:>3> ?>;:>2>4F0 <D8B@8>=0 ;:<5=C, O28;AO : =59 2 >1;8GL8 <C60, ?@>25; A =59 =>GL 8 AB0; >BF>< >4=>3> 87 @>645==KE 5N 1;87=5F>2, 5@0:;0, =5 @07 AB0=>28;AO C 3@5:>2 AN65B>< 4@0<0B8G5A:8E ?@>872545=89.  MB><C <8DC >1@0I0;8AL -AE8;, !>D>:;, 2@8?84 8 4@C385, => MB8 ?@>872545=8O 1K;8 CB@0G5=K. !G8B05BAO, GB> ;02B 8A?>;L7>20; 4;O A2>59 :><5488 =5:>B>@K5 CF5;52H85 >B@K2:8, 2 G0AB=>AB8 ?@8?8AK205<K5 2@8?84C.  ?>;=>9 42CA<KA;5==>AB59 8 ?CB0=8FK A8BC0F88 . C ;02B0 2545B A51O :0: 8AB8==K9 ?>;:>2>45F, =5 B5@?OI89 A><=5=89 8 84CI89 =0?@>;><. &5=B@0;L=>5 <5AB> 2 :><5488 70=8<05B AF5=0 53> ?@5?8@0B5;LAB2 A 65=>9, :>340 :064K9 C15645= 2 A2>59 ?@02>B5 (>=  2 B><, GB> B>;L:> GB> 25@=C;AO 4><>9, >=0  2 B><, GB> ?@>25;0 2 53> >1JOBLOE ?@54K4CICN =>GL). "@52>6=K5 :>;510=8O C . ?>O2;ONBAO B>340, :>340 >=, >:>=G0B5;L=> 70?CB02H8AL 2 4>2>40E ;:<5=K, >A>7=05B, GB> >=0 =5 B>;L:> =5 ?KB05BAO A:@KBL >B =53> A2>N 87<5=C, 0 ?@82>48B 2A5 =>2K5 8 =>2K5 55 4>:070B5;LAB20. = B0: A18B A B>;:C, GB> C6 8 =5 7=05B, :B> >= B0:>9. >, B25@4> @5H82 ?@>25AB8 @0AA;54>20=85 8 4>:>?0BLAO 4> 8AB8=K, . =5 B08B 7;0 ?@>B82 65=K 8 @04 CA;KH0BL 8725AB85 > B><, GB> >=0 @>48;0 42>9=N 157 1>;8 8 <CG5=89. >AB>9=> ?@8=8<05B >= 8725AB85 > B><, GB> >48= 87 <0;LG8:>2  AK= .?8B5@0, 0 4@C3>9  53>. , :>=5G=>, 2>2A5 =5 >184=> <=5 // >;>28=>9 1;03 45;8BLAO A =8<, A A0<8< .?8B5@><  2>B 70<5G0B5;L=K9 ?@8<5@ >B=>H5=8O 0=B8G=>3> G5;>25:0 A> A2>8<8 1>30<8. 0 8 .?8B5@ 2545B A51O 2 2KAH59 AB5?5=8 :>@@5:B=>, A0< >1JO282 2 D8=0;5 ., GB> A8;>9 27O; 53> 65=C 8 GB> =5B =0 =59 ?>@>:0.  ?>B><C :>@8BL 55 =5;L7O. // 828 >?OBL 2 A>3;0A88 A ;:<5=>9. A?>;L7CO 3@C1>20BK5 HCB:8 8 >AB@>BK, 4>2>4O AN65B <5AB0<8 4> 1CDD>=04K, ;02B =8 2 :>59 <5@5 =5 ?@8=8605B A2>53> 35@>O. . G5;>25:, 4>AB>9=K9 C2065=8O, 254CI89 A51O @07C<=> 4065 2 =5?>440NI59AO @07C<=><C >1JOA=5=8N A8BC0F88. 3> ?>2545=85 2> <=>3>< <>B828@>20=> B5<, GB> >= C25@5==55 GC2AB2C5B A51O 2 A@065=88, G5< 2 ?5@8?5B8OE <8@=>9 687=8. > 254L 8 A5B8, 2 :>B>@K5 >= ?>?0;AO, 1K;8 @0AAB02;5=K A0<8< .?8B5@>< 8 >@30=870B>@>< <=>38E 53> ?>E>645=89 5@:C@85<. 8B.: 0A?0@>2 . -B0?K @0728B8O @0==59 @8<A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K // AB>@8O 2A5<8@=>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. ., 1983. ".1. ʛ`EUh J l$v()))))49999@IJJJJJKPY]gd`E]~c i8kmm`no2o4oVootz(zz{{{{{ b  gd^z|Ф tڳ,zd&\0gd$NZ< Zt>|"&)-266$778B8D8gdD8V8~<@ FIIIIDO0U>\brgLqXq^rssstt$xxxxy|ZFgdFT26<Ȍ\4Bd¥@l*tgdtTz6 ,"68FdT!>"gd>"Z"\"n"*----.26:::;;&;D;>DxLTZ`c`czc|ccgdccrhlqvzyڈf2ҍ.Tțʛ\»<Dgd2) 5@>9 :><5488 >;L5@0 <D8B@8>= (1668). . >;L5@0 A?8A0= A 2>8=0 8 42>@O=8=0 XVII 2. 2 7=0G8B5;L=> 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8, G5< A 53> <8D>;>38G5A:>3> ?@54H5AB25==8:0. ?8@0OAL =0 AN65B, @07@01>B0==K9 ;02B><, 25;8:89 :><548>3@0D ?@54>AB02;O5B A2>5<C 35@>N 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@>O28BL E0@0:B5@ 2 A8BC0F88, :>340 53> G5ABL 8 4>AB>8=AB2> ?>425@30NBAO A5@L57=><C 8A?KB0=8N, 0 A0<>;N185 CO72;5=>. 3> >B=>H5=8O A> A;C3>9 !>785<, 83@0NI8< 2 :><5488 >;L5@0 1>;LHCN @>;L, G5< C ;02B0, 25AL<0 =0?><8=0NB ?@82KG=>5 4;O <>;L5@>2A:8E AN65B>2 ?>;>65=85 2708<>7028A8<>AB8 A;C38 8 3>A?>48=0. <5==> @0AA:07 !>78O (MB> 8<O =0@8F0B5;L=>5, 2 ?5@52>45 A D@0=FC7A:>3> 7=0G8B 42>9=8:) > 2AB@5G5==>< 8< 2 4><5 42>9=8:5 E>7O8=0 2K7K205B C . ?5@2K5 =54>1@K5 ?@54GC2AB28O.  AF5=5 >1JOA=5=8O A ;:<5=>9 >= AB0@05BAO =5 >1845BL ?>4>7@5=85< ;N18<CN, >1JOA=OO 55 @0AA:07 B5<, GB> MB> 2A5 59 ?@8A=8;>AL. >;3>5 8 M<>F8>=0;L=>5 2KOA=5=85 8AB8=K =8345 =5 ?5@5E>48B 3@0=8F C2068B5;L=>3> 8 4>1@>A5@45G=>3> >1I5=8O 42CE 8A:@5==5 ;N1OI8E 4@C3 4@C30 ;N459. 0: ?>=OB=> A<OB5=85 ., :>340 >= A;KH8B 87 CAB 65=K, :0:8< =5>1K:=>25==> =56=K< 8 AB@0AB=K< ;N1>2=8:>< >= 1K; 2 BC =>GL: 5 O A B>1>N 1K;, 2G5@0 745AL 1K; =5 O!; 8 ;8HL : :>=FC @073>2>@0 >= 1@>A8B 2 ;8F> ;:<5=5: 7<5==8F0! -B0 :;NG520O 4;O . AF5=0 =0?8A0=0 >;L5@>< B0:, GB>1K ?C1;8:0 ?>GC2AB2>20;0 A>AB@040=85 : ;N4O<, ?>?02H8< 2 ;>2CH:C 2A5<>3CI53> .?8B5@0.  B>B C >;L5@0 =5 G5B0 ;02B>2C: A?CA:0BLAO A =515A 4;O >1JOA=5=8O A G5;>25:><, G59 >1;8: ?@8=O;, GB>1K >2;045BL 53> 65=>9, =5 AG8B05B =C6=K<. >7;560 =0 >1;0:5, >= 2>725AB8B > ?@>8AH54H5< ., ?>;030O, GB> B>B <>65B 3>@48BLAO 8 720BL A51O AG0AB;82K<, 81> A .?8B5@>< 45;56 // 5AG5ABLO =5 ?@8=>A8B. A;8 C ;02B0 MB> C<>70:;NG5=85 2KA:07K20; A0< ., B> 35@>9 >;L5@0 2 D8=0;L=>9 AF5=5 =5 ?@>87=>A8B =8 A;>20, 8 =0< =5 40=> C7=0BL, :0: >= 2>A?@8=O; A59 1>65AB25==K9 ?>40@>:. 0B> =5 ?@><>;G0; !>789, 2>AE8I5==> 70<5B82H89: #<55B 1>3 1>3>2 ?>7>;>B8BL ?8;N;N! 8 2 >4=>9 4@C3>9 :><5488 >;L5@0 ?@02> A8;L=>3> =5 1K;> AB>;L 15A?>I04=> >A<5O=>. 5A<>B@O =0 2AN ?>7>;>BC, 45O=8O .?8B5@0 =5 :06CBAO AB>;L C6 157C?@5G=K<8. 8D>;>38G5A:89 AN65B ?>=04>18;AO 25;8:><C :><548>3@0DC, GB>1K 2 702C0;8@>20==>9 D>@<5 ?@5?>40BL C@>: N4>28:C XIV, :>B>@K9 A;028;AO A2>8< ;N125>18;85< 8 ?@5B5=4>20; =0 :>@>;52A:>5 ?@02> ?@5ABC?0BL 70:>=K <>@0;8, >1O70B5;L=K5 4;O 53> ?>440==KE. 5 8A:;NG5=>, GB> :>@>;L-!>;=F5 8 <=>385 2 53> >:@C65=88 2>A?@8=O;8 <D8B@8>=0 ?@5645 2A53> :0: A@02=5=85 N4>28:0 A .?8B5@><. 54L 8725AB=>, GB> =0 ?@842>@=KE 10;0E >= ;N18; ?>O2;OBLAO 2 >45O=88 1>30 1>3>2 8 2 >:@C65=88 ?>;C1>3>2. @5<L5@0 <D8B@8>=0 A>AB>O;0AL 13 O=20@O 1668 3. 2 0;5- >O;L. >;L5@ 83@0; !>78O. 3) 5@>9 ?L5AK . D>= ;59AB0 <D8B@8>= (1807). 5@2>=0G0;L=> ;59AB AB028; ?5@54 A>1>9 7040GC ?5@52>40 :><5488 >;L5@0.  >:>=G0B5;L=>< 20@80=B5 B0: 8 >AB0=5BAO ?>4703>;>2>: ?> :><5488 >;L5@0. > MB> C:070=85, GB> 4@0<0BC@3-@><0=B8: =0?8A0; ?L5AC, >?8@0OAL =5 =0 4@52=8E 02B>@>2, 0 =0 A2>53> 1>;55 1;87:>3> ?@54H5AB25==8:0, A>45@68B 8 1>;55 206=K9 <><5=B. ;59AB @0728205B ;8HL =0<5G5==CN D@0=FC7A:8< :;0AA8F8AB>< B@038G5A:CN B5<C C=865==>3> G5;>25:0, G59 >1;8: ?>708<AB2>20;8. . C ;59AB0 ?5@568205B A;CG82H55AO =5 B>;L:> (0 ?> E>4C 459AB28O 8 =5 AB>;L:>) :0: =525@=>ABL 65=K, => 8 :0: CB@0BC 8< A0<>3> A51O. !B>;L E0@0:B5@=0O 4;O @><0=B8:>2 C2;5G5==>ABL B5<>9 42>9=8:0, B5=8, 2KE>48B C ;59AB0 =0 ?5@2K9 ?;0=, ?@52@0I0O AG8B02H89AO :><8G5A:8< AN65B 2 B@03548N @0AB>?B0==>9 ;8G=>AB8. 5A5;0O ?CB0=8F0 ?@8>1@5B05B >BG5B;82K5 G5@BK H87>D@5=8G5A:>3> 1@540. ., 25@=C2H89 A515 G5@BK ?@>AB>20B>3> 2>8=0, :0:>2K< >= 1K; C ;02B0, ?@82K:H89 : ?>=OB=K< 8 OA=K< 25I0<, GC2AB2C5B A51O B5< 1>;55 15A?><>I=K< 2 @0AAB02;5==KE 4;O =53> A5BOE. # ;02B0 8 >;L5@0 5@:C@89 ?>72>;O; A515 157=0:070==> 4C@0G8BL ;8HL A;C3C ., !>78O; C ;59AB0 8 . =5B =8:0:>9 ?>I04K. = C65 =5 7=05B, :B> >=. C6? N1>2=8:? 0 8 2>>1I5, <D8B@8>= ;8 >=? 0: 8 A;C3C, 53> >B:07K20NBAO 2?CA:0BL 2 53> A>1AB25==K9 4><, 4>:07K20O, GB> E>7O8=  4><0.  ?>A;54=89 C40@ =0=>A8B 5<C ;:<5=0: 2K=C645==0O 2K18@0BL <564C 42C<O ., ?>4;8==K< 8 <=8<K<, >=0 ?@87=05B A2>8< <C65< <D8B@8>=0-.?8B5@0, 0 2B>@>3> >BB0;:8205B A ?@57@5=85< :0: A0<>720=F0. . =8G53> =5 >AB05BAO, :0: ?@8720BL ?>;=>5 A2>5 ?>@065=85. 0: ?>GB8 2A5 4@0<0B8G5A:85 ?@>872545=8O =5<5F:8E @><0=B8:>2, <D8B@8>= ;59AB0 ?>?0; =0 AF5=8G5A:85 ?>4<>AB:8 G5@57 <=>3> ;5B ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: 1K; =0?8A0=. @5<L5@0 A>AB>O;0AL ;8HL 2 1899 3. 2 15@;8=A:>< >95A B50B@. 8B.: 0:0@>20 . "50B@0;L=>5 8A:CAAB2> 5@<0=88 =0 @C1565 %1%-%% 22. ., 1992. !.75-79. 4) 5@>9 :><5488 . 8@>4C <D8B@8>=-38 (1939). "@84F0BL 2>AL<>9 (=0 GB> C:07K205B ?>@O4:>2K9 =><5@ 2 =0720=88 ?L5AK) 20@80=B 8AB>@88 ;N1>2=>3> B@5C3>;L=8:0 <D8B@8>=  ;:<5=0  .?8B5@ ?@54AB02;O5B ;N459 15AA?>@=K<8 ?>1548B5;O<8 2 A>?5@=8G5AB25 A 1>3>< 1>3>2. 5@=K9 3C<0=8AB8G5A:>9 B@048F88, >48= 87 ;CGH8E D@0=FC7A:8E ?8A0B5;59 <562>5==KE 45AOB8;5B89, 8@>4C A>7405B ;CG570@=CN :><548N, 3;02=K< 459AB2CNI8< ;8F>< :>B>@>9 AB0=>28BAO ;:<5=0, 75<=0O 65=I8=0. N1OI0O 8 ?@540==0O <C6C, C<=0O 8 ;C:020O, B25@40O 2 A2>8E =@02AB25==KE C15645=8OE, >=0 42064K >45@68205B ?>154C =04 .?8B5@><.  :>3> B>;L:> =5 ?@52@0I0;AO 2A5<>3CI89 A;0AB>;N15F, => ;N1>2L ;:<5=K : . 70AB02;O5B 53> 2?5@2K5 ?@8=OBL >1;8: @50;L=>3> <C6G8=K.  2B>@CN A2>N ?>154C ;:<5=0 >45@68205B, :>340 2K83@K205B A;>25A=K9 ?>548=>: A .?8B5@><, >B:07K20OAL >B ?@54;0305<>3> 8< 2 >1<5= =0 55 ;N1>2L 15AA<5@B8O. =0 4>@>68B A2>59 ?@8=04;56=>ABLN : @>4C ;N4A:><C A> 2A5<8 53> 3>@5ABO<8 8 @04>ABO<8. A:@5==OO 8 F5;L=0O =0BC@0, >=0 3>B>20 =0 2A5, GB>1K 70I8B8BL A2>N ;N1>2L. @8 B0:>< ?5@5=5A5=88 2=8<0=8O =0 35@>8=N . C 8@>4C ?@54AB05B ?@5645 2A53> :0: G5;>25:, 4>AB>9=K9 55 ;N128. = =8G5< >A>15==> =5 >B;8G05BAO (5AB5AB25==>, GB> 2 1939 3. 8@>4C >AC6405B 2>9=C :0: 70=OB85 8 2KA<58205B 2>5==K5 ?>42838 . 8 53> 2>9A:0); 72574 A =510 >= =5 E20B05B, => ;N1>2L ;:<5=K 2>72KH05B 53> 8 ?@52@0I05B 87 >1J5:B0 @>7K3@KH0 8 =0A<5H:8 2 25@=>3> 70I8B=8:0 A5<59=>3> >G030. 8@8G5= 8 B@>30B5;5= 8E 480;>3 2 >6840=88 :0@K >B .?8B5@0 70 B>, GB> >=8 5<C =5 ?>4G8=8;8AL.  1>3 >BABC?05B ?5@54 8E @5H8<>ABLN, ?5@54 8E ;N1>2LN. ;:<5=0 B0: 8 =5 C7=05B, GB> ?@>25;0 >4=064K =>GL 2 53> >1JOB8OE, . 2A5340 1C45B AG8B0BL A51O >BF>< B>3> C4828B5;L=>3> <0;LG8:0, @>645=85 :>B>@>3> 8< ?@54@5:05B .?8B5@ 8 ?@>A8B =0720BL 53> 5@0:;><.  ?@>=870==>9 8A:@><5B=K< N<>@>< :><5488 8@>4C A<5E>20O AB8E8O 2>2;5:05B 2 A51O 2A5E. 4=8< 87 3;02=KE ?@8:;NG5=89 . >:07K205BAO B>, GB> ?5@2CN =>GL ?> 2>72@0I5=88 4><>9 >= ?@>2>48B =5 A 65=>9, 0 A >4=>9 87 871@0==8F .?8B5@0, 54>9, : B><C 2@5<5=8 8< ?>:8=CB>9 8 ?@8H54H59 2KOA=OBL >B=>H5=8O : ;:<5=5 :0: : A2>59 AG0AB;82>9 A>?5@=8F5. 5=A:>5 :>20@AB2> ?>156405B @07<>;2:C, 8 ;:<5=0 C2>48B 54C 2 A2>N A?0;L=N, ?>;030O, GB> 2 MBC =>GL : =59 O28BAO .?8B5@, :0: >= >1 MB>< 3@><>3;0A=> 70O28;, C<>;G02, GB> C65 =0254K20;AO =0:0=C=5. 540 AG0AB;820, GB> A=>20 70?>;CG8;0 .?8B5@0, ;:<5=0  GB> 871028;0AL >B =53>, 0 >:0702H89AO 2 >1JOB8OE 54K . 2 2>AB>@35 >B 3>@OG53> ?@85<0 A>A:CG82H59AO 65=K. #@02=>25A82 28=C 65=K ?@>ABC?:>< <C60, :>B>@K9 >=0 =5-2>;L=> A0<0 ?>4AB@>8;0, 4@0<0BC@3, =5 A:;>==K9 : <>@0;870B>@AB2C, E>B5; A:070BL, GB> 2 687=8 2A5 A;CG05BAO, => 3;02=>5  C15@5GL 8 70I8B8BL ;N1>2L. 8D >1 . 2 XX 25:5 ?>A;C68; B0:65 D01C;>9 ?L5A 2064K <D8B@8>= . 0975@0,  4><5 ?5@5=>G520; 1>3 . $8359@54C. 0 MB>B AN65B =0?8A0=> =5A:>;L:> >?5@ ($. 0A?0@8=8, . @5B@8, -.>;LD-$5@@0@8). 8B.: 8E09;>2 . CBL 8@>4C-4@0<0BC@30 // 0= 8@>4C  ?L5AK. ., 1981. !.15-18; @>A:C@=8:>20 ". @0<0BC@3, @><0=8AB, MAA58AB // 8@>4C . 71@0==>5. ., 1980. !.15-17. ".. @>A:C@=8:>20 "- 5@>9 B@038G5A:>3> ?@54AB02;5=8O .. =4@5520 =0BM<0 (1909, ?5@2>=0G0;L=>5 =0720=85 0284 5975@).  <8@>2>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 C 4LO2>;0 <=>3> 8<5=: 5;L752C;, 5D8AB>D5;L, !0B0=0, >;0=4. . =4@552 871@0; =081>;55 1;87:>5 : @CAA:8< B@048F8O<  =0BM<0 (=0D5<0), B> 5ABL >B;CG5==K9, ?@540==K9 70:;OBLN. =O7L BL<K . =081>;55 1;87>: NF8D5@C, >= =8725@65==K9 AK= 0@8  B0:>2> B>;:>20=85 8<5=8 2 =835 ?@>@>:0 A098. -B> =5 25;8:89 <8AB8D8:0B>@ 5D8AB>D5;L 5B5, =5 2>8=AB2CNI89 1C=B0@L 8;LB>=0, =5 A:CG0NI89 15A CH:8=0 8 =5 3>@45;82K9 5<>= 5@<>=B>20. .  >;8F5B2>@5=85 15AGC2AB25==>3>, ACE>3> 8 E>;>4=>3> 8=B5;;5:B0, A:5?A8A0 8 ?@57@5=8O. 5:B>, >3@0640NI89 2E>4K, =5 4>?CA:05B A0B0=C 2 BC 8@@50;L=CN AD5@C, 345 >18B05B =0G0;> 2AO:>3> 1KB8O, 25;8:89 @07C< 2A5;5==>9. 5AA8;L=> 8 =0AB>9G82> <>;8B . C 2@0B 25G=>AB8, B> 2 157<>;2=KE :>@G0E, :0: G5@2L ?>4 ?OB>N, B> A 2873>< C60A0 8 1>;8, ?>;70O =0 1@NE5, :0: A>10:0, B> 2KBO=C2 7<58=CN H5N, AB5=05B 3>@L:> 8 B>A:;82>. . 2545B A >3>< >65AB>G5==K9 A?>@ > ?@545;0E @07C<0 2 ?>7=0=88 B09= <8@>740=8O, > E@8AB80=AB25 8 ;N128 : 1;86=5<C, > ?CBOE : 15AA<5@B8N 4;O G5;>25:0. @C485< 2>8=AB2CNI53> =838;8AB0, O282H53>AO 2 <8@ ?>4 8<5=5< 042>:0B0 C;;NA0, AB0=>28BAO 154=K9 AB0@K9 52@59 0284 5975@, :>B>@K9 87 =8I5BK 8 >BG0O=8O 2>7=>A8BAO 4LO2>;>< =0 25@H8=C 4>2>;LAB20, 2K@065==>3> 2 <=>3><8;;8>==>< :0?8B0;5. 5975@ 1>3>1>O7=5=, 4>1@, G5;>25:>;N182 8 ?>B><C @07405B A>AB>O=85. . MB> 7=05B, A<KA; 53> 70B58  ?@540BL 8A:CH5=8N =5A>25@H5==>3> G5;>25:0, GB>1K ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20BL A2>5<C 3;02=><C >??>=5=BC 15AA8;85 A>AB@040B5;L=>9 E@8AB80=A:>9 ;N128 8 25@K. >4 48:89 2>9 8 A28AB @0718B>9 H0@<0=:8, ?>4 A<5E A0B0=K 1C45B @07K3@K20BLAO G5;>25G5A:0O B@03548O. > ?CBL G5;>25:0 @07>945BAO A ?CBO<8 4LO2>;0. 5D8AB>D5;L XX 25:0, A:>@55 1>3>8A:0B5;L, G5< 1>3>1>@5F, ?>B5@?8B ?>@065=85. = 2=>2L >:065BAO ?5@54 =5>1JOA=8<>9 B09=>9 8 2=>2L 8AB>H=> 70:@8G8B: 45 8AB8=0? 45 8AB8=0? 45 8AB8=0?, >= 1@>A8B 2 =51> :0B53>@8G5A:>5 "K C18;!, B0: 8 =5 ?>=O2H89, GB> 2>?@>A 15AA<5@B8O @5H05BAO ;N1>2LN. 5@2K9 8A?>;=8B5;L @>;8 . .. 0G0;>2 (%", 1909). 8B.: C@528G ./. =0BM<0 // 8B5@0BC@0 8 MAB5B8:0. ., 1912. ..>@>B:>20   ! 5@>9 @><0=0-M?>?58 .. ">;AB>3> >9=0 8 <8@ (1863-1869).  >B;8G85 >B <=>38E ?5@A>=0659 @><0=0, C :>B>@KE 1K;8 ;53:> C7=0205<K5 ?@>B>B8?K A@548 ;N459 1810-1820 3>4>2 8;8 A>2@5<5==8:>2 ">;AB>3>, 0 B0:65 53> 1;87:8E, C .. =5 1K;> O2=> C304K205<>3> ?@>B>B8?0. 2B>@ =0AB0820; =0 2K<KH;5==>AB8 MB>3> 35@>O. 4=0:> A@548 2>7<>6=KE ?@>B>B8?>2 =07K20NB, =0?@8<5@, .. "CG:>20; 2 =5:>B>@KE >1AB>OB5;LAB20E AC4L1K D;835;L-04JNB0=B0 $. "875=30C75=0 <>6=> >1=0@C68BL 1;87>ABL A >?8A0=85< ?>42830 .. 2 CAB5@;8F:>< A@065=88. 01>B0 ?8A0B5;O =04 >1@07>< ?>B@51>20;0 A0<>3> =0?@O65==>3> B@C40, 53> M2>;NF8O B0:>20, GB> 87 2B>@>AB5?5==>3> ?5@A>=060 >= ?@52@0B8;AO 2 >4=>3> 87 3;02=KE 35@>52.  ?5@2KE =01@>A:0E : @><0=C ..  1;5ABOI89 A25BA:89 <>;>4>9 G5;>25:, 2 >:>=G0B5;L=>9 @540:F88  8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K9 35@>9 A 0=0;8B8G5A:8< A:;04>< C<0, =5ACI89 2 @><0=5 >4=C 87 >A=>2=KE A<KA;>2KE 8 D8;>A>DA:8E =03@C7>:. 1@07 .. 2KAB@08205BAO =0 ?5@5?;5B5=88 42CE >A=>2=KE =0G0;: 2=5H=OO, A25BA:0O 687=L, A;C610, :0@L5@0  8 M2>;NF8O 2=CB@5==53> <8@0 35@>O. "@048F8O ;8B5@0BC@>2545=8O >B=>A8B .. : G8A;C 8ICI8E 35@>52, ?@54AB028B5;59 4CE>2=>9 0@8AB>:@0B88. =O7L ..  AK= 1>30B>3>, 7=0B=>3> 8 C20605<>3> A25B>< 25;L<>68 5:0B5@8=8=A:>9 M?>E8, ?>;CG82H89 ?@5:@0A=>5 2>A?8B0=85 8 >1@07>20=85. = C<5=, A<5;, 3;C1>:> ?>@O4>G5=, 157C:>@87=5==> G5AB5= 8 3>@4. 3> 3>@4>ABL >1CA;>2;5=0 =5 B>;L:> 2>A?8B0=85<, A>F80;L=K< ?@>8AE>645=85<, => O2;O5BAO B0:65 53> >B;8G8B5;L=>9 @>4>2>9 G5@B>9, ?@8G5< 53> A5AB@0, :=O6=0 0@LO, >B<5G05B 2 =5< 5I5 8 :0:CN-B> 3>@4>ABL <KA;8, 0 L5@ 57CE>2 2848B 2 A2>5< 4@C35 A?>A>1=>AB8 <5GB0B5;L=>3> D8;>A>DAB2>20=8O. .. >1;0405B A8;L=>9 2>;59, >= A45@60= 8 ?@0:B8G5=. 3> GC2AB2> A>1AB25==>3> 4>AB>8=AB20 2KE>48B 70 @0<:8 ?@82KG=KE ?@54AB02;5=89, GB> >1=0@C68205BAO 2 AB>;:=>25=88 A> HB01=K<8 >D8F5@0<8 87-70 0:0, :>340 .. @57:> ?@>B82>?>AB02;O5B A;C65=85 >1I5<C 45;C 8 AC3C1> ;8G=K5 8=B5@5AK (8;8 A;C68<, 8;8 ;0:58),  =0G0;5 @><0=0 .., 70=8<0NI89 >4=> 87 A0<KE 70284=KE <5AB 2 >1I5AB25, 65=0BK9 =0 <0;5=L:>9 :=O38=5, GC2AB2C5B A51O =5AG0AB=K< 2 1@0:5, ?@57@8B5;L=> >B=>A8BAO : A25BC 8 ?@87=05BAO L5@C, GB> MB0 687=L  =5 ?> <=5. 0G02H0OAO :0<?0=8O 1805 3>40 ?>1C6405B .. 2ABC?8BL 2 459AB2CNICN 0@<8N, 345 >= AB0=>28BAO 04JNB0=B>< CBC7>20. > 2@5<O 2>5==KE 459AB289 .. E@01@ 8 8I5B A;CG0O 2K45;8BLAO, =09B8 A2>9 "C;>=, ?>4@060O 2 MB>< A2>5<C :C<8@C 0?>;5>=C, 2 :>B>@>< 35@>9 2848B 2>?;>I5=85 7025B=>9 <5GBK > ;8G=>9 A;025 @048 AG0ABLO 8 1;03>?>;CG8O 4@C38E ;N459. .. =0E>48BAO =0 ?>;5 1>O 2> 2@5<O (5=3@015=A:>3> A@065=8O. 0 CAB5@;8F:>< ?>;5 >= A>25@H05B ?>4283, 1@>A0OAL 2?5@54 A> 7=0<5=5< 2 @C:0E. "O65;> @0=5==K9, >= A<>B@8B 2 1574>==>5 =51>, :>B>@>5 :0: 1K 3>2>@8B > 1@5==>AB8 53> =5402=8E 65-;0=89, 0 284 0?>;5>=0, ;N1CNI53>AO ?>;5< A@065=8O 8 C18BK<8, >1=0@C68205B =8GB>6=>ABL 53> ?@56=53> :C<8@0. .. ?@>4>;605B ;8=8N B5E 35@>52 @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, :>B>@K5 B0: 8;8 8=0G5 A;C68;8 @0725=G0=8N 3;C1>:> 8=48284C0;8AB8G5A:>9 ?> A2>59 ACB8 8458 =0?>;5>=87<0 (5@<0== 87 8:>2>9 40<K .!. CH:8=0, 0A:>;L=8:>2 87 @5ABC?;5=8O 8 =0:070=8O $.. >AB>52A:>3> 8 4@.). K682 ?>A;5 @0=5=8O, ?>B5@O2 65=C, C<5@HCN @>40<8, .. @5H05B 68BL B>;L:> 4;O A51O, 1>;55 =5 A;C68BL,  8 2?5@2K5 2 687=8 >:07K205BAO, GB> 53> ACI5AB2>20=85 =5 ?>4G8=5=> 4>AB865=8N C7:>M3>8AB8G5A:8E F5;59, =0?@>B82, >= >B405B A2>8 A8;K 1;87:8< ;N4O<.  MB>B ?5@8>4 .. ?>=8<05B, GB> 2 53> 2=CB@5==5< <8@5 =0G0;0AL =>20O 687=L, E>BO A>E@0=ONBAO 2A5 ?@56=85 2=5H=85 >1AB>OB5;LAB20 55. 0 420 3>40 45@525=A:>9 687=8 .. <=>3>5 ?5@54C<K205B, <=>3> G8B05B, 70=8<05BAO @071>@>< ?>A;54=8E 2>5==KE :0<?0=89, 0 ?>4 2?5G0B;5=85< ?>574:8 2 B@04=>5, 2AB@5G8 A 0B0H59 >AB>2>9 2>72@0I05BAO : 0:B82=>9 687=8, ?>=8<0O, GB> 2 31 3>4 >=0 5I5 =5 :>=G5=0. .. >B;8G05B @0AAC4>G=>-@0F8>=0;8AB8G5A:>5 ?>AB865=85 687=8, 0=0;8B8G5A:89 ?>4E>4 : >F5=:5 ;N459 8 O2;5=89. =>5 2>A?@8OB85 687=8 >= >B:@K205B 4;O A51O 2 ;N128 : 0B0H5, >1I5=85 A :>B>@>9 ?@>1C6405B 2 35@>5 ;CGH85, M<>F8>=0;L=>-682K5 GC2AB20. >A;5 87<5=K =525ABK ?>4 2?5G0B;5=85< =0E;K=C2H8E =0 =53> GC2AB2 >= 2=>2L 2>72@0I05BAO 2 0@<8N ?>4 =0G0;> CBC7>20. #G0AB2CO 2 B5G5AB25==>9 2>9=5, .. @0=55 4@C38E ?>=8<05B ACI5AB2> <=>38E A>25@H0NI8EAO ?5@54 53> 3;070<8 A>1KB89, A1;8605BAO A A>;40B0<8, >B:0702H8AL >B HB01=>9 A;C61K, GB>1K :><0=4>20BL ?>;:><.  @073>2>@5 A L5@>< =0:0=C=5 >@>48=A:>3> A@065=8O >= 3>2>@8B > A2>8E =01;N45=8OE =04 4CE>< 2>9A:0, > 53> 2;0AB=>9, @5H0NI59 2 2>9=5 A8;5. 0 >@>48=A:>< ?>;5 .. ?>;CG05B @0=5=85 8 ?> AB5G5=8N >1AB>OB5;LAB2 C57605B 87 >AB02;O5<>9 68B5;O<8 >A:2K 2 >1>75 >AB>2KE. >4 2;8O=85< ?5@568BKE 2>5==KE A>1KB89, =>2KE <KA;59, D878G5A:8E AB@040=89 8 @0A:0O=8O 0B0H8 .. ?@8<8@O5BAO A =59, >4=0:>, ?>4=O2H8AL 4> ?@>I5=8O, ?5@5H03=C2 G5@57 A2>N >A:>@1;5==CN 3>@4>ABL, 0 3;02=>5, COA=82, GB> 8AB8==K< A<KA;>< 687=8 O2;O5BAO ;N1>2L : 1;86=8<, >= ?5@568205B =@02AB25==K9 =04;><. >A;5 25I53> 4;O =53> A=0 > 157CA?5H=>AB8 1>@L1K A> A<5@BLN .. ?>AB5?5==> C30A05B, =5A<>B@O =0 <8=>202HCN D878G5A:CN >?0A=>ABL; >B:@K2H0OAO 4;O =53> 8AB8=0, 4286CI0O 682>9 G5;>25G5A:>9 687=LN, 2KH5 8 1>;LH5 B>3>, GB> <>65B 2<5AB8BL 53> 3>@40O 4CH0. 8B.: $>@BC=0B>2 .. -2>;NF8O >1@070 =4@5O >;:>=A:>3> // ">;AB>9 .. !1. AB0B59. >@L:89, 1960; ">@G:>20 .  2>?@>AC > ?@>B>B8?0E >1@070 :=O7O =4@5O // ">;AB>9 .. !1. AB0B59 > B2>@G5AB25. ., 1959; 5;5=>2 .. 7 8AB>@88 A>740=8O >1@070 =4@5O >;:>=A:>3> // @>1;5<K @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. K?. 2. /@>A;02;L, 1968. .. 8:>;0520  % (3@5G.) 1) 5@>8=O B@035488 2@8?840 "@>O=:8 (415 3. 4> =.M.). . 65=0 B@>O=A:>3> 35@>O 5:B>@0. > 2@5<O 18B2K 70 "@>N 5:B>@ ?>38105B.  "@>O=:0E 2@8?84 87>1@0605B <><5=B, :>340 7=0B=KE ?;5==8F 3@5:8 @0A?@545;ONB <564C A2>8<8 2>64O<8. . 4>AB05BAO AK=C E8;;0 5>?B>;5<C. =0 >?;0:8205B 3815;L "@>8, ;N18<>3> <C60, =5=028AB=K9 =>2K9 1@0: 8 A2>N @01A:CN 4>;N. 9 AB@0H=> 87 1;03>@>4AB20 2 @01AB2> ?5@59B8. . 70284C5B >;8:A5=5, :>B>@0O 1K;0 ?@8=5A5=0 2 65@B2C =0 <>38;5 E8;;0. 5@>8=5 A;0I5 A<5@BL, G5< 154AB25==0O 687=L. #B5H05B . 2 55 3>@5 ;8HL B>, GB> A =59 >AB0;AO <0;>;5B=89 AK= AB80=0:B. > 25AB=8: A>>1I05B ., GB> ?> A>25BC 48AA5O 3@5:8 @5H8;8 C18BL AK=0 5:B>@0, A1@>A82 A :@5?>AB=>9 AB5=K. ?;0:02 AB80=0:B0, 35@>8=O ?@>:;8=05B 1>38=N D8=C, =07K20O 55 4>G5@LN CE0 ;0, 028AB8, #189AB20 8 !<5@B8, 8 3>@4> 3>2>@8B ?>A;0==8:C 3@5:>2: 07=L B0: :07=L... 0AKBLB5AL 45BA:>9 ?;>BLN! 2) 5@>8=O B@035488 2@8?840 =4@><0E0 (411 3. 4> =.M.).  MB>9 B@035488 . C65 >B40=0 2 @01AB2> 5>?B>;5<C 8 @>48;0 5<C AK=0. 0:>==0O 65=0 5>?B>;5<0 5@<8>=0 E>G5B C18BL <0;LG8:0 8 ?>3C18BL A0<C ., B.:. C25@5=0, GB> B@>O=:0 =0?CAB8;0 =0 =55 ?>@GC 8 A45;0;0 15A?;>4=>9. ;O 8A?>;=5=8O A2>53> :>20@=>3> ?;0=0 >=0, ?>;L7COAL >BACBAB285< <C60, ?@87K205B A2>53> >BF0 5=5;0O. ., ?@54C?@5645==0O @01K=59, A:@K205BAO 2 E@0<5 $5B84K, <>;O 1>38=N > A?0A5=88. 5@<8>=0 C3@>605B ?>465GL E@0<. > . =5 CAB@0H8;0AL 8 B>;L:> ?>A<5O;0AL =04 @073=520==>9 F0@8F59. ">340 5=5;09 ?@82>48B : E@0<C AK=0 . 8 ?@54;0305B 59 65AB>:89 2K1>@: A0<>9 ;8H8BLAO 687=8 8;8 48BO <...> >B40BL =>6C? ">340 35@>8=O ?>:8405B A2OB8;8I5, 55 A2O7K20NB, 8 5=5;09 >1JO2;O5B, GB> >1<0=C; .: ?>381=CB 8 >=0, 8 AK=, 81> B>3> E>G5B 5@<8>=0. > A25@H8BLAO =5A?@0254;82>9 :07=8 <5H05B 5;59, >B5F E8;;0. 5=5;09 >BABC?05B, 5@<8>=0, AB@0H0AL <5AB8 <C60, A15305B 87 42>@F0. ., C7=02 > A<5@B8 5>?B>;5<0 >B @C:8 @5AB0, AB0=>28BAO 70:>==>9 65=>9 F0@O 5;5=0 8 <8@=> ?@028B A =8< 2 -?8@5.  =>2>5 2@5<O >1@07 . 1K; 2>?;>I5= 2 B@03548OE . 0A8=0 =4@><0E0 (1667) 8 .. 0B5=8=0 =4@><0E0 (1809-1819). .-. CI8=0    5@>8=O @><0=0 .. ">;AB>3> ==0 0@5=8=0 (1873-1877); >48= 87 =081>;55 ?>?C;O@=KE 65=A:8E >1@07>2 @CAA:>9 :;0AA8G5A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. ">;AB><C E>B5;>AL =0?8A0BL @><0= > 65=I8=5 87 2KAH53> >1I5AB20, ?>B5@O2H59 A51O, 2>:@C3 :>B>@>9 ;53:> A3@C??8@>20;8AL <=>385 <C6A:85 B8?K, 1C482H85 B2>@G5A:>5 2>>1@065=85 ?8A0B5;O. > <=>3>< : @50;870F88 MB>3> 70<KA;0 ">;AB>3> ?>4B>;:=C;8 <>B82K ?CH:8=A:>3> B2>@G5AB20, 2 G0AB=>AB8 =5>:>=G5==K5 ?@>708G5A:85 >B@K2:8 0 C3;C <0;5=L:>9 ?;>I048 8 >AB8 AJ5760;8AL =0 40GC. 5@>8=O ?>A;54=53> 8=0840 >;LA:0O <>65B 1KBL G0AB8G=> A>>B=5A5=0 A .. -B> >1AB>OB5;LAB2> ?>72>;O5B ;8B5@0BC@>2540< AG8B0BL ?@>872545=85 ?CH:8=A:8< @><0=>< ">;AB>3>, 0 : ?@>B>B8?0< .. >B=>A8BL "0BLO=C 0@8=C, <KA;5==> ?@>4>;60O 8AB>@8N 55 687=8 2 A25B5 (.. -9E5=10C<). >AB>25@=> 8725AB=>, GB> 2=5H=89 >1;8: 35@>8=8 A;>68;AO C ?8A0B5;O ?>4 2?5G0B;5=85< 2AB@5G8 A> AB0@H59 4>G5@LN CH:8=0 .. 0@BC=3. 4=0:> C .. 1K;8 8 4@C385 ?@>B>B8?K, 2 B>< G8A;5 A5AB@0 1;87:>3> 4@C30 ">;AB>3> .. LO:>20-!CE>B8=0, ?5@5682H0O 1@0:>@072>4=K9 ?@>F5AA 8 8<52H0O 2B>@CN A5<LN. !>2@5<5==8:8 =0E>48;8 8 <=>385 4@C385 ?@>B>B8?K, >B45;L=K5 >1AB>OB5;LAB20 687=8 8 A<5@B8 :>B>@KE A>>B=>A8;8AL A AN65B=>9 ;8=859 35@>8=8 @><0=0, 2 G0AB=>AB8 C?><8=05BAO 8AB>@8O 2708<>>B=>H5=89 0:B@8AK .. !028=>9 A .$. !07>=>2K<. "@0:B>2:8 >1@070 .. 2 ;8B5@0BC@>2545=88 G0I5 2A53> >?@545;ONBAO B5< 8;8 8=K< ?>=8<0=85< A<KA;0 M?83@0D0 : @><0=C (=5 >B<I5=85, 8 7 2>740<), 0 B0:65 7028AOB >B 8AB>@8G5A:8 87<5=ONI53>AO >B=>H5=8O : @>;8 65=I8=K 2 A5<59=>9 8 >1I5AB25==>9 687=8. 0 E0@0:B5@, AC4L1C 35@>8=8 >:070;8 2;8O=85 =5 B>;L:> @50;L=> C2845==K5 ">;ABK< A>F80;L=>-8AB>@8G5A:85 CA;>28O 687=8 1870-E 3>4>2, B@0387< @07>1I5==>AB8 ;N459 2 A5<L5 8 >1I5AB25, => 8 ;560I85 2 >A=>25 02B>@A:>9 8=B5@?@5B0F88 A>1KB89 @><0=0 B@048F8>==K5 =0@>4=K5 @5;838>7=>-=@02AB25==K5 ?@54AB02;5=8O. .. >4=>2@5<5==> ?@82;5:0B5;L=0O, ?@024820O, =5AG0AB=0O, 60;:0O 8 28=>20B0O.  A>2@5<5==KE >F5=:0E >1@070 .. =0G8=05B ?@5>1;040BL B@048F8>==K9 =0@>4=>-=@02AB25==K9 ?>4E>4, 2 >B;8G85 >B 157CA;>2=>3> >?@0240=8O 35@>8=8 2 55 ?@025 =0 ;N1>2L.  @01>B0E .. 5B;>2A:>9 8 .. @>45F:>9, =0?@8<5@, ?@>A;568205BAO 7028A8<>ABL 2=CB@5==53> A>45@60=8O >1@070 .. >B 520=35;LA:8E 8 038>3@0D8G5A:8E <>B82>2, AN65B>2 8 =@02AB25==KE >F5=>:.  ?5@2>9 G0AB8 @><0=0 35@>8=O ?@54AB05B ?@8<5@=>9 <0B5@LN 8 65=>9, C20605<>9 A25BA:>9 40<>9 8 4065 ?@8<8@8B5;L=8F59 =5C@O48F 2 A5<L5 1;>=A:8E. 87=L ==K @:04L52=K 1>;55 2A53> =0?>;=O;0 ;N1>2L : AK=C, E>BO A2>N @>;L ;N1OI59 <0B5@8 >=0 =5A:>;L:> ?@5C25;8G5==> ?>4G5@:820;0. 8HL >;;8 1;>=A:0O GCB:> C;02;820;0 2> 2A5< A:;045 A5<59=>9 687=8 0@5=8=KE GB>-B> D0;LH82>5, E>BO >B=>H5=85 .. : <C6C AB@>8;>AL =0 157CA;>2=>< C2065=88. >A;5 2AB@5G8 A @>=A:8<, 5I5 =5 402 2>?8 70@>640NI5<CAO GC2AB2C, .. >A>7=05B 2 A515 =5 B>;L:> ?@>1C482HCNAO 6064C 687=8 8 ;N128, 65;0=8O =@028BLAO, => 8 =5:CN =5?>42;0AB=CN 59 A8;C, :>B>@0O =57028A8<> >B 55 2>;8 C?@02;O5B ?>ABC?:0<8, B>;:0O : A1;865=8N A @>=A:8< 8 A>74020O >ICI5=85 70I8I5==>AB8 =5?@>=8F05<>9 1@>=59 ;68. 8B8 )5@10F:0O, C2;5G5==0O @>=A:8<, 2> 2@5<O @>:>2>3> 4;O =55 10;0 2848B 4LO2>;LA:89 1;5A: 2 3;070E .. 8 >ICI05B 2 =59 GB>-B> GC64>5, 15A>2A:>5 8 ?@5;5AB=>5. !;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB>, 2 >B;8G85 >B 0@5=8=0, >;;8, 8B8, .. A>2A5< =5 @5;838>7=0. @024820O, 8A:@5==OO .., =5=0284OI0O 2AO:CN D0;LHL 8 ;>6L, 8<5NI0O 2 A25B5 @5?CB0F8N A?@0254;82>9 8 <>@0;L=> 157C:>@87=5==>9 65=I8=K, A0<0 70?CBK205BAO 2 ;682KE 8 D0;LH82KE >B=>H5=8OE A <C65< 8 A25B><. >4 2;8O=85< 2AB@5G8 A @>=A:8< @57:> 87<5=ONBAO >B=>H5=8O .. A> 2A5<8 >:@C60NI8<8: >=0 =5 <>65B B5@?5BL D0;LH8 A25BA:8E >B=>H5=89, D0;LH8 2708<>>B=>H5=89 2 A2>59 A5<L5, => ACI5AB2CNI89 ?><8<> 55 2>;8 4CE >1<0=0 8 ;68 C2;5:05B 55 2A5 40;LH5 : ?045=8N. !1;8782H8AL A @>=A:8<, .. >A>7=05B A51O ?@5ABC?=8F59. >A;5 =5>4=>:@0B=> ?@>O2;5==>3> <C65< ?> >B=>H5=8N : =59 25;8:>4CH8O, >A>15==> ?>A;5 ?>;CG5==>3> 2> 2@5<O ?>A;5@>4>2>9 1>;57=8 ?@>I5=8O, .. 2A5 1>;LH5 8 1>;LH5 =0G8=05B =5=02845BL 53>, 1>;57=5==> >ICI0O A2>N 28=C 8 A>7=020O =@02AB25==>5 ?@52>AE>4AB2> <C60. 8 <0;5=L:0O 4>GL, =8 ?>574:0 A @>=A:8< 2 B0;8N, =8 687=L 2 53> 8<5=88 =5 40NB 59 65;05<>3> ?>:>O, 0 ?@8=>AOB ;8HL >A>7=0=85 3;C18=K A2>53> =5AG0ABLO (:0: ?@8 B09=>< A2840=88 A AK=><) 8 C=865=8O (A:0=40;L=>-C=878B5;L=K9 M?87>4 2 B50B@5). >;LH5 2A53> <CG5=89 .. 8A?KBK205B >B =52>7<>6=>AB8 A>548=8BL 2<5AB5 AK=0 8 @>=A:>3>. #3;C1;ONI89AO 4CH52=K9 @07;04, 42CA<KA;5==>ABL >1I5AB25==>3> ?>;>65=8O =5 <>3CB :><?5=A8@>20BL =8 >:@C65=85, 8A:CAAB25==> A>740205<>5 @>=A:8<, =8 @>A:>HL, =8 GB5=85, =8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=K5 8=B5@5AK, =8 ?@82KG:0 : CA?>:>8B5;L=K< ;5:0@AB20< A <>@D85<. .. ?>AB>O==> GC2AB2C5B A2>N ?>;=CN 7028A8<>ABL >B 2>;8 8 ;N128 @>=A:>3>, GB> @074@0605B 55, 45;05B ?>4>7@8B5;L=>9, 0 8=>340 ?>1C6405B : =5A2>9AB25==><C 59 :>:5BAB2C. >AB5?5==> .. ?@8E>48B : ?>;=><C >BG0O=8N, <KA;O< > A<5@B8, :>B>@>9 >=0 E>G5B =0:070BL @>=A:>3>, >AB02H8AL 4;O 2A5E =5 28=>20B>9, 0 60;:>9. AB>@8O 687=8 .. >1=0@C68205B =57K1;5<>ABL <KA;8 A5<59=>9 2 ?@>872545=88: =52>7<>6=>AB8 4>AB865=8O A>1AB25==>3> AG0ABLO 70 AG5B =5AG0ABLO 4@C38E 8 70125=8O A2>53> 4>;30 8 =@02AB25==>3> 70:>=0. 1@07 .. ?>;CG8; <=>65AB2> 2>?;>I5=89 =0 AF5=5 8 2 :8=5<0B>3@0D5. !0<0O 7=0<5=8B0O 8=AF5=8@>2:0 >B5G5AB25==>3> B50B@0  %", @568AA5@ .. 5<8@>28G-0=G5=:>, 2 3;02=>9 @>;8 .. "0@0A>20 (1937).  :8=> @>;L .. 8A?>;=O;8 @5B0 0@1> (1937), 82L5= 8 (1948), ".. !0<>9;>20 (1968). > <>B820< @><0=0 1K; A>740= 10;5B (=0 <C7K:C .. )54@8=0) A .. ;8A5F:>9 2 3;02=>9 ?0@B88 (>=0 65 8 E>@5>3@0D A?5:B0:;O; >;LH>9 B50B@, 1972). 8B.: -9E5=10C< . 52 ">;AB>9. !5<845AOBK5 3>4K. ., 1960; >@=0O . =>3>?;0=>2>ABL >1@070 ==K 0@5=8=>9 // #G5=K5 70?8A:8 >A:. >1;0AB=. ?54. 8=-B0 8<. @C?A:>9. CAA:0O ;8B5@0BC@0. ". 122. K?. 8. ., 1963; 01052 -.. ><0= 8 2@5<O. ==0 0@5=8=0 L20 8:>;0528G0 ">;AB>3>. "C;0, 1975; !28B5;LA:89 .. "@03548O ==K 0@5=8=>9 8 02B>@A:0O >F5=:0 2 @><0=5 . ">;AB>3> // CAA:0O ;8B5@0BC@0 1870-1890 3>4>2. !25@4;>2A:, 1977; @>45F:0O .. 38>3@0D8G5A:85 ?@>>1@07K 2 ==5 0@5=8=>9 (68B8O 1;C4=8F 8 ;N1>458F 8 AN65B=0O ;8=8O 3;02=>9 35@>8=8 @><0=0) // "@C4K B45;0 4@52=5@CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K (CH:8=A:89 4><). !1., 1993. ". 48. ..8:>;0520  ! 5@>8=O ?>M<K !.. A5=8=0 ==0 !=538=0 (1925). 48= 87 ?@>B>B8?>2, ?> A2845B5;LAB2C A5AB@K ?>MB0, ?><5I8F0 .. 0H8=0.  8AA;54>20B5;LA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 ?@8=OB> @0AA<0B@820BL 420 ?>A;54=8E 3>40 687=8 A5=8=0 :0: ?>4;8==K9 @0AF25B B2>@G5AB20 ?>MB0, ?@8254H89 53> >B =04@K2=>3> B@0387<0 >A:2K :010F:>9 : B0:8< ?@>872545=8O<, :0: CAL A>25BA:0O, 5A=L > 25;8:>< ?>E>45, 5=8=, ==0 !=538=0. >A;54=OO @0AF5=820;0AL :0: @54:89 ?>MB8G5A:89 4>:C<5=B @52>;NF8>==>9 M?>E8, A>740==K9 =0 >A=>25 ;8G=KE =01;N45=89 8 ?5@56820=89 A5=8=0 >B ?>574>: 2 A5;> >=AB0=B8=>2> 2 1917-1918 33.  MB>< :>=B5:AB5 >1@07 .!. ?@8>1@5B0; G5@BK A>F80;L=> >?@545;5==K5 (<0=5@=0O ?><5I8F0, 206=0O 40<0), :>B>@K<8 2 :>=5G=>< AG5B5 >1JOA=O;AO 8AE>4 ;N1>2=>3> :>=D;8:B0: @0A:>; 2 AB@0=5 @072>48B 35@>52 ?> @07=K< 687=5==K< 4>@>30<. @0<0 A>F80;L=0O 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L 2KG8BK20;0AL 2 ?8AL<5 .!. 87 >=4>=0: / G0AB> E>6C =0 ?@8AB0=L // , B> ;L =0 @04>ABL, B> ;L 2 AB@0E, // ;O6C A@54L AC4>2 2A5 ?@8AB0;L=59 // 0 :@0A=K9 A>25BA:89 D;03. 45>;>38G5A:89 0=0;87 ?@>1;5<0B8:8 ?>M<K 8 55 F5=B@0;L=>3> >1@070 >1=0@C68205B C?@>I5==>ABL 2 A>?>AB02;5=88 A 02B>18>3@0D8G5A:8<8 >A=>20<8 ?@>872545=8O. !<CBC 2@5<5=8, :@>202K5 1C4=8 2>9=K 8 @52>;NF88, @07@CH5=85 <8@=>3> :@5ABLO=A:>3> C:;040 5A5=8=A:89 35@>9 ?5@568205B ?>GB8 >BAB@0=5==>, A> 2A59 A8;>9 B@038G5A:>9 8@>=88 8 ?5G0;8 A2>53> @>:>2>3> >48=>G5AB20 2 E0>A5 687=8. .!. ?@54AB02;O5BAO >B@065=85< A<OB5==>9 4CH8 35@>O ?>M<K. 1@K2:8 <0;>7=0G0I8E D@07, 2>A?><8=0=8O 42CE-B@5E <8<>;5B=KE 2AB@5G, >1;8:, 5420 C;>28<K9 A:2>7L 1@54 ;8E>@04:8 8 =5@0715@8EC 4=59, >ICI5=85 CB@0BK =02A5340 8AG570NI53> <8@=>3> 8 4>1@>3> ?@>H;>3>, 87 MB>3> A;0305BAO B08=AB25==K9, 7K1:89 8 1C4B> =5 2?>;=5 70:>=G5==K9 >1@07 .!.  B> 65 2@5<O 4;O A5=8=0 35@>8=O 7=0<5=C5B A>1>9 2K=C645==>5 @0AAB020=85 A 4CE>2=K<8 8450;0<8 A5@51@O=>3> 25:0, A> A2>59 ?@5:@0A=>9 40<>9  ;0A:>2>9 <5GB0B5;L=8F59 2 15;>9 =0:84:5, >;8F5B2>@5=85< @>48=K 8 25A=K. 8B.: >7;>2A:89 .  ?>MB5 // A5=8= !. !B8E>B2>@5=8O. >M<K. ., 1982; 0@?>2 .!. >M<K A5=8=0. ., 1989; C=O52 !.!. "@03548O AB8E88 8 AB8E8O B@035488 // 0 AB@>:>9 CG51=8:0. ., 1989. .. >@>B:>20  A<.: 0<;5B  $  A<.: 0<0H0 C@06 " (3@5G., D@. Antigone, =5<. Antigone) 1) 5@>8=O B@035488 !>D>:;0 =B83>=0 (?>AB02;5=0, ?>-2848<><C, 2 442 3. 4> =.M.), 4>GL -48?0 8 >:0ABK. >A;5 3815;8 2 ?>548=:5 A2>8E 1@0BL52 -B5>:;0 8 >;8=8:0, 87 :>8E >48= 1K; D820=A:8< F0@5< 8 C4>AB>8;AO >B 3>@>40 ?>4>10NI8E ?>E>@>=, 0 4@C3>9, 65;0O >A?>@8BL 2;0ABL, ?@825; : $820< 0@3>AA:>5 2>9A:> 8 >AB0;AO ?>A;5 3815;8 157 ?>3@515=8O ?> ?@8:07C C=0A;54>202H53> ?@5AB>; @5>=B0, HC@8=0 -48?0, . @5H05B, ?@57@52 ?@8:07 2;04K:8, ?>GB8BL ?>381H53> 1@0B0 ?>E>@>=0<8 8 45;8BAO 70<KA;>< A> A2>59 A5AB@>9 A<5=>9. "0 =5 2 A>AB>O=88 =0@CH8BL 70?@5B, AB@0H0AL >15I0==>9 :0@K. (>7<>6=>, MB> ?@>B82>?>AB02;5=85 42CE A5AB5@ 2 :0:>9-B> <5@5 ?>4A:070=> M:A>4>< B@035488 -AE8;0 !5<5@> ?@>B82 $82. . 8 B0< >B25G05B >B:07>< =0 70?@5B E>@>=8BL 1@0B0, 8 425 A5AB@K @0AE>4OBAO 2<5AB5 A 42C<O ?>;CE>@8O<8, A>?@>2>640O: .  B5;> >;8=8:0 8 A<5=0  B5;> -B5>:;0.) 1@O4 A>25@H5=, 8 @073=520==K9 @5>=B ?@8:07K205B AB@060< >BKA:0BL 28=>2=8:0. A:>@5 >48= 87 =8E ?@82>48B ., 8 >=0 =5 >B@8F05B A>25@H5==>3>. !?>@ <564C ?@028B5;5< (?@>87=>AOI8< =5<0;> A?@0254;82>3>, => >H810NI8<AO 2 3;02=><) 8 .  >4=0 87 A0<KE =0?@O65==KE AF5= 2 3@5G5A:>9 B@035488. 0 A;>20 @5>=B0, C25@5==>3>, GB> 2@0640 A>E@0=O5BAO 8 ?>A;5 A<5@B8, . >B25G05B A2>59 7=0<5=8B>9 @5?;8:>9:  <>59 ?@8@>45  45;8BL ;N1>2L, 0 =5 2@064C. !5AB@0 A<5=0, =5 ?>65;02H0O @0745;8BL A . >?0A=>ABL, E>G5B B5?5@L @0745;8BL :0@C. . 2 MB>< 59 >B:07K205B, 8 55 3>@4K9 8 =5?@5:;>==K9 =@02 5I5 1>;55 @074@0605B @5>=B0, :>B>@><C B@51C5BAO 2AO 53> =04<5==>ABL, 2A5 2KA>:><5@85, 2AO 65AB>:>ABL, =0 :>B>@K5 >=, >B=N4L =5 1C4CG8 B8@0=>< ?> ?@8@>45, A?>A>15=, GB>1K =5 4>?CAB8BL ?>7>@=>9 CABC?:8. !K= @5>=B0 5<>=  65=8E .  ?KB05BAO (?>=8<0O B@C4=>ABL ?>;>65=8O >BF0 8 254O A2>N @5GL :0: <>6=> <O3G5) ?5@5C1548BL 53>, A>>1I0O, GB> =0@>4 60;55B ?@83>2>@5==CN 452C. '5< 40;LH5 ?@028B5;L C?>@AB2C5B, B5< 3;C165 8 ?>A;54>20B5;L=55 (?>4>1=> -48?C 2 B@035488 &0@L -48?) >= 2O7=5B 2 A5BOE A>1AB25==>9 =5?@02>BK: 0725 3>@>4 =5 AG8B05BAO A>1AB25==>ABLN ?@028B5;O?  "K E>@>H> 1K ?@028; 2 >48=>G:C, 2 157;N4=>9 75<;5! . C2>4OB; >=0 >?;0:8205B A2>N CG0ABL, >1@5:0NICN 55 =0 1@0: A 84><, 8  E>BO 25AL 3>@>4 A>GC2AB2C5B 59  4> :>=F0 >AB05BAO 2 >48=>G5AB25. .-$. 030@? 2KA:07K20; =54>C<5=85 ?> ?>2>4C >BACBAB28O ;N1>2=>9 B5<K 2 B@035488, :070;>AL 1K, =0<5G5==>9 2708<>>B=>H5=8O<8 . 8 5<>=0. .-. (;535;L, =0?@>B82, 2>AE8I0;AO F5;L=>ABLN 35@>8G5A:>9 =0BC@K, :>B>@0O ?>B5@?5;0 1K CI5@1, 5A;8 1K AB@0ABL <>3;0 70AB028BL 35@>8=N F5?;OBLAO 70 687=L. $8=0; B@035488  =0:070=85 @5>=B0, :>B>@>3> C405BAO  A;8H:>< ?>74=>!  ?5@5C1548BL A;5?><C ?@>@8F0B5;N "8@5A8N: :>=5F 4=O C65 =5 70AB05B 2 682KE =8 53> AK=0, =8 65=K, 8 53> 3>@4K9 4CE A;><;5= =02A5340. !<5;0O @5:>=AB@C:F8O $.$.5;8=A:>3> ?@54;0305B AG8B0BL ?@>>1@07>< A>D>:;>2>9 B@035488 -;52A8=F52 -AE8;0, 345 "5759 8 5@0:; C3>20@820NB @5>=B0 ?@>AB8BL . (?@8G5< =0:070=85 1K;> =0;>65=> =5 8<, 0 D820=A:8<8 AB0@59H8=0<8) 8 35@>8=O 2KE>48B 70<C6 70 5<>=0.  ?@8=F8?5 : >1@070< B@035488 2>7<>6=K 420 ?>4E>40: ?5@2K9  157CA;>2=> @0745;O5<K9 A0<8< 02B>@><  45;05B . 548=AB25==>9 8 3;02=>9 35@>8=59 B@035488, 2K7K20NI59 2>AE8I5=85 A2>59 65@B25==>ABLN 8 1;03>G5AB85<; MB> ?>4G5@:8205BAO B5<, GB> . <5=LH5 ?@8ACBAB2C5B =0 AF5=5 8 3>2>@8B, G5< @5>=B. -B>B ?>4E>4 2?>;=5 5AB5AB25= 8 B@048F8>=5=. . $54>B>2 4065 AG8B0;, GB> 2 0=B8G=>AB8, 2>>1I5 =5 7=02H59 G5;>25G5A:>9 A2>1>4K 2 ?>;=>< A<KA;5 MB>3> A;>20, ., 1KBL <>65B, 548=AB25==>5 55 ?@>O2;5=85. (!@. OG.. 20=>2: <C <09@>=C.  ..> ?@57@5==> 1K;> A0<>2;0ABL5, // 0: =B83>=5 1K; ?@57@5= @5>=B.) B>@>9  M:AB@02030=B=0O ?>78F8O 535;O  70:;NG05BAO 2 B><, GB> . 8 @5>=B @02=>?@02=K 8 O2;ONBAO 2 @02=>9 AB5?5=8 B@038G5A:8<8 >1@070<8, ?>A:>;L:C >=8 ?@54AB02;ONB A>1>9 2>?;>I5=85 @02=>7=0G=KE ?@8=F8?>2  @>4AB25==>3> 4>;30 (A5<LO @53C;8@C5BAO 1>65AB25==K<8 70:>=0<8) 8 25@=>AB8 3>AC40@AB2C (?>42;0AB=><C G5;>25G5A:8< 70:>=0<). $.$. 5;8=A:89 ?> ?>2>4C B0:>3> @>40 8=B5@?@5B0F89 (8 ?@54GC2AB2CO =>2K5) >B<5G05B: . <=>3> 8 <=>3> @07 1K;0 2545=0 =0 A<5@BL, =5 B>;L:> =0 3>@>4A:8E ?;>I04OE 8 2 3>AC40@AB25==KE B5<=8F0E, =>, GB> 5I5 EC65,  8 2 B8E8E C<AB25==KE ;01>@0B>@8OE <KA;8B5;59 8 ?8A0B5;59. .. /@E> 2848B 2 >1@075 . C3040==K9 !>D>:;>< 704>;3> 4> :@878A0 :>=D;8:B <564C 8=48284C0;L=K<8 A8;0<8, @072O70==K<8 0D8=A:>9 45<>:@0B859, 8 8=B5@5A0<8 3>AC40@AB20, >E@0=OBL :>B>@>5 >=8 ?@8720=K 8 =0 :>B>@>5 >=8 ?>:CH0NBAO 2 A2>5< =5>3@0=8G5==>< A0<>CB25@645=88. >2>;L=> 8=B5@5A=0 (7028AOI0O >B 535;O) 8=B5@?@5B0F8O 2 A>2@5<5==>9 D@0=FC7A:>9 D8;>A>D88 (0: 5@@840): 5A?><>I=0O 2 A2>5< 459AB288, >=0 2>72@0I05BAO 2 ?@>?0ABL, : 04C 8 ?>475<=><C <8@C, :>B>@K9 5ABL, ?> ACI5AB2C, 55 A>1AB25==>5 <5AB>. =0  D83C@0 ?045=8O, C?04:0, >=0 42865BAO 2=87 8 C2;5:05B 70 A>1>9 2AN A5<LN, 2?;>BL 4> 5<>=0... 0A:>;L:> MB> =5 ?>E>65 =0 70<KA5; !>D>:;0 8 =0 53> 8A?>;=5=85! G5284=>9 A;01>ABLN ?>4>1=KE 8=B5@?@5B0F89 O2;O5BAO B>, GB> >1@07 . ?@82;5:05BAO ;8HL :0: 8;;NAB@0F8O, 157 AB@5<;5=8O ?>=OBL B2>@G5A:89 70<KA5; !>D>:;0 8 53> B@03548N. ;8O=85 . =0 ?>74=59HCN 0=B8G=CN ;8B5@0BC@C =525;8:>; 4;O =>2>9 >=> 3>@074> 7=0G8B5;L=55 (2 :0G5AB25 ?@8<5@0 >B<5B8< ?5@5:;8G:C >1@07>2 . 8 (0@;>BBK >@45 2 >45 .(5=L5). .-. (;535;L AG8B0;, GB> >4=>3> >1@070 . 4>AB0B>G=>, GB>1K ?>;>68BL :>=5F 10=0;L=>-A;0I02K< ?@54AB02;5=8O< >1 0=B8G=>AB8. 8B.: 535;L .. $5=><5=>;>38O 4CE0. !1., 1992; 535;L .. $8;>A>D8O @5;8388. ., 1977. ". 2; 535;L .. -AB5B8:0. ., 1973. ". 3. /<?>;LA:89 .  A:;5?5 =B83>=K. 5A:>;L:> 8=B5@?@5B0F89 =B83>=K !>D>:;0 // >2>5 ;8B5@0BC@=>5 >1>7@5=85, 1995, ! 13. !<. B0:65 ;8B. : AB0BL5 O:A. .. N168= 2) 5@>8=O B@035488 . 0A8=0 $820840, 8;8 @0BLO-2@038 (1664). 5@>8=O 0A8=0 2>AE>48B =5 : . !>D>:;0, 0 : . 2@8?840. A;54 70 8725AB=K< ;0B8=A:8< ?>MB><, 682H8< 2 I 2. =.M., 0?8=85< !B0F85<, =0?8A02H8< $82084C (B.5. AB>@8N D820=F52), 0A8= 8718@05B 4;O A2>53> 4@0<0BC@38G5A:>3> 451NB0 A>1KB8O, AB02H85 AN65B>< B@035488 2@8?840 $8=8:8O=:8 (409 3. 4> =.M.). 3> . ?@54AB05B N=>9 452CH:>9, 157CA?5H=> ?KB0NI59AO ?@8<8@8BL 1@0BL52, :>B>@KE >=0 >48=0:>2> ;N18B. 'B>1K 8E C<8@>B2>@8BL, >=0 >B?@02;O5B A2>53> 2>7;N1;5==>3> 5<>=0, 8 >= 381=5B, ?KB0OAL @07=OBL >;8=8:0 8 -B5>:;0. 3> >B5F @5>=B ?@87=05BAO . 2 AB@0AB=>9 ;N128, ?@54;0305B @0745;8BL A =8< B@>= 8, ?>;CG82 >B:07, CE>48B 87 687=8, B.:. 2A5 53> 0<18F88 >:07K20NBAO 15AA<KA;5==K<8. 5 2 A8;0E ?5@568BL 5<>=0, :>B>@>3> >=0 A0<0 >1@5:;0 =0 A<5@BL, . 70:0;K205B A51O B5< 65 :8=60;><, GB> ?>A;C68; >@C485< A0<>C189AB20 55 <0B5@8 >:0AB5, :>340 B0 ?>=O;0, A:>;L 15A?;>4=K 55 CA8;8O >AB0=>28BL 1@0B>C189AB25==CN 2>9=C AK=>259. . =5B <5AB0 2 MB>< A0<>< ?@>:;OB>< 3>@>45 <8@0, :0: =0720; 4@0<0BC@3 $82K. # 0A8=0, 5I5 =5 4>AB83H53> 25@H8= A2>53> B@035489=>3> B0;0=B0, . ?@54AB02;O5B A>1>9 4>AB0B>G=> ?@>B82>@5G82K9 >1@07, 2 :>B>@>< 0=B8G=0O B@048F8O A?;5B05BAO A B@048F8O<8 D@0=FC7A:>9 30;0=B=>9 (?@5F8>7=>9) ;8B5@0BC@K. . ?>28=C5BAO 2 A2>8E ?>ABC?:0E =5 AB>;L:> 2>;5 1>3>2, A:>;L:> CAB0=>2;5=8O< 30;0=B=>3> :>45:A0. ?5@2K5 $820840 1K;0 AK3@0=0 B@C??>9 >;L5@0 ;5B>< 1664 3. 2 0;5- >O;L 8 A1;878;0 42CE 25;8:8E ?@54AB028B5;59 :;0AA8F87<0. 8B.: 04KH52 . 0A8=. ., 1990. !. 30-51. 3) 5@>8=O ?L5AK . =CO =B83>=0 (1942). .  ?5@20O 0=B8G=0O 35@>8=O =CO, :>B>@CN >= ?><5AB8; 2 4@52=89 0=BC@06  @5F8O 2@5<5= ?@02;5=8O @5>=0. ( ?@54K4CI59 53> ?L5A5, -2@848:0 (1941), F5=B@0;L=K9 ?5@A>=06, =0720==K9 ;535=40@=K< 8<5=5<,  <>;>45=L:0O 0:B@8A0, 4>GL 2C;L30@=>9 8 =5 65;0NI59 AB0@5BL ?@>28=F80;L=>9 ?@8<04>==K.) =C9 >AB02;O5B 35@>8=5 55 F0@AB25==>5 ?@>8AE>645=85 8 2 :0G5AB25 3;02=>3> >??>=5=B0 405B, :0: 8 2 <8D5, F0@O @5>=0. > MB0 25@=>ABL 0=B8G=><C AN65BC <0;> GB> <5=O5B 2 B5<5, :>B>@CN 4@0<0BC@3 AB>;L C40G=> @07@010BK205B A ?5@2KE A2>8E ?@>872545=89: 1C=B N=>3> ACI5AB20 ?@>B82 70A0AK20NI59 @CB8=K 8 ?>H;>AB8 1KB8O, =565;0=85 ?>4G8=OBLAO 70:>=0< 74@02>3> A<KA;0, ?@8ACI53> AB0@H8<, 45BA:>5 C?@O<AB2> 2 =5?@8OB88 687=8 A 55 =587156=K< AB0@5=85<. @0<0BC@3 ?@54>AB02;O5B A2>59 35@>8=5 2>7<>6=>ABL 1@>A8BL 2K7>2 =5 AB>;L:> ?@>75 687=8, A :>B>@>9 A@060;8AL N=K5 1C=B0@:8 53> ?@54K4CI8E ?L5A, A:>;L:> =5A?@0254;82><C <8@>?>@O4:C, >;8F5B2>@5=85< :>B>@>3> O2;O5BAO @5>=. >, 87>1@0782 @5>=0 =5 ?>A;CH=K< 8A?>;=8B5;5< 2>;8 1>3>2, :>8 =04 35@>O<8 ?L5AK =CO =5 2;0AB=K, =5 7;>455<, 284OI8< 2 ?>ABC?:5 . C3@>7C A2>59 2;0AB8, 0 B@C65=8:><, 27O2H8<AO, 70ACG82 @C:020, @5H0BL 5654=52=K5 ?@>1;5<K ?> 687=5>15A?5G5=8N 225@5==>3> 5<C 3>@>40, 02B>@ >B405B 5<C 7=0G8B5;L=CN 4>;N A2>8E A8<?0B89. . AB>8B 1>;LH>3> B@C40 =5 ?@87=0BL A?@0254;82>ABL 0@3C<5=B>2 @5>=0, ?KB0NI53>AO 4>:070BL 15AA<KA;5==>ABL 55 A0<>?>65@B2>20=8O. . 2K=C645=0 ?>65@B2>20BL 8 ;N1>2LN : 5<>=C. =C9 =0?8A0; 70<5G0B5;L=K9 ;N1>2=K9 480;>3. !8;0 GC2AB20, A2O7K20NI53> . 8 5<>=0, AB>;L 25;8:0, GB> 53> A0<>C189AB2> ?>A;5 55 A<5@B8 :065BAO 70:>=><5@=K<. !<5@BL . C =CO ?@8=>A8B A?>:>9AB285 $820<, 345 @02=>4CH=K5 :> 2A5<C AB@06=8:8 ?@>4>;60NB 83@0BL 2 :0@BK. !;><;5==K9 3815;LN AK=0 8 65=K, @5>= 2>72@0I05BAO : 3>AC40@AB25==K< 45;0<, ?>65;02 <0;LG8:C-?06C =8:>340 =5 AB0=>28BLAO 27@>A;K<. 0 :5< >AB0;0AL ?>1540: 70 =5 70E>B52H59 ?@8=OBL ;>38:C 27@>A;KE . 8;8 70 ?@8=8<0NI8< =0 A51O BO65;CN =>HC >B25BAB25==>AB8 70 4@C38E @5>=><? 0 MB>B 2>?@>A >B25G05B =5 AB>;L:> B5:AB ?L5AK, A:>;L:> 55 AF5=8G5A:85 8=B5@?@5B0F88. 5@20O ?>AB0=>2:0, >ACI5AB2;5==0O 8725AB=K< @568AA5@>< . 0@A0:>< 2 1943 3. 2 B50B@5 B5;L5, A45;0;0 . 35@>8=59 !>?@>B82;5=8O.  >::C?8@>20==>< =5<F0<8 0@865 4@0<0 =0 0=B8G=K9 AN65B, AK3@0==0O 2 A>2@5<5==KE :>ABN<0E, 72CG0;0 :0: 38<= AB>9:>AB8 8 <C65AB2C N=>9 35@>8=8, 3>B>2>9 ?>381=CBL, => =5 ?>:>@8BLAO 65AB>:>9 8 15AG5;>25G=>9 3>AC40@AB25==>9 <0H8=5, 2 :>B>@>9 7@8B5;8 ;53:> C7=020;8 D0H87<. 8D>;>38G5A:89 AN65B 2>A?@8=8<0;AO :0: G0ABL M7>?>20 O7K:0, :>B>@K< 2K=C645=K 1K;8 3>2>@8BL EC4>6=8:8: 2 B>< 65 A57>=5 (. N;;5= ?>AB028; CE8 !0@B@0, 0 2 B50B@5 -15@B> H;0 ?L5A0 8@>4C !>4>< 8 ><>@@0. 0@860=5 ?@5:@0A=> =0CG8;8AL ?>=8<0BL B0:>9 O7K:. 0;L=59H0O AF5=8G5A:0O AC4L10 MB>9 . AG0AB;82>9 =5 1K;0: B50B@ ?@54?>G8B0; 59 35@>8=N !>D>:;0. 8B.: >=8=0 . 0= =C9 // !>2@5<5==0O 70@C156=0O 4@0<0. ., 1962. !. 239-248. 4) 5@>8=O ?L5AK . @5EB0 =B83>=0 (1948). !45;02 35@>8=59 >4=>9 87 ?5@2KE A2>8E ?>A;52>5==KE ?L5A ., @5EB >1@0I05BAO : B@035488 !>D>:;0 2 ?5@52>45 7=0<5=8B>3> =5<5F:>3> @><0=B8:0 5;L45@;8=0.  =5<5F:>9 4@0<0BC@388 . ?>O28;0AL 2 M:A?@5AA8>=8AB8G5A:>9 4@0<5 . 075=:;525@0 =B83>=0, =0?8A0==>9 2 :>=F5 ?5@2>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K (1917).  ?@>;>35 : A2>59 >1@01>B:5 !>D>:;0 @5EB ?@O<> C:07K205B =0 A2O7L 0=B8G=>3> AN65B0 A A>1KB8O<8 B>;L:> GB> 70:>=G82H59AO 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K. "CB G5B:> >1>7=0G5=K 2@5<O 8 <5AB> 459AB28O: 5@;8=, 0?@5;L 1945 3>40, @0AA25B. 0 4>;N ?@OGCI8EAO 2 1><1>C1568I5 157K<O==KE A5AB5@ 2K?0405B B>B 65 B@C4=K9 2K1>@, GB> 2 <8D>;>38G5A:>< AN65B5 4>;6=K A45;0BL . 8 A<5=0: ?>E>@>=8BL ;8 1@0B0, @8A:CO 687=LN. 0;55 2A5 459AB285 @072>@0G8205BAO B>65 =0 @0AA25B5, => C65 ?5@54 42>@F>< @5>=B0.  >1@075 . @5EB B>G=> A;54C5B 0=B8G=><C >1@07FC. > >B3>;>A:8 =5402=59 2>9=K =587156=> A;KH=K 2> <=>38E AB@>D0E, >A>15==> 2 D8=0;L=>< <>=>;>35 ., >1@0I5==>< : >AC640NI8< 55 !B0@F0<: K, GB> 2>9=C @5>=B>2C // 0 GC6CN 75<;N B0I8;8,  A:>;L:> 1K 18B2 // = =8 2K83@K20;, ?>A;54=OO // 0A ?@>3;>B8B. 5@2>9 8A?>;=8B5;L=8F59 @>;8 . 1K;0 . 0935;L, 4;O :>B>@>9 >=0 8 1K;0 =0?8A0=0. 081>;55 HC<=K9 CA?5E A2O70= A> A?5:B0:;5< >4=>3> 87 A0<KE @048:0;L=KE 020=30@4=KE B50B@>2  828=3-B8MB@ (.  6. 0;8=0, @5>=B  6.5:, 1967). 8B.: >?5;52 . @5EB. ., 1966. !. 331; $@04:8= . 1@01>B:8 5@B>;LB0 @5EB0 // @5EB . 1@01>B:8. ., 1967. !. 13-17. ".. @>A:C@=8:>20 " (0=3;. Marc Antony; ;0B. Marcus Antonius) 5@>9 B@035488 #. (5:A?8@0 =B>=89 8 ;5>?0B@0 (1606-1607). AB>@8G5A:89 ?@>B>B8?: 0@: =B>=89 (83-30 33. 4> =.M.), @8<A:89 ?>;:>2>45F 8 3>AC40@AB25==K9 45OB5;L. . D83C@8@>20; A@548 ?5@A>=0659 ?5@2>9 @8<A:>9 B@035488 (5:A?8@0 .;89 &570@L, => ;>2:89 45<03>3, 8A:CA=> 83@02H89 =0 AB@0ABOE B>;?K, =5 8<55B ?>GB8 =8G53> >1I53> A 15A?5G=K< 8 25;8:>4CH=K< ?>;:>2>4F5< 2B>@>9 ?L5AK, E>BO 2 >1>8E A;CG0OE 8AB>G=8:>< ?>A;C68;8 !@02=8B5;L=K5 687=5>?8A0=8O ;CB0@E0. 5:>B>@K5 45B0;8 A>7=0B5;L=> 87<5=5=K: B0:, C ;CB0@E0 :CB8;C 8 ?LO=8FC . ?>:8405B 1>3 0:E-8>=8A, 0 2 B@035488 ?>:@>28B5;5< . 2KABC?05B <>3CG89 5@:C;5A, A :>B>@K< 53> =5>4=>:@0B=> A@02=820NB. 25O==0O ;535=40<8 8AB>@8O ;N128 . 8 ;5>?0B@K B@0:BC5BAO (5:A?8@>< :0: B@03548O 4>1;5AB8: 157@0AAC4=K9 35@>87< 70254><> >1@5G5=. 57<5@=0O AB@0ABL . 2ABC?05B 2 ?@>B82>@5G85 A 53> 6064>9 2;0AB8 8 >6840=8O<8 1;8609H8E A>@0B=8:>2, ?@54GC2AB2CNI8E @>:>2>9 D8=0; AE20B:8 A :B0285< &570@5<. >=0G0;C . 5I5 A?>A>15= >B:070BLAO >B ;5>?0B@K: @048 A>N70 A &570@5< >= 4065 65=8BAO =0 53> A5AB@5. > ;N1>2L >:07K205BAO A8;L=55  ?@>B82>AB>OBL G0@0< =8;LA:>9 7<59:8 . =5 <>65B 8 2 @5H0NI5< <>@A:>< A@065=88 ?>7>@=> 1@>A05B A2>8 2>9A:0, CAB@5<82H8AL 70 :>@01;5< ?@5402H59 53> ;5>?0B@K. C4CI55 ?@8=04;568B 15AAB@0AB=><C =>A8B5;N 3>AC40@AB25==>9 8458  &570@N, :>B>@K9 C<55B ?>4G8=OBL GC2AB20 @0AG5BC 8 E;04=>:@>2=> 2K68405B ?@><0E0 A>?5@=8:0. >340 ?>B5@?52H89 ?>;=>5 ?>@065=85 . ?@54;0305B @5H8BL 45;> ;8G=K< ?>548=:><, 5<C >B25G0NB ?@57@8B5;L=K< >B:07><. #7=02 > <=8<>< A0<>C189AB25 ;5>?0B@K, >= 1@>A05BAO =0 A2>9 <5G 8 2 A<5@B8 =0E>48B CA?>:>5=85, 81> A0< A25; AG5BK A 687=LN, =5 C=8782 A51O <>;L1>9 > ?>I045. 8B.: 8=A:89 .. (5:A?8@. ., 1971. .. C@0H:8=F520 " (D@. Antoine) 5@>9 A0B8@8G5A:>9 ;535=4K >@8A0 5B5@;8=:0 'C4> A2OB>3> =B>=8O (1903).  @5<0@:5 : ?5@2><C 459AB28N ?L5AK =0@C6=>ABL 35@>O >?8A0=0 A;54CNI8< >1@07><: 0 ?>@>35 ?>:07K205BAO AB0@8:, EC4>I02K9, 2KA>:89, 1>A>9, A =5?>:@KB>9 3>;>2>9, A =5G5A0=K<8 2>;>A0<8 8 1>@>4>9; =0 =5< 3@O7=K9, ?;>E> AH8BK9, 70=>H5==K9 8 2> <=>38E <5AB0E ?>@20==K9 ?>4@OA=8:. 025@=>5, 8<5==> B0: 8 4>;65= 2K3;O45BL A2OB>9, @02=>4CH=K9 => 2A5<C <8@A:><C. > >1KG=K5 ;N48 A 8E ?@>708G=>ABLN 8 >3@0=8G5==>ABLN MB>3> =5 7=0NB, ?>MB><C 70 A2OB>3> 35@>O =8:B> =5 ?@87=05B 4065 ?>A;5 B>3>, :0: >= A>25@H05B A0<K5 =0AB>OI85 GC45A0: 2>A:@5H05B CA>?HCN B@8 4=O =0704 B5BCH:C >@B5=78N, 0 ?>B>< ;8H05B 55 2>7<>6=>AB8 3>2>@8BL, 81> 59 >B:@K;8AL B09=K, :>B>@K5 >=0 =8:><C =5 A<55B ?>2540BL,  B09=K <8@0 CA>?H8E. 545B A51O 35@>9 A45@60==> 8 :>@@5:B=>. > >@B5=78O 2>A:@5H5=0, 8 B5?5@L A8BC0F8O 87<5=O5BAO: . AB@5<8BAO ?>A:>@55 C9B8, 81> 53> 64CB 45;0  2>A:@5H5=85 5I5 >4=>3> ?>:>9=8:0, => 53> =5 >B?CA:0NB. "> ?@54;030NB 45=L38 70 ?@>45;0==CN @01>BC, B> ?@83;0H0NB 2<5AB5 ?>702B@0:0BL, B> A830@C 2K:C@8BL. > 35@>9 2=>2L ?@>O2;O5B 70284=CN =5?@5:;>==>ABL. ">340 @>4AB25==8:8 CA>?H59 ?@848@0NBAO : B><C, GB> >= ;8H8; 8E 2>A:@5AHCN B5BCH:C 2>7<>6=>AB8 3>2>@8BL, 8 7>2CB ?@8AB020. # . =5 >:07K205BAO ?0A?>@B0, 40 8 2>>1I5 >= >G5=L =0?><8=05B >4=>3> AC<0AH54H53>, :>B>@K9 C65 B@5B89 @07 A15305B 87 1>;L=8FK, 0 2K@202H8AL =0 A2>1>4C, 2K:84K205B 2AO:85 ?@54>AC48B5;L=K5 HBCG:8: ;5G8B 1>;L=KE, 2K?@O<;O5B 3>@10BKE. . 7018@0NB 2 CG0AB>:, GB>1K B0< 2> 2A5< @07>1@0BLAO, 0 B5BCH:0 >@B5=78O A=>20 C<8@05B. 48= 87 ?;5<O==8:>2 ?>:>9=>9 24@C3 =0G8=05B 8A?KBK20BL : . 60;>ABL.  MB>< 8 70:;NG05BAO GC4> .: 5<C C40;>AL A>25@H8BL =5GB> 01A>;NB=> =525@>OB=>5  87;5G8BL G5;>25G5A:CN 4CHC >B 65AB>:>AB8 8 G5@AB2>AB8. ;O @CAA:>3> B50B@0 >1@07 . A2O70= A 8<5=85< .. 0EB0=3>20, :>B>@K9 42064K >1@0I0;AO : ?>AB0=>2:5 MB>9 ?L5AK (1918;1921), ?@>G8B0==>9 8< :0: B@038G5A:0O 8AB>@8O A2OB>3> GC4>B2>@F0, =5 =C6=>3> ;N4O<. >;L . 8A?>;=O; ... 0204A:89. .. 5B@>20 $! 5@>8=O 4@0<K .. =4@5520 =D8A0 (1909, =0720=85 ?L5AK 2 @C:>?8A8  >A?>48=). =D5@=0;L=0O 65=I8=0 2 4CE5 >AB>52A:>3>, @0A?CB=8F0, A8;L=0O, 2;0AB=0O, 1>30B> >40@5==0O =0BC@0, @>1:0O, 15A?><>I=0O, 60;:0O, A0<0O >1K:=>25==0O  B0: ?>-@07=><C >F5=820;8 A>2@5<5==8:8 =>2K9 ?A8E>;>38G5A:89 B8? 65=I8=K, >?8A0==K9 =4@552K< 2 53> 4@0<5 =0 AN65B 87 A>2@5<5==>9 687=8. =0 6825B A@548 >@48=0@=KE ?@8AO6=KE ?>25@5==KE 8 AB0@>9 =5254><>9 01CH:8 ( >:0, !C4L1K), =5CAB0==> ?5@518@0NI59 A?8FK, ?>1;5A:820=8N :>B>@KE >B25G0NB A;5?K5 <830=8O <...> =5B>@>?;82>3> <0OB=8:0, 5420 CA?520NI53> E20B0BL ;5BOI85 A5:C=4K. >340 . ?@85E0;0 2 4>< >AB><0@>2KE, >=0 1K;0 F0@8F59, 1K;0 A25B;0O 8 B>;L:> 4C<0;0 > B><, GB>1K 4>AB028BL ;N4O< @04>ABL 8  =0CG8BL. "5?5@L  E>48B B5=LN, 5;5 ABC?0O, 1KAB@> A:>;L78B ?> :><=0B0<, ?;0BL5 2A5340 G5@=>5, 8 =5 7028205BAO, A> AB@0H=K<8 3;070<8 C189FK, 2 :>B>@KE B>;L:> =5=028ABL 8 7;>10, O4 =0 CAB0E 8 2 ?5@AB=5 =0 ?0;LF5. CH52=K9 =04@K2, 8AB5@8G=>-1>;57=5==>5 ?>2545=85 ?@5645 C<=>9, @5H8B5;L=>9 . @57C;LB0B 55 ;N1>2=KE >B=>H5=89 A <C65< A5AB@K, G5;>25:>< @02=>4CH=K< 8 ;53:> ?@5AKI0NI8<AO 65=A:8<8 ;0A:0<8. K @0A?8=05B5 65=I8=C, $54>@ 20=>28G, 2 C60A5 H5?G5B 1;54=0O .  BCB 65 ?@>A8B > ;N128: =5 65 =5:C40 ?>9B8, $54O. >60;59 65 BK <5=O... =D8A0 02;>2=0  65=I8=0 B@038G5A:0O 8 B08=AB25==0O, 2 3;070E 55 284OB O@>ABL 8 AB@040=85, 8 5I5 157C<85, 3>@OI55 65;BK< >3=5<. . C18205B >AB><0@>20 =5 B>;L:> 87 @52=>AB8: >=0 8A?>;=O5B GL5-B> 25;5=85, ?>@CG5=85 AC4L1K, >=0 :07=8B A2>53> ;N1>2=8:0 70 B>, GB> B>B =8:>3> =5 ;N18B. . 65@B20 25:0, >=0 =5 2>7=>A8BAO =0 2KA>BC 1;87:>9 59 ?> <8@>>ICI5=8N 8 4CH52=><C @07;><C 81A5=>2A:>9 544K 01;5@. 4=0 87 B@5E A5AB5@ 0=4@552A:>9 ?L5AK, ?5@56820NI0O B@03548N 2>;8 8 B@03548N ?>;0, >=0 2 AB@0E5 1L5BAO <564C 1KB>< 8 <8AB8G5A:8< C60A>< A2>59 >48=>:>9 8 AB@0H=>9 AC4L1K. .. >@>B:>20  5@>9 AF5=K .. '5E>20 !204L10 (1890). ">B 65 >1@07 ?>O2;O5BAO 8 2 1>;55 @0==5< @0AA:075 '5E>20  @0: ?> @0AG5BC (1884), :>B>@K9 2<5AB5 A 4@C38< @0AA:07>< 1884 3. !204L10 A 35=5@0;><, AB0; >A=>2>9 4;O MB>9 ?L5AK. 1@07 .  MB> 3@>B5A:=>5 87>1@065=85 B5E ;N459, GL8 A;>20 8 <=5=85 > A515 @0AE>4OBAO A 8E 45;0<8 8 @50;L=>9 ACI=>ABLN. !;>20, :>B>@K5 . ?@>87=>A8B 2 A0<>< =0G0;5 ?L5AK, >1@0I0OAL : A2>59 B5I5, B>G=> E0@0:B5@87CNB ?>4>1=K9 B8?: / 20HC 4>GL >AG0AB;828;, 8 5A;8 2K <=5 =5 >B4048B5 A53>4=O 18;5B>2, B> O 20HC 4>GL A :0H59 AJ5<. / G5;>25: 1;03>@>4=K9! -?0<8=>=4 0:A8<>28G @0AG5B;82, <5;>G5= 8 3;C?; >= B>@3C5BAO 87-70 ?@840=>3>, => =5 2K=>A8B =0<5:>2 =0 B>, GB> 65=8BAO ?> @0AG5BC. ?@>G5<, . <0;> >B;8G05BAO >B A2>53> >:@C65=8O: 53> =525AB0 0H5=L:0 8 55 >B5F =5>1@07>20==K, B5I0 . B0: 65 @0AG5B;820, :0: 8 >=. AO A204L10  MB> B>@65AB2> >1K20B5;LA:>9 ?>H;>AB8, =@02AB25==>3> C1>65AB20, F5=B@>< :>B>@KE O2;O5BAO . 1@07 . =5>4=>:@0B=> 2>?;>I0;AO =0 AF5=5. 5@2K5 ?>AB0=>2:8 !204L1K A>AB>O;8AL 2 1902 3. 2 ;5:A0=4@8=A:>< B50B@5 (2 @>;8 .  .$. !07>=>2) 8 2 B50B@5 >@H0 2 >A:25. > =081>;55 70?><=82H8<AO AB0; ?>AB02;5==K9 2 1920 3. 2 3-9 !BC488 %" A?5:B0:;L !204L10 2 @568AAC@5 .. 0EB0=3>20. >;L . 83@0; -.. 0@8= 2 7=0<5=8B>< D8;L<5 1944 3>40. 8B.: 0?5@=K9 .!. >?@5:8 2A5< ?@028;0<.... L5AK 8 2>4528;8 '5E>20. ., 1982; >3>6520 . "2>@G5AB2> '5E>20 =0 M:@0=5 // A:CAAB2> :8=>. 1954. ! 7; '5E>2A:>5... ( @01>B5 =04 >1@070<8 2 :8=>D8;L<0E ?> ?@>872545=8O< ..'5E>20) // A:CAAB2> :8=>. 1960. ! 1. .. C;8:>20   5@>9 4@0<K ... 5@<>=B>20 0A:0@04 (1834-1836; ?>4 =0AB>OI8< =0720=85< ?5@20O ?C1;8:0F8O  1842; 2 @C:>?8A8  0A:5@04). !2>53> 35@>O 5@<>=B>2 =045;8; D0<8;859, :>B>@CN =>A8;8 8 4@C385 53> ?5@A>=068. 5@>9 N=>H5A:>9 4@0<K !B@0==K9 G5;>25: (1831)  ;048<8@ @15=8=, 2 >B@K2:5 / E>GC 20< @0AA:070BL D83C@8@C5B ;5:A0=4@ @15=8=. # 35@>O 0A:0@040 8<O ?CH:8=A:>3> =538=0  235=89. =538= 8 5@<0== CH:8=0, '0F:89 @81>54>20, 6>@A:89 NE5;L15:5@0  B0:>20 ;8B5@0BC@=0O 35=50;>38O .  MB>< >1@075 70?5G0B;5;8AL G5@BK 35@>O ?>?C;O@=>9 =0 @CAA:>9 AF5=5 <5;>4@0<K N:0=60 87=L 83@>:0  >@60 5@<0=8. 5AA?>@=> 2;8O=85 35@>52 09@>=0  08=0, 0=D@540, '09;L4-0@>;L40.  >A=>25 >1@070 ., :0: A?@0254;82> 70<5B8; . -9E5=10C<, =5 ?@>B82>?>AB02;5=85 ?>@>:0 8 4>1@>45B5;8, 0 480;5:B8:0 4>1@0 8 7;0, AB>;:=>25=85 1>65AB25==>3> 8 4LO2>;LA:>3> =0G0;. 5OB5;L=>5 AB@5<;5=85 . : 4>1@C 2 ?>@>G=>< <8@5 =5<8=C5<> >1>@0G8205BAO 7;><. B45;5=85 2KA>:>3> 7;0, <ABOI53> 70 ?>@C30=85 4>1@0 (.), >B >1K45==>3>, ?>H;>3>, 1KB>2>3> ?>@>:0 (>1<0=, A?;5B=O, ?@540B5;LAB2>, 8=B@830  070@8=, (?@8E, 25748G, (B@0;L) =5>1E>48<> 5@<>=B>2C 4;O ?@52@0I5=8O <5;>4@0<0B8G5A:>9 D01C;K 2 AN65B A>F80;L=>-D8;>A>DA:>9 @><0=B8G5A:>9 4@0<K. B=>H5=8O . A <8@>< =5 1KB>2K5, >= @5H05B 25G=K5 ?@>1;5<K 1KB8O. >3>1>@G5A:85 <>B82K, B@048F8>==K5 4;O @><0=B8:>2 (?5@A>=068 09@>=0  0=D@54, 08=, ;5@<>=B>2A:89 5<>=), 2 35@>5 0A:0@040 ?>;CG8;8 A2>5>1@07=>5 ?@5;><;5=85. . =5 =838;8AB, =5 @5;OB828AB, >= 25@8B 2 ACI5AB2>20=85 A?@0254;82>3> >30, => B0<  70 3@>1><, 2 25G=>AB8. 45AL 65, =0 75<;5, 345 2AN4C 7;>  257-45 >1<0=, <8@  E0>A. 5@>9 >ICI05B =0 A2>59 AC4L15 ?5G0BL ?@>:;OBLO, 53> 687=L  15A:>=5G=>5 AB@040=85 8 >48=>G5AB2>. >7=02 04 ACI5AB2>20=8O, . ?5@54 7;>< =5 ?@5:;>=8;AO. >;LH5 B>3>  ?>B5=F80;K . >B:@KB 4;O 4>1@0. 5=82H8AL =0 8=5 A;CG09=>, >= A>7=0B5;L=> ?>@K205B A ?@>H;K<. 8=0 2>7@>6405B 2 =5< =04564C =0 2>7<>6=>ABL 1>65AB25==>9 30@<>=88 745AL, =0 75<;5, 25@C 2 A?@0254;82>ABL <8@>?>@O4:0. N1>2L . MB> 2>7<>6=>ABL ?@5>4>;5=8O A8BC0F88 @07;040 A <8@><, 70;>3 ?@8<8@5=8O A >3><.  ?>B><C B0: B@038G=> 4;O . ?@>7@5=85 (<=8<>5); 35@>9 <AB8B =5 B>;L:> 70 >1<0=CBK5 8;;N788, >A:25@=5==CN G5ABL, @07@CH5==>5 AG0ABL5. . 65;05B >B><AB8BL 70 ?>@C30==CN 25@C, :@0A>BC, 30@<>=8N. "5?5@L 4;O =53> ?@53@040 @CH5=0 <564C 4>1@>< 8 7;><, 5<C 2A5 4>72>;5=>. = 2>7;0305B =0 A51O <8AA8N A25@EG5;>25:0, ?@02> 2KAH53> AC40 8 =0:070=8O. @87=0=85 A>1AB25==>3> 871@0==8G5AB20 ?@82>48B . : B@038G5A:>9 >H81:5. !B@5<;5=85 >G8AB8BL 8=C >B 3@5E0 8 A<5@BLN 2>72@0B8BL 59 1>65AB25==CN G8AB>BC >1>@0G8205BAO ?@5ABC?;5=85<, C189AB2>< =528==>9 65=K.  MB>9 A2O78 G@572KG09=> 2065= >1@07 58725AB=>3>. ! >4=>9 AB>@>=K, >= 8<55B G5@BK @50;L=>3> G5;>25:0, A 4@C3>9  >;8F5B2>@O5B <8AB8G5A:85 A8;K 7;0. =, :0: @568AA5@, 2545B . : C189AB2C, O2;OO A>1>9 <5ABL BL<K 70 AB@5<;5=85 . : A25BC. 8?>B5B8G5A:8 <>6=> CB25@640BL, GB> 8<5==> 58725AB=K9 (G5@B ?>4 <0A:>9) O2;O5BAO A8<2>;8G5A:8< >@30=870B>@>< A25BA:>9 8=B@838 (=0?@8<5@, E0@0:B5@=>, GB> =0 10;C, :>340 58725AB=K9 2848B, :0: . 2AK?05B O4 2 <>@>65=>5, >= =5 ?@54>B2@0I05B C189AB2>). 4=0:> 01A>;NB=> OA=>, GB> 2>7<57485 =0AB8305B . =5 2 =0A;0645=88 ?>@>:><, 0 2 <><5=B ?>:>O 8 AG0ABLO. <5==> ?>MB><C 4;O 5@<>=B>20 B0: 2065= ?@85< 42>9=>3> A>AB@040=8O. 8@>2>5 7;> 45;05B . 8 65@B2>9, 8 ?@5ABC?=8:><.  D8=0;5, C7=02, GB> 8=0 =528==0, ., @0748@05<K9 <CG8B5;L=K<8 AB@040=8O<8, AE>48B A C<0 (8 MB>B 3>@4K9 C< A53>4=O 87=5<>3!). 5B A?0A5=8O @><0=B8G5A:><C 35@>N, => =5B 8 2>72@0B0 ?>4 2;0ABL BL<K. "0:8< >1@07><, :>;;878O . ?5@5=5A5=0 02B>@>< 87 AD5@K 8=48284C0;L=>9 <>@0;8 8 ?A8E>;>388 2 ?;0= >1I5G5;>25G5A:>3> 1KB8O. 5>1E>48<> >B<5B8BL, GB> =5 B>;L:> ;>38:0 45<>=8G5A:>3> 35@>O 2545B . : ?@5ABC?;5=8N: =5 ;L 1KBL AC?@C3>< 8 >BF>< A5<59AB20 //...:>B>@K9 8A?KB0; // A5 A;04>AB8 ?>@>:0 8 7;>459AB20?  AB@C:BC@5 0A:0@040 <5ABL 3>@4>9 4CH8, :0: G5@B0 =530B82=>3>, @07@CH8B5;L=>3> 2>>4CH52;5=8O ( . 0;LF520), 5ABL ?@>B5AB ?@>B82 A>F80;L=>3> ?>@O4:0. ., CAB02H89 >B 1>@L1K A A0<8< A>1>9, ?>7=02H89 1>;L, AB@040=8O 8 AB@0AB8, =02A5340 >AB0;AO 873>5<, >1@5G5==K< =0 25G=>5 >48=>G5AB2>.  ?@>H;>< 83@>:, ?@57@52H89 70:>= ;N459, 70:>= ?@8@>4K, . =5 ?@85<;5B ?>H;>AB8 A25B0. 8@ <0A>:, HC;5@>2 8 ?>4;5F>2, <8@ 8=B@838, A?;5B=8 8 >1<0=0, 15A:>=5G=> 2@064515= 35@>N. = 745AL GC6>9, 8 >1I5AB2> <AB8B 5<C 70 MB>. .!.82>20@>20 1@07 . ?@5B5@?5; @O4 87<5=5=89, AN65B=KE 8 E0@0:B5@8AB8G5A:8E, 2 @07=KE @540:F8OE 0A:0@040. B;8G85 ?5@2KE B@5E: . =5 C7=0; > B><, GB> 8=0 =528=>2=0  4@0<0 70:0G820;0AL ?>O2;5=85< 4>:B>@0, :>B>@K9 :>=AB0B8@>20; A<5@BL. 'B>1K >B><AB8BL 25748GC, . 2ABC?0; 2 >1I5AB2> HC;5@>2, 2>73;02;O5<>5 070@8=K<, 8 B5, ?> 53> =0CI5=8N, >1K3@K20;8 :=O7O, 2 G5< 8 A>AB>O;0 <5ABL 35@>O; AF5=0 ?C1;8G=>3> >A:>@1;5=8O 25748G0 >BACBAB2>20;0. . 2 @0==8E @540:F8OE 2?;>B=CN ?@8<K:0; : 5<>=C. -B8 45<>=8G5A:85 G5@BK A>E@0=ONBAO 8 2 G5B25@B>9 @540:F88, ?@87=0==>9 :0=>=8G5A:>9. 4=0:> 2 =59 @><0=B8G5A:0O ?0B5B8:0 >1@070 ?@8>1@5B05B ?A8E>;>38G5A:CN <>B828@>2:C; CA8;8205BAO A>F80;L=0O B5<0B8:0, 2K@065==0O 2 <>=>;>30E-8=25:B820E, 04@5A>20==KE A25BC. 1@07 . :0: 1K 42865BAO >B 5<>=0 : 1C4CI5<C 5G>@8=C. >A;54=OO B5=45=F8O >BG5B;82> ?@>O28;0AL 2 ?OB>9 @540:F88, :>B>@0O 8=>340 @0AA<0B@8205BAO :0: A0<>AB>OB5;L=0O ?L5A0.  =59 8<O 35@>O A45;0;>AL =0720=85< 4@0<K, 8AG5705B <0A:0@04 :0: <5AB> 459AB28O 8 >1@07-A8<2>;. 8=0 =0 A0<>< 45;5 87<5=O5B . = 65 =5 C18205B 8=C, 0 B>;L:> @07K3@K205B AF5=C <=8<>3> >B@02;5=8O. #15482H8AL 2 87<5=5 65=K, . >AB02;O5B A2>9 4><; 53> CE>4 >BG0AB8 =0?><8=05B 153AB2> '0F:>3>. !B>;L ACI5AB25==K5 87<5=5=8O >1@070 >1CA;>2;5=K ?>=8<0=85< 8AG5@?0==>AB8 @><0=B8G5A:>3> 35@>O, ?>8A:0<8 8=>3> 35@>O =0H53> 2@5<5=8. >;L ., ?@54=07=0G02H0OAO .!. >G0;>2C, B0: 8 =5 1K;0 AK3@0=0 25;8:8< B@038:>< ?> ?@8G8=5 F5=7C@=>3> 70?@5B0 ?L5AK. 5@2K< 8A?>;=8B5;5< MB>9 @>;8 AB0; .. 0@0BK38= (1852). !@548 =081>;55 O@:8E 8=B5@?@5B0B>@>2 >1@070 A;54C5B =0720BL ... .@L520 2 ?>AB0=>2:5 .-. 595@E>;L40 (1917) 8 .. >@428=>20 2 D8;L<5 !.. 5@0A8<>20 (1941) 8 A?5:B0:;5 ... 0204A:>3> (1952). 8B.: -9E5=10C< .. OBL @540:F89 0A:0@040 // 0A:0@04 5@<>=B>20. .; ., 1941; -9E5=10C< .. !B0BL8 > 5@<>=B>25. .; ., 1961.    # 5@>9 @><0=0 $.. >AB>52A:>3> >4@>AB>: (1875), >B ;8F0 :>B>@>3> 2545BAO ?>25AB2>20=85. 570:>==>@>645==K9 AK= ?><5I8:0 5@A8;>20, ?>;CG82H89 :=O65A:CN D0<8;8N A2>53> N@848G5A:>3> >BF0 0:0@0 >;3>@C:>3>, 1K2H53> 42>@>2>3> G5;>25:0. .. 2K@>A 2=5 A5<L8, 45BA:85 3@CAB=K5 3>4K ?@>25; 2 G0AB=>< ?0=A8>=5, ?>425@30OAL =0A<5H:0< 8 C=865=8O<. ">340 >=, ?> 53> A>1AB25==K< A;>20<, A>7=0;, GB> O... ;0:59 8 =0G0; 2 <5GB0E ?5@5A>74020BL 687=L =0 8=>9 ;04. 1@07 ?CH:8=A:>3> 0@>=0, A:C?>3> @KF0@O, 0 ?>74=55 >BH8;L40, AB0=>28BAO 4;O N=>H8 8450;><, A>2<5I0O 2 A515 MAB5B8G5A:8 7=0G8<>5 GC4> (2=570?=>5 O2;5=85 87 =8GB>65AB20), B09=C (?>;=0O 15725AB=>ABL 4> =0:>?;5=8O @>BH8;L4>2>9 F8D@K) 8 02B>@8B5B ( >BH8;L4 2KH5 2A5E, B0: :0: 45=L38 ...548=AB25==K9 ?CBL, :>B>@K9 ?@82>48B =0 ?5@2>5 <5AB> 4065 =8GB>65AB2>). 7;030O A2>N 845N AB0BL >BH8;L4><, ?>4@>AB>: @57:> >B3@0=8G8205B 55 >B =0:>?;5=8O 4;O ;8H=53> :CA:0 (D0B5@AB20) 8 15AA<KA;5==>9 A:C?>AB8  30@?03>=AB20; AB02 <8;;8>=5@>< 8 O282H8AL <8@C, >= 3>B>2 4065 @0740BL A2>8 1>30BAB20, B5< A0<K< AB02 242>5 1>30G5. :>=G82 38<=078G5A:89 :C@A, .. ?@857605B 2 5B5@1C@3  3>@>4, 871@0==K9 8< 4;O >ACI5AB2;5=8O 8458. 4=0:> 745AL 53> 70E20BK20NB 4@C385 A>1KB8O: >= @07304K205B 5@A8;>20, > :>B>@><, ?> A>1AB25==><C ?@87=0=8N, <5GB0; 270A>A; CG0AB2C5B 2 <=>3>G8A;5==KE 8=B@830E 2>:@C3 :><?@><5B8@CNI53> <>;>4CN 24>2C E<0:>2C 4>:C<5=B0, 2>;5N A;CG0O ?>?02H53> 2 53> @C:8; A1;8605BAO A <>;>4K< :=O75< !>:>;LA:8< 8 6825B =0 53> 45=L38, =5 ?>4>7@520O, GB> >B :=O7O 15@5<5==0 53> A5AB@0 870. !>7=020O A2>8 ?045=8O, @:0489 28=8B A51O 2 C:;>=5=88 >B 8458, >4=0:> 2> 2A5E C:;>=5=8OE A>1;07=O5BAO :0: @07 B5<, GB> ?@82;5:05B 53> 2 >1@075 >BH8;L40: <>3CI5AB2>< 8 2;0ABLN (8A:CH5=85 4>:C<5=B><, >1;040=85 :>B>@K< 45;05B E<0:>2C 65@B2>9 ..), 1;5A:>< (8A:CH5=85 4@C61>9 A !>:>;LA:8<, 40NI59 A@54AB20 =0 @KA0:>2 8 @5AB>@0=K, 4>ABC? 2 A25B). =AB8=:B82=> GC2AB2CO =5G8AB>BC A2>53> 8450;0, .. ?KB05BAO =09B8 70<5=C 5<C C 5@A8;>20, 682>?8ACNI53> :0@B8=C 7>;>B>3> 25:0  >1I5AB20 4>1@>45B5;L=KE ;N459 157 %@8AB0. >O2;5=85 2 A5<L5 0:0@0 >;3>@C:>3>, 53> C<8;8B5;L=K5 15A54K, ?@0254=0O A<5@BL >:07K20NBAO A8;L=59H8< 2?5G0B;5=85<, ?>A5;ONI8< 2 4CH5 ?>4@>AB:0 6064C 1;03>>1@078O. @>8AE>48B >G8I5=85 =5G8AB>3> 8450;0, A2845B5;LAB2>< G53> AB0=>28BAO >B:07 H0=B068@>20BL E<0:>2C, @57C;LB0B><  ?>O2;5=85 70?8A>:. $>@<C;8@CO 4;O A51O 3;02=CN 845N ?@>872545=8O, >AB>52A:89 ?8A0;: >4@>AB>: E>BO 8 ?@857605B A 3>B>2>9 84559, => 2AO <KA;L @><0=0 B0, GB> >= 8I5B @C:>2>4OICN =8BL ?>2545=8O, 4>1@0 8 7;0, G53> =5B 2 =0H5< >1I5AB25, MB>3> 60645B >=, 8I5B GCBL5<, 8 2 MB>< F5;L @><0=0.  A2>59 =5B25@4>AB8 2 @07C<5=88 4>1@0 8 7;0 =5>4=>:@0B=> 2KA:07K205BAO 8 A0< .. (0B:>ABL, ?@><56CB>G=>ABL 53> A>AB>O=8O <564C 1573@5H=K< 45BAB2>< 8 27@>A;>9 >B25BAB25==>ABLN ?>4G5@:=CB0 :0: =0720=85<, B0: 8 2>7@0AB>< 35@>O. 204F0BL ;5B  2>7@0AB A>25@H5==>;5B8O 2 OB8:=8688 >8A5O, >B45;ONI89 45B59, =5 7=0NI8E =8 4>1@0 =8 7;0, :>B>@K< 5I5 <>65B >B:@KBLAO 5<;O 15B0, >B >BF>2, GL8 B@C?K ?04CB 2 ?CABK=5 A59 ('8A;0, 14: 29-32). "0:8< >1@07><, 4;O 452OB=04F0B8;5B=53> 35@>O ?@>1;5<0 2K1>@0 @C:>2>4OI59 =8B8 ?>2545=8O ?@545;L=> >1>AB@5=0. .!. >;8=8= 8 .. >75=1;N< >B<5G0NB 1;87>ABL >1@070 .. ?>4?>;L=><C B8?C 87 70<KA;0 F8:;0 8B85 5;8:>3> @5H=8:0 (2>7@0AB, 8<O, CG510 2 ?0=A8>=5 "CH0@0 8 B.4.), ?>4G5@:820NB >A>1>5 7=0G5=85 2 AN65B5 <>B820 ?>:0O=8O, GB> A2845B5;LAB2C5B > A;54>20=88 8450;C 1;03>>1@078O, 7025I0==><C 0:0@>< >;3>@C:8<. -B0 :>=F5?F8O ?>4B25@6405BAO G5@=>2K<8 @540:F8O<8: >;>4>9 G5;>25: (N8 25;8:89 3@5H=8:) ?>A;5 @O40 ?@>3@5AA82=KE ?045=89 24@C3 AB0=>28BAO 4CE><, 2>;59, A25B>< 8 A>7=0=85< =0 2KA>G09HCN 87 2KA>B. <...> A5 45;> 2 B><, GB> 2A5 =0G0;0 =@02AB25==>3> ?5@52>@>B0 ;560;8 2 53> E0@0:B5@5, :>B>@K9 8 ?>440;AO-B> 7;C =5 =082=>, 0 A A>7=0B5;L=>9 7;>9 4C<K. A;8 >B /, B> 2AO ?>M<0 2 B><: :0: 1K;> O ?0; 8 :0: O 1K; A?0A5=.  >:>=G0B5;L=>< B5:AB5 ?>4>1=KE >F5=>G=KE 2KA:07K20=89 2 CAB0E ?>25AB2>20B5;O =5B, 2 A3;065==>< 2845 >=8 ?5@540=K 2B>@>AB5?5==><C ?5@A>=06C, 8:>;0N !5<5=>28GC, =5A:>;L:> E>;>4=><C M3>8ABC, => 15AA?>@=> C<=><C G5;>25:C, ?> A;>20< .. !>>1I0O A2>5 <=5=85 > 70?8A:0E, >= E0@0:B5@87C5B ?>4@>AB:0 :0: >4=>3> 87 N=>H59 A 70B05==K< 65;0=85< 15A?>@O4:0, ?@>8AE>4OI8< >B 70B05==>9 6064K ?>@O4:0 8 1;03>>1@078O. >4>1=CN E0@0:B5@8AB8:C ?>;CG05B .. 8 >B 5@A8;>20 (G. 3, 30. 7), >B=>AOI53> A51O 2 >B@>G5AB25 8 A2>53> AK=0 : 704C<K20NI8<AO 45BO<, >AB02;5==K< =0 >4=8 A2>8 A8;K 8 3@57K 8 A AB@0AB=>9, A;8H:>< @0==59 8 ?>GB8 <AB8B5;L=>9 6064>9 1;03>>1@078O. !0< D0:B ?5@540G8 70?8A>:, =0G0BKE 4;O >4=>3> A51O, 4@C3><C ;8FC, 87<5=5=85 B>=0 ?>25AB2>20=8O >B 45:;0@0F88 A2>8E ?@02 4> A0<>>128=5=8O, =542CA<KA;5==0O >B=5A5==>ABL 2@5<5=8 >:>=G0=8O ?@>F5AA0 ?@8?><8=0=8O 8 70?8AK20=8O : ?>A;54=59 =545;5 5;8:>3> ?>AB0 A2845B5;LAB2CNB >1 8E 1;87>AB8 8A?>2548 (?@8G5< =5 B>;L:> :0: ;8B5@0BC@=><C 60=@C, => 8 :0: B08=AB2C). ..$. 0@O:8= 3;02=>9 8 ?@>AB>9 B09=>9 @><0=0 AG8B05B >B:@KB85 4=52=8:0 :0: >@C48O 4CE>2=>9 A0<>2K45;:8, ?@>B82>?>AB02;5=85 4>;3>3>, B@C4=>3> ?@>F5AA0 15A?>I04=>3> ?@8?><8=0=8O 845O< :0?8B0;0 @07>< 8 A:>@>3> ?>42830 (A<. 53> :=83C >AB>52A:89 8 :0=C= XXI 25:0, 1989). @54H5AB25==8:8 >1@070 .. 2 ;8B5@0BC@5  M284 >??5@D8;L4 8::5=A0, @8=52 CH:8=0; ?><8<> MB8E ?@>872545=89 2 ?@>F5AA5 @01>BK =04 @><0=>< >AB>52A:89 =5>4=>:@0B=> 2A?><8=05B A?>254L CAA>, BF>2 8 45B59 "C@35=520, >9=C 8 <8@ ">;AB>3>. >4@>AB>: 2 3;070E 53> 02B>@0  @><0= > =K=5H=8E 45BOE 8 =K=5H=8E >BF0E A 35@>5<  G;5=>< A;CG09=>3> A5<59AB20 2 ?@>B82>?>;>6=>ABL @>4>2><C B8?C, ?@54AB02;5==><C 2 42>@O=A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 8 >B:@KB><C 5I5 CH:8=K< 2 0?8B0=A:>9 4>G:5, 70<KA;5 F8:;0 @540=8O @CAA:>3> A5<59AB20. !@548 ?@>B>B8?>2 .. 8AA;54>20B5;8 =07K20NB A0<>3> >AB>52A:>3>, C:07K20O =0 @O4 A>2?045=89 2 18>3@0D88 02B>@0 8 35@>O; .!. >;8=8= >B<5G05B B0:65 AE>4AB2> .. 2 30. 5 G0AB8 1 @><0=0 A ?A8E>;>38G5A:8< ?>@B@5B>< 5:@0A>20, 40==K< 2 =5:@>;>35 >AB>52A:>3>. 8B.: >;8=8= .!. 5=578A >1@070 >4@>AB:0 // >;8=8= .!. >A;54=85 @><0=K >AB>52A:>3>. .; ., 1963. !. 63-95; CABK=8=0 ..  D0<8;88 >;3>@C:89 2 @><0=5 $..>AB>52A:>3> >4@>AB>: // #G5=K5 70?8A:8 "0@BCA:>3> C=825@A8B5B0, 1985. K?. 645; CH:0@520 .!. 5BAB2> 2 @><0=5 $..>AB>52A:>3> >4@>AB>: 8 2 ?5@2>9 ?>25AB8 ..">;AB>3> // $8;>;>38G5A:89 A1.: !B0BL8 8 <0B5@80;K. ., 1970. !. 113-132; >75=1;N< .. "2>@G5A:85 4=52=8:8 >AB>52A:>3>. ., 1981;!02G5=:> .. !N65B>A;>65=85 @><0=>2 $.. >AB>52A:>3>. ., 1982. !. 55-84. .. !K@>20B:>   5@>8=O :><5488 .. '5E>20 '09:0 (1896). 12>@>68B5;L=0O ?>H;OG:0, >10OB5;L=0O :01>B8=:0, A0<>4>2>;L=0O 8 A0<>C25@5==0O ?@>28=F80;L=0O 7=0<5=8B>ABL  B0:>20 . 2 >F5=:5 B50B@0;L=>9 :@8B8:8. A=>20 E0@0:B5@0 .  2>;O : A0<>CB25@645=8N 8 A;025 (A;>20 .. -D@>A0 > ../2>@A:>9, 2 :>B>@>9 A>2@5<5==8:8 2845;8 687=5==K9 ?@>B>B8? .). !K= . "@5?;52 A B>A:>9 8 @52=>ABLN 3>2>@8B > B><, GB> >=0 A:C?0; =5 ;N18B AK=0, ?@8ACBAB285 :>B>@>3> =0?><8=05B 59, GB> >=0 C65 =5<>;>40; 2545B 15AB>;:>2CN 687=L, @52=820 : GC6>9 A;025: >?@>1C9B5 ?@8 =59 ?>E20;8BL C75...  E>BO >=0 15AA?>@=> B0;0=B;820, C<=0, A?>A>1=0 @K40BL =04 :=86:>9, ?> <=5=8N AK=0, >=0 ?A8E>;>38G5A:89 :C@L57. 4=0:> 70 MB8< ?@8AB@0AB=> 2>AA>740==K< >1;8:>< . A:@K205BAO F5;L=0O =0BC@0 65=I8=K-0:B@8AK. !2>N 687=L >=0 ?>AB028;0 =0 A;C61C ?@>D5AA88. :B5@AB2> ?@>=87K205B A5@4F528=C 55 ;8G=>AB8 8 <=>3>5, 5A;8 =5 2A5, >?@545;O5B 2 55 E0@0:B5@5. !C4O ?> @5?5@BC0@C, .  0:B@8A0 A H8:>< =0 25;8:>A25BA:85 @>;8 (A@.: !<5;LA:0O 2 "0;0=B0E 8 ?>:;>==8:0E 8 >@8=:8=0 2 57 28=K 28=>20BKE .. AB@>2A:>3>). 0@45@>1  ?>;>28=0 AF5=8G5A:>3> CA?5E0 0:B@8AK MB>3> 0<?;C0. BAN40 ?@5A;>2CB0O A:C?>ABL .: 54L O 0@B8AB:0; >4=8 BC0;5BK @07>@8;8 A>2A5<. BAN40 55 <>;>602>ABL, =5>1E>48<0O 4;O AF5=K. ;O ?>445@60=8O ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 D>@<K, 687=5==>3> B>=CA0 59 =5>1E>48<> 1KBL ?>AB>O==> 2 @01>B5, 2 42865=88, 2 AC5B5; =5>1E>48<> 45@60BL A51O 2 AB@C=5: 'B>1K O 2KH;0 2 A04 =5?@8G5A0==0O 8;8 2 1;C75... BAN40 65 55 ;845@AB2> 2 480;>30E: >=0 C<55B 27OBL 2=8<0=85, 7040BL B>=, 70E20B8BL ?;>I04:C, C<55B 25AB8 459AB285.  45@52=5 . A:CG05B 8 7;8BAO: 4;O =55 A845BL C A51O 2 =><5@5 8 CG8BL @>;L 3>@074> 25A5;55. 0<5G0B5;L=> 687=5;N185 ., GL5 >75@> ?>;=> M=5@388 8 687=8.  55 ?>AB>O==>9 682>AB8 :@>5BAO =58AB@518<0O 2>;O : 687=8 (.. 0@:>2), =5>B45;8<0O >B 2>;8 : A;025 8 A0<>CB25@645=8N. -B>9 65=I8=5 8 A59G0A E>G5BAO 68BL, ;N18BL, =>A8BL A25B;K5 :>DB>G:8. . 45@68B A51O 2 AB@C=5 =5 B>;L:> ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>, => 8 687=5==>-?A8E>;>38G5A:8. ?5@548 C =55 ?5@5E>4 =0 2>7@0AB=K5 @>;8 (=5 >BAN40 ;8 ?@8<5@:0 =0 4>AC35 @>;8 5@B@C4K?) 8 =587156=0O ?>B5@O "@83>@8=0. . ?>=8<05B MB> ("K ?>A;54=OO AB@0=8F0 <>59 687=8) 8, D>@<C;8@CO 3;02=>5 ?@028;> A2>59 687=8 (=5 703;O4K20BL 2 1C4CI55), ?@>O2;O5B A2>5>1@07=K9 AB>8F87<: / =8:>340 =5 4C<0N =8 > AB0@>AB8, =8 > A<5@B8. '5<C 1KBL, B><C =5 <8=>20BL. =0 ?@52@0I05B A2>N 687=L 2 ?>AB>O==CN 1>@L1C A <8<>B5:CI8< 2@5<5=5<, 2>@CNI8< 55 <>;>4>ABL. 87=5==CN M=5@38N >=0 G5@?05B 2 A2>8E AF5=8G5A:8E B@8C<D0E, A25@OO 2>7@0AB =5 A :0;5=40@5<, 0 A CA?5E>< C ABC45=G5A:>9 <>;>4568 (0: <5=O 2 %0@L:>25 ?@8=8<0;8...). 5?@5@K2=0O 1>@L10 A 1C4CI8<, AB@5<;5=85 >AB0=>28BL =0AB>OI55 8 =0A;048BLAO 8< =5 >AB02;ONB 35@>8=5 A8; =8 =0 GB> 4@C3>5: =8 =0 GC6>5 B2>@G5AB2>, =8 =0 ?>4;8==K5 <0B5@8=A:85 GC2AB20. =0 28=8B A51O 70 MB> 8 ?@>A8B AK=0 ?@>AB8BL A2>N 3@5H=CN 8 =5AG0AB=CN <0BL. 564C D@070<8 / =5 .?8B5@, 0 65=I8=0 8 / 0:B@8A0, 0 =5 10=:8@H0 ?><5AB8;0AL 2AO .  A;8H:>< 65=I8=0 8 G5@5AGC@ 0:B@8A0. 5@20O 8A?>;=8B5;L=8F0 @>;8 .  . N68:>20 (1896). !@548 4@C38E 8A?>;=8B5;L=8F  .. =8??5@-'5E>20 (1898), .. !B5?0=>20 (1968), ".. >@>=8=0 (1978), ".. 02@>20 (1980), . C@8:>20 (1994). 8B. A<. : AB0BL5 8=0 0@5G=0O. .. (0;8<>20  !, 5@>9 @><0=0 .. C=8=0 87=L @A5=L520 (?5@2K5 G5BK@5 G0AB8  1927-1929; 5-O G0ABL >?C1;8:>20=0 2 1939 ?>4 =0720=85< 8:0). ;5:A59 ;5:A0=4@>28G . 35@>9 02B>18>3@0D8G5A:>3> E0@0:B5@0. A5 2 @><0=5 :0: 1K =0<5:05B =0 B>, GB> G5@57 53> >1@07 C=8= 2>AA>7405B MB0?K A2>53> A>1AB25==>3> 687=5==>3> ?CB8. >4=>5 A5;> .  0<5=:0  2> <=>3>< =0?><8=05B @>48=C C=8=0  ECB>@ CBK@:8 ;5F:>3> C5740; >B5F . ;5:A0=4@ !5@35528G  MB> 2>AA>740==K9 ?>@B@5B >BF0 C=8=0  ;5:A5O 8:>;0528G0.  @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@5 >1@07 . 70<K:05B F5;K9 F8:; EC4>65AB25==KE 02B>18>3@0D89 87 687=8 @CAA:>3> ?><5AB=>3> 42>@O=AB20 (!5<59=0O E@>=8:0 8 5BA:85 3>4K 03@>20-2=C:0 !.". :A0:>20, 5BAB2>, B@>G5AB2>, .=>ABL .. ">;AB>3>, 5BAB2> 8:8BK .. ">;AB>3>).  A>740=8N >1@070 . C=8= ?>4>H5; 704>;3> 4> =0?8A0=8O A0<>3> @><0=0. $0:B8G5A:8<8 =01@>A:0<8 : 87=8 @A5=L520 AG8B0NB 53> 57K<O==K5 70?8A:8 8 =83C <>59 687=8 (1921). ><0= &8:04K (1926), =0?8A0==K9, ?> >?@545;5=8N .;L8=0, 2 60=@5 D8;>A>DA:>-@5;838>7=KE <5GB0=89, B>65 O2;O5BAO :0: 1K ?>A;54=8< ?>4ABC?>< : >1@07C .  1929 3. C=8= ?C1;8:C5B =0?8A0==K9 2 1906 3. @0AA:07 # 8AB>:0 4=59 8 405B 5<C ?>4703>;>2>:: 7 402=8E =01@>A:>2 87=8 @A5=L520.  @><0=5 . 35@>9, ?@>E>4OI89 =5A:>;L:> ABC?5=59 @0728B8O,  >B ?5@2KE H03>2 <0;5=L:>3> @515=:0, 2>A?@8=8<0NI53> <8@ 8 A51O A0<>3> ;8HL =0 C@>2=5 7@8B5;L=KE 8 72C:>2KE @50:F89; G5@57 >B@>G5AB2> ?>4@>AB:0, =0G8=0NI53> >ICI0BL ?@>AB@0=AB2> 8 2@5<O, <=>3><5@=>ABL >:@C60NI53> 53> <8@0, =5>4=>7=0G=>ABL 2AB@5G0NI8EAO 2 53> 687=8 ;N459 8, =0:>=5F, >1=0@C6820NI53> 2 A515 A0<>< ?5@2K5 ?@87=0:8 A0<>0=0;870, 2=CB@5==59 @5D;5:A88; : N=>AB8 8 ?>;C27@>A;><C A>AB>O=8N, :>340 =0G8=05BAO A0<>AB>OB5;L=0O (8 >B @>48B5;59, 8 >B 4><0) 687=L, :>340 2 53> 4CH5 @07K3@K205BAO 3;C1>:0O 4@0<0 ?5@2>9 ;N128 A 2?;5B0NI59AO 2 =55 ?@>1;5<>9 @07;8G5=8O A2>59 A0<>AB8, M3>87<0 8 8AB8==>9 A2>1>4K A2>53> /. 5@07@5H5==>ABL MB>9 48;5<<K 4;O N=>3> . ?@82>48B ;N1>2=CN 4@0<C : B@038G5A:><C 8AE>4C (A<5@BL 8:8). 848<>, 2 8AB>@88 >B=>H5=89 . 8 8:8 =0H;0 >B@065=85 1C=8=A:0O B5>@8O ;N128: ;N1>2L-AB@0ABL ?@52@0I05BAO 2 ;N1>2L-?@82KG:C, ;N1>2L-?@82O70==>ABL, ?@81568I5 >B >48=>G5AB20. !0< C=8= ?>765 ?8A0; > A>740==>< 8< >1@075: / E>B5; ?>:070BL 687=L >4=>3> G5;>25:0 2 C7:>< :@C3C 2>:@C3 =53>. '5;>25: ?@8E>48B 2 <8@ 8 8I5B 2 =5< <5AB>, :0: 8 <8;;8>=K 5<C ?>4>1=KE: >= @01>B05B, AB@0405B, <CG05BAO, ?@>;8205B :@>2L, 1>@5BAO 70 A2>5 AG0ABL5 8 2 :>=F5 :>=F>2 8;8 4>18205BAO A2>53>, 8;8, @0718BK9, ?0405B =0 :>;5=8 ?5@54 687=LN. -B> 2A5!.. @A5=L52, 8?>=, 8@0=, <>65B5 =0720BL 35@>O :0: C3>4=>, ACBL 45;0 >B MB>3> =8A:>;L:> =5 87<5=8BAO. A=>2=0O >A>15==>ABL >1@070 . 2 B><, GB> >= :0: 1K @074208205BAO =0 42CE @A5=L52KE: >48=  N=K9  682CI89, 27@>A;5NI89, A>25@H0NI89 >H81:8, 45;0NI89 A2>8 ?5@28G=K5 C<>70:;NG5=8O; 4@C3>9  ?>25AB2>20B5;L,  C65 A @0AAB>O=8O ?@>68BKE ;5B >F5=820NI89 ?>2545=85 N=>3> ., 2A?><8=0NI89 8 >F5=820NI89 53> GC2AB20 8 <KA;8, 53> 2708<>>B=>H5=8O A ;N4L<8. 5:>B>@K5 8AA;54>20B5;8 ?>MB><C A@02=820NB . A 35@>5< >8A:>2 CB@0G5==>3> 2@5<5=8 @CAB0. 0: 8 C @CAB0, . 2A?><8=05B =5 AB>;L:> 8AB>@8N A2>59 687=8, A:>;L:> 8AB>@8N A2>8E <KA;59, A2>53> 2>A?@8OB8O; MB> 2>A?><8=0=8O > 2>A?><8=0=8OE, ?0<OBL > ?0<OB8, :>B>@0O 5ABL =5:0O A>25@H5==> >A>10O 4CE>2=0O ACI=>ABL, ?>=8<05<0O EC4>6=8:>< :0: ACBL 8A:CAAB20. C=8= 2 =0G0;5 @><0=0 ?@82>48B F8B0BC 87 @C:>?8A8 ?><>@A:>3> ?@>?>254=8:0 XVIII 25:0 20=0 $8;8??>20: 5I8 8 45;0, 0I5 =5 =0?8A0==88 1K20NB, B<>N ?>:@K20NBAO 8 3@>1C 15A?0<OBAB20 ?@540NBAO, =0?8A0==88 65 O:> >4CH52;5==88...  ?>A;54=55 2@5<O A0< @><0= >B=>AOB : :0B53>@88 D5=><5=>;>38G5A:>3> @><0=0 (.. 0;LF52)  ego cogito cogitata qua cogitata . "5< =5 <5=55 >1@07 . >AB05BAO 2 @CA;5 @CAA:>9 B>;AB>2A:>-4>AB>52A:>9 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 B@048F88. ;O =53> 3;02=K9 2>?@>A =5 :0: 68BL, 0 2 G5< A<KA; 687=8, :>B>@0O 5ABL =8 =0 548=K9 <83 =5 >AB0=02;820NI55AO B5G5=85 =5A2O7=KE GC2AB2 8 <KA;59, => :>B>@0O 5I5 =5GB> B0:>5, 2 G5< :0: 1C4B> 8 70:;NG05BAO =5:0O ACBL 55, =5:89 A<KA; 8 F5;L, GB>-B> 3;02=>5, G53> C65 =8:0: =5;L7O C;>28BL 8 2K@078BL.... > <=>3>< >1@07 . 8<55B =>AB0;L38G5A:89 E0@0:B5@: >= 3>@48BAO A2>8< @>4><  7=0B=K<, E>BO 8 70EC40;K<, B>A:C5B > 53> 1K;>< 25;8G88 8 1>30BAB25. # .-?>25AB2>20B5;O >G5=L A8;5= <>B82 B>A:8 ?> @>48=5: 8 2>645;5==>5 >B5G5AB2> ?>4064L <8. .  =5 M?8G5A:89, 0 ;8@8G5A:89 35@>9, 53> =5 8=B5@5ACNB A>F80;L=>->1I5AB25==K5 7040G8 8A:CAAB20, >= >B405B ?@54?>GB5=85 25G=K< B5<0<. @87K2K B8?0 >MB>< <>65HL BK =5 1KBL, => 3@0640=8=>< 1KBL >1O70=! @074@060NB .-G5;>25:0 8 .-?8A0B5;O. 1@07 . C <=>38E 8AA;54>20B5;59 0AA>F88@C5BAO A "@5BL59 A8<D>=859 0E<0=8=>20 (1936): B5 65 M;538G5A:85 2845=8O 45BAB20 8 N=>AB8, B0 65 :@0A>B0 8 @04>ABL >BG53> 4><0 8 @>4=>9 ?@8@>4K, B0 65 F8:CB0 =>AB0;L388, B> 65 4CH52=>5 A<OB5=85, C4@CG0NI0O @04>ABL 4C< > A<5@B8, ?@>=78B5;L=>5 >ICI5=85 A25@H82H8EAO 2 <8@5 :0B0:;87<>2 (.. !<8@=>2). KA:07K20;>AL B0:65 <=5=85, GB> >1@07 . 8 25AL @><0= 8<5NB <C7K:0;L=CN AB@C:BC@C, AB@>OICNAO =0 20@80F8OE H5AB8 B5<: ;N1>2L, ?@8@>40, 8A:CAAB2>, 4CH0, >AA8O 8 18>;>38G5A:0O =0A;54AB25==>ABL. A;8 N=K9 . ?>3@C65= 2 1KB, :>B>@K9 ?@>O2;O5BAO 4;O =53> 2 AB@5<;5=88 : ?@5:@0A=><C 2 :064>9 <5;>G8 (>= 4065 C?@5:05B 0@:0 2@5;8O 2 B><, GB> C B>3> 1K;> ?>=865==>5 GC2AB2> 687=8), B> .-?>25AB2>20B5;L ?@0:B8G5A:8 B5@O5B A2>N 75<=CN B5;5A=>ABL, 687=L ?@52@0I05BAO 4;O =53> 2 25G=>5 >6840=85: B> >=, ?>4>1=> 0=B5, ?>4=8<0NI5<CAO =0 3>@C '8AB8;8I0, 2718@05BAO :> 3@>1C CA>?H53> 25;8:>3> :=O7O, A :>B>@K< :>340-B> 2AB@5B8;AO 2 <>;>4>AB8 (:>=5F 4-9 G0AB8), B> 5<C (2> A=5) O2;O5BAO >1@07 402=> C<5@H59 8:8, 8 >= 2848B 55 A B0:>9 A8;>9 ;N128, @04>AB8, A B0:>9 B5;5A=>9 8 4CH52=>9 1;87>ABLN, :>B>@>9 =5 8A?KBK20; =8 : :><C =8:>340. 1@07 . ?@52@0I05BAO 2 2>A?><8=0=85 4CH8 35@>O > A2>59 75<=>9 687=8 2 >AA88. !B02 ?> ACB8 ?5@2K< D5=><5=>;>38G5A:8< 35@>5< @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K, >1@07 ., :0: =8 AB@0==>, ?@0:B8G5A:8 =5 >:070; =0 =55 =5?>A@54AB25==>3> 2;8O=8O. >4>1=K< 5<C <>6=> AG8B0BL ;8HL 35@>O 02B>18>3@0D8G5A:>9 ?@>7K . 01>:>20 @C385 15@530 (1954). 8B.: >;:>2 . @>70 2. C=8=0. ., 1969; 8=:>2 ./. 8@8:0 ?@>B82 M?>A0 // 8=:>2 ./. 8@ 8 G5;>25: 2 B2>@G5AB25 .">;AB>3> 8 .C=8=0. ., 1989; !CE8E !.. 0<OBL 8 ?@>H;>5: 87=L @A5=L520 .C=8=0 // C=8= . 87=L @A5=L520. 0AA:07K. >@L:89, 1986. .. &C:0=>2 !"  &5=B@0;L=K9 ?5@A>=06 AF5= 87 45@525=A:>9 687=8 .. '5E>20 O4O 0=O (1896). 1@07 . >B<5G5= 2 ?L5A5 >A>1K< 02B>@A:8< >B=>H5=85<, A2O70==K< A ?@>D5AA859 35@>O: 2@0G 2 ?@>872545=8OE '5E>20 2A5340 2K45;5= 2 >A>1CN :0ABC, : :>B>@>9 ?@8=04;560; 8 A0< '5E>2. #574=K9 ;5:0@L . =5 ?>=0A;KH:5 7=05B @CAA:CN ?@>28=F8N. = AB0;:8205BAO A =59 2 ?>2A54=52=>9 2@0G51=>9 ?@0:B8:5:  8710E =0@>4 2?>20;:C... @O7L, 2>=L, 4K<, B5;OB0 =0 ?>;C, A 1>;L=K<8 2<5AB5... >@>AOB0 BCB 65... "@C65=8:, =5 8<5NI89 =8 >4=>3> 4=O, A2>1>4=>3> >B 2K7>2>2 : 1>;L=K<, . GC2AB2C5B, GB> ?>AB0@5;, 87@01>B0;AO, 8A?>H;8;AO, GB> GC2AB20 :0:-B> ?@8BC?8;8AL 8 GB> 687=L >1K20B5;LA:0O, ?@57@5==0O 70BO=C;0 8 A2>8<8 3=8;K<8 8A?0@5=8O<8 >B@028;0 =0HC :@>2L. >O2;5=85 2 45@525=A:>9 3;CH8 ?@5:@0A=>9 <>;>4>9 65=I8=K ;5=K =4@552=K, 65=K ?@>D5AA>@0 !5@51@O:>20, 272>;=>20;> ., 70AB028;> 53> C2845BL A51O :0: 1K A> AB>@>=K, 55 3;070<8 8 7040BLAO 2>?@>A>< > A<KA;5 A2>53> :064>4=52=>3> BO65;>3> B@C40: "5, :>B>@K5 1C4CB 68BL G5@57 AB>-425AB8 ;5B ?>A;5 =0A 8 4;O :>B>@KE <K B5?5@L ?@>18205< 4>@>3C, ?><O=CB ;8 =0A 4>1@K< A;>2><?  B5?5@5H=59 687=8 . >B=>A8BAO B@572>, A:5?B8G5A:8 A>7=020O 157=0456=>ABL A2>53> ?>;>65=8O, >BACBAB285 ;8G=>3> 1C4CI53>: / 4;O A51O C65 =8G53> =5 64C, =5 ;N1;N ;N459... C68:8 >4=>>1@07=K >G5=L, =5@0728BK, 3@O7=> 682CB, 0 A 8=B5;;835=F859 B@C4=> ;048BL... <5;:> <KA;OB, <5;:> GC2AB2CNB 8 =5 284OB 40;LH5 A2>53> =>A0. 065 70 ;5=>9 =4@552=>9 . =0G8=05B CE06820BL, ?> 70<5G0=8N '5E>20, >B =5G53> 45;0BL.  53> CE06820=8OE =5B 8 A;540 2=570?=> 2A?KE=C2H59 AB@0AB8 8;8 :0:>3>-;81> 1>;LH>3> GC2AB20, B>;L:> 87@O4=0O 4>;O F8=87<0. > 25@=><C 70<5G0=8N ;5=K =4@552=K, B0;0=B;82K9 G5;>25: 2 >AA88 =5 <>65B 1KBL G8AB5=L:8<. . =5A><=5==> B0;0=B;82, GB> A >A>1>9 A8;>9 @0A:@K205BAO 2 53> <>=>;>35 > ;5A0E: >340 O A;KHC, :0: HC<8B <>9 <>;>4>9 ;5A, ?>A065==K9 <>8<8 @C:0<8, O A>7=0N, GB> :;8<0B =5<=>6:> 8 2 <>59 2;0AB8 8 GB> 5A;8 G5@57 BKAOGC ;5B G5;>25: 1C45B AG0AB;82, B> 2 MB>< =5<=>6:> 1C4C 28=>20B O. . 8A?>H;8;AO, AB0; GC40:><, => A>E@0=8; 8 B2>@G5A:CN A<5;>ABL, 8 A2>1>4=CN 3>;>2C, 8 H8@>:89 @07<0E  ?> :@09=59 <5@5 2 <KA;OE > 1C4CI5<. $8=0;L=0O @5?;8:0 . > 60@8I5 2 D@8:5 2>72@0I05B 53> : 157=0456=>AB8 ;8G=>3> =0AB>OI53> 8 =03;CE> ?@8:@K205B B>, GB> B2>@8BAO 2 53> 4CH5 A >BJ574>< ?@>D5AA>@0 8 ;5=K =4@552=K. !@548 8A?>;=8B5;59 @>;8 . .!. !B0=8A;02A:89 (1899), .. 820=>2 (1947), ... 02@>2 (1982), .. >@8A>2 (1985). 8B. A<. : AB. O4O 0=O. .. (0;8<>20 !" $ (0=3;. Astrophel  >B 3@5G. =0720=8O 72574K; 1C:2. ;N1OI89 72574C) 5@>9 ?5@2>3> 0=3;89A:>3> F8:;0 A>=5B>2 AB@>D8; 8 !B5;;0 (1582?) $8;8?0 !84=8, >4=>3> 87 A>740B5;59 ;8B5@0BC@K 0=3;89A:>3> 5=5AA0=A0, A>2@5<5==8:0 -4<C=40 !?5=A5@0 8 ?@54H5AB25==8:0 # (5:A?8@0.  8AB>@88 ;8B5@0BC@K C . :0: 1K 42>9=0O 687=L. >-?5@2KE, >= 2K@078B5;L C<>=0AB@>5=8O A2>53> A>740B5;O, =>A8B5;L 8458 =@02AB25==>3> A>25@H5=AB2>20=8O G5;>25:0 ?>4 2;8O=85< 8AB8==>9 8 75<=>9, 0 =5 8450;L=>9 (?> 5B@0@:5) ;N128. -B>B 682>9, ?@>B82>@5G82K9, <5GCI89AO <564C 4>;3>< 8 AB@0ABLN ?5@A>=06 2;0455B B0:8< 1>30BK< O7K:><, AB>;L 8A:@5=5= 8 8@>=8G5= ?> >B=>H5=8N : A>1AB25==><C =5A>25@H5=AB2C, GB> AB0; O2;5=85< =5 B>;L:> 2B>@>9 ?>;>28=K XVI 2., => 8 8AB>@88 0=3;89A:>9 A;>25A=>AB8, 2K7202 : 687=8 <=>65AB2> ?>4@060=89 8 >B3>;>A:>2 =0 ?@>BO65=88 =5A:>;L:8E 25:>2. >-2B>@KE, A B5G5=85< 2@5<5=8 . :0: 1C4B> >B45;8;AO >B !B5;;K (2>7;N1;5==>9), GL5 8<O 7=0G8B 725740, 8 4065 >BG0AB8 >B 02B>@0, ?5@5=O2 2 ?@>F5AA5 A>740=8O :>5-:0:85 18>3@0D8G5A:85 G5@BK 8 C65 2 ?@>F5AA5 =57028A8<>9 687=8 <=>385 G5@BK E0@0:B5@0 A0<>3> >G0@>20B5;L=>3> 465=B;L<5=0, :0: 3>2>@8;8 A>2@5<5==8:8 > !84=8, :>B>@K9 AB0; 8450;>< @5=5AA0=A=>9 ;8G=>AB8. 0@04>:A0;L=>, GB> . 2 8AB>@88 ;8B5@0BC@K 6825B =0 @02=KE ?@020E A> A2>8< A>740B5;5<  2>8=><, 48?;><0B><, D8;>A>D><, ?>;8B8:><, ?>MB>< $8;8?>< !84=8, C :>B>@>3> 7018@05B 2A5 1>;LH5 53> 70A;C3, B0: GB> 2 XX 25:5 =5@54:> $8;8?0 !84=8 =07K20NB AB@>D8;><. .. >;>40@A:0O !/ 5@>8=O ?>25AB8 .!. "C@35=520 AO (1858). . >48= 87 A0<KE ?>MB8G=KE 65=A:8E >1@07>2 "C@35=520. 5@>8=O ?>25AB8  >B:@KB0O, A0<>;N1820O, ?K;:0O 452CH:0, A ?5@2>3> 273;O40 ?>@060NI0O A2>59 =5>1KG=>9 2=5H=>ABLN, =5?>A@54AB25==>ABLN 8 1;03>@>4AB2><. "@0387< 687=8 . 2 55 ?@>8AE>645=88: >=0 4>GL :@5?>AB=>9 :@5ABLO=:8 8 ?><5I8:0; MB8< 2> <=>3>< >1CA;>2;5=> 55 ?>2545=85: >=0 70AB5=G820, =5 C<55B 25AB8 A51O 2 >1I5AB25 8 B.?. >A;5 A<5@B8 >BF0 452CH:0 >:07K205BAO ?@54>AB02;5==>9 A0<>9 A515, >=0 @0=> =0G8=05B 704C<K20BLAO =04 ?@>B82>@5G8O<8 687=8, =04 2A5<, GB> 55 >:@C605B. . 1;87:0 : 4@C38< 65=A:8< >1@070< 2 ?@>872545=8OE "C@35=520, 1>;LH5 2A53> 2 =59 AE>4AB20 A 87>9 0;8B8=>9 (2>@O=A:>5 3=574>). ! =8<8 55 @>4=8B =@02AB25==0O G8AB>B0, 8A:@5==>ABL, A?>A>1=>ABL : A8;L=K< AB@0ABO<, <5GB0 > ?>42835. . 40=0 2 ?>25AB8 G5@57 2>A?@8OB85 3>A?>48=0 .., >B ;8F0 :>B>@>3> 2545BAO ?>25AB2>20=85. .. 2AB@5G05BAO A =59 2> 2@5<O ?CB5H5AB28O ?> 5@<0=88, 345 . 6825B A> A2>8< 1@0B><, 55 A2>5>1@07=>5 >10O=85 ?@>1C6405B 2 =5< ;N1>2L. !0<0 . 2?5@2K5 2 A2>59 687=8 AB0;:8205BAO A MB8< GC2AB2><, .. ?@54AB02;O5BAO 59 =5>1K:=>25==K< G5;>25:><, =0AB>OI8< 35@>5<. N1>2L >:@K;O5B 35@>8=N, ?@8405B 59 =>2K5 A8;K, 2=CH05B 25@C 2 687=L, => 55 871@0==8: >:07K205BAO 1572>;L=K< 8 =5@5H8B5;L=K<, >= =5 <>65B 4>AB>9=> >B25B8BL =0 55 ?K;:85 GC2AB20. 5H8<>ABL . ?C305B 53>, 8 .. >AB02;O5B 55; ?5@20O ;N1>2L 35@>8=8 >:07K205BAO =5AG0AB=>9. >4@>1=K9 0=0;87 ?>25AB8 ?@54AB02;5= 2 AB0BL5 .. '5@=KH52A:>3> CAA:89 G5;>25: =0 rendez-vous (1858).  MB>9 @01>B5 ?>4@>1=> >?8A0=K ?@8G8=K B>9 A8BC0F88, 2 :>B>@>9 >:070;0AL ., :>340 55 1;03>@>4=0O @5H8<>ABL ?>ABC?8BLAO >1I5AB25==K<8 ?@8;8G8O<8 @048 ;N128 1K;0 >B25@3=CB0. @8B8: >1JOA=O5B @50:F8N >1I5AB20 =0 ?>2545=85 35@>8=8 B5<, GB> 2 =5< ?@825BAB2C5BAO 1;03>@>4AB2> =0 A;>20E, ?>MB><C : . >B=>AOBAO 1;03>A:;>==>, ?>:0 >=0 ;8HL 3>2>@8B > A2>8E C15645=8OE 8 =5 ?KB05BAO >ACI5AB28BL 8E =0 45;5. .. ?@8=04;568B : MB>9 A@545. = >48= 87 ;8H=8E ;N459, 8 B@03548O . 2 B><, GB> >=0 2AB@5B8;0 8<5==> B0:>3> G5;>25:0. 1@07 . =0H5; A2>5 2>?;>I5=85 =0 M:@0=5 2 D8;L<0E AO, A=OBKE 2 1928 8 1978 33. 8B.: '5@=KH52A:89 .. CAA:89 G5;>25: =0 rendez-vous //'5@=KH52A:89 .. 71@0==K5 AB0BL8. ., 1978. .. C;8:>20 "" " , (=5<. Atta Troll) ;02=K9 ?5@A>=06 A0B8@8G5A:>9 ?>M<K 5=@8E0 59=5 BB0 "@>;;L (1841).  >1@075 .". 8A?>;L7>20=K <>B82K 8 ?@85<K B0: =07K205<>3> 682>B=>3> M?>A0. .".  <54254L, GL8 2>77@5=8O =0 687=L, ?>204:8 8 2KA:07K20=8O >B@060NB ;8B5@0BC@=CN 8 ?>;8B8G5A:CN ?>;5<8:C, 8<52HCN <5AB> 2 5@<0=88 8 >BG0AB8 2> $@0=F88 2 40-5 3>4K ?@>H;>3> 25:0. .". 1K; ?>9<0= 2<5AB5 A> A2>59 <542548F59 C<<>9, ?>A065= =0 F5?L 8 >1CG5= B0=F0< =0 ?>B5EC ?C1;8:5. 59AB285 ?@>8AE>48B 2 A?0=88, 345 ?C1;8:0 3>@OG0O 8 B5<?5@0<5=B=0O, G5< @074@0605B ?>GB5==>3> <54254O. > 2@5<O >4=>3> 87 ?@54AB02;5=89 5<C C405BAO ?>@20BL F5?L 8 C1560BL 2 3>@K, 345 >= =0E>48B A2>N A5<LN  G5BK@5E AK=:>2, 42CE 4>G5:. @>3C;820OAL A> A2>8< ;N18<F5<  <;04H8< AK=><, .". @0AAC6405B > @>45 ;N4A:><, > A2>1>45 8 @025=AB25. 5A<>B@O =0 8A?0=A:>5 ?@>8AE>645=85 (.". @>48;AO 2 ?@543>@LOE 8@5=552), >= 1>;LH5 2A53> ?>E>6 =0 =5<5F:>3> D8;8AB5@0. 540@>< 59=5 871@0; 35@>5< ?>M<K <54254O  A8<2>; =5<5F:>3> A525@0, 725@O, :@0ACNI53>AO =0 35@15 5@;8=0. .".  ?0B@8>B ?@CAA:>9 >:@0A:8, H>28=8AB, 2K40NI89 A51O 70 A>F80;8AB0. 0 MB8< >1@07>< A>2@5<5==8:8 59=5 C7=020;8 @50;L=K5 ;8F0: ?A524>@><0=B8:0-=0F8>=0;8AB0 5=F5;O, ?@5:@0A=>4CH=>3> A>F80;8AB0 5@=5, B52B>=AB2CNI53> ;N18B5;O A8;>2>9 38<=0AB8:8 0AA<0=0. .". ?>:;>=O5BAO 2A5<C, GB> A2O70=> A <54256L8<8 4>1@>45B5;O<8 8 <54256L59 4>1;5ABLN. 8@5=59A:89 <54254L =5 8<55B B0;0=B>2, 70B> >1;0405B B25@4K< E0@0:B5@><  2 MB>9 0=B8B575 =0H;0 >B@065=85 206=0O 4;O M?>E8 ?>;5<8:0 5@=5 8 59=5: 8725AB=K9 ?C1;8F8AB, @540:B>@ 6C@=0;0 5AK, ?>AB>O==> C?@5:0; 59=5 2 >BACBAB288 E0@0:B5@0. .". ?>38105B >B >E>B=8GL59 ?C;8, AB0=>2OAL 65@B2>9 ?@540==>9 ;N128 : A2>59 G5@=>9 C<<5. 3> ?@8<0=820NB 72C:0<8, ?>E>68<8 =0 @KG0=85 <542548FK, 8 >= 1568B =02AB@5GC A2>59 3815;8.  >?8A0=88 2>>1@0605<>3> ?0<OB=8:0 ?>381H5<C .". A?0@>48@>20=K 0;30;;0, CAK?0;L=8F0 8 ?0=B5>= 35@<0=A:8E 35@>52, 8 B@5A:CG85 AB8E8 :>@>;O N42830 020@A:>3> I. 1@07 .". 2 B5G5=85 XIX 25:0 G0AB> 8A?>;L7>20;AO 2 ;8B5@0BC@=>9 8 ?>;8B8G5A:>9 ?>;5<8:5. 8B.: 59G . >MB8G5A:89 <8@ 59=5. ., 1963; 8@<C=A:0O .. >M<0 59=5 BB0 "@>;;L // 59=5 . BB0 "@>;;L. ., 1978. .. 0:0@>20 %! (%) (3@5G.) 5@>9 ?>M<K ><5@0 ;8040 (<564C %-#( 22. 4> =.M.).  3@5G5A:>9 <8D>;>388 .  AK= <>@A:>9 1>38=8 $5B84K 8 5;5O, F0@O 3>@>40 $B88 2 $5AA0;88. > 8<5=8 >BF0 2 ;8045 . 8<5=C5BAO 5;84>< 8;8 5;552K< AK=><. 8DK @0AA:07K20NB, GB> . 1K;0 ?@54A:070=0 3815;L 2 A@065=88 >B AB@5;K, ?CI5==>9 2@03><. !B@5<OAL C15@5GL AK=0 8 A45;0BL 53> B5;> =5CO728<K<, $5B840 45@60;0 <;045=F0 =04 >3=5<, ?>3@C60;0 2 2>4K !B8:A0, @5:8 ?>475<=>3> F0@AB20 <5@B2KE. @8 MB>< >=0 45@60;0 . 70 ?OB:C, :>B>@0O 8 >AB0;0AL 548=AB25==K< 53> CO728<K< <5AB><. "0: 2>7=8:;> 2K@065=85 0E8;;5A>20 ?OB0. >A?8BK20; . <C4@K9 :5=B02@ (G5;>25: A BC;>28I5< :>=O) %8B@>=, 27@0AB82H89 B0:8E 35@>52, :0: 5@0:; 8 /A>=. @>@8F0B5;L 0;E0A ?@54A:070;, GB> 3@5:8 2K83@0NB 2>9=C A "@>59, ?5@2>?@8G8=>9 :>B>@>9 1K;> ?>E8I5=85 0@8A><, AK=>< B@>O=A:>3> F0@O @80<0, 65=K F0@O 5=5;0O @5:@0A=>9 ;5=K, B>;L:> 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 2 A@065=8OE 1C45B CG0AB2>20BL . >340 5=5;09 8 53> 1@0B 30<5<=>= =0G0;8 A>18@0BL 2>9A:>, $5B840 A?@OB0;0 . 2> 42>@F5 F0@O 8:><540 =0 >AB@>25 !:8@>A5. . 68; 745AL A@548 4>G5@59 F0@O, >45BK9 2 65=A:CN >4564C. > ?@>@8F0B5;L 0;E0A @073040; 70<KA5; $5B84K. !>@0B=8:8 5=5;0O 8><54 8 48AA59, F0@L B0:8, >B?@028;8AL =0 !:8@>A, 27O2 A A>1>9 1>30BK5 ?>40@:8 4;O F0@525=: B:0=8, @0AH8BK5 7>;>B>< >4564K, >65@5;LO 8 4@C385 C:@0H5=8O. A5 MB> ?@8=5A;8 2 ?>:>8 F0@525=, @07<5AB82 <564C ?>40@:0<8 B0:65 >@C685 8 2>8=A:85 4>A?5E8. <5==> ?>A;54=85 ?>40@:8 8 2K1@0; . #7=02 > 3>B>2OI5<AO ?>E>45 ?@>B82 "@>8, . A @04>ABLN A>3;0A8;AO CG0AB2>20BL 2 =5<. <5AB5 A =8< >B?@028;AO 53> 4@C3 0B@>:;. B?;K2 87 3020=8 2;84K, :>@01;8 3@5:>2 >B?@028;8AL : "@>5. > ?@8AB0;8 >=8 : 15@530< 8788, 345 F0@AB2>20; "5;5D, AK= 5@0:;0. @8=O2 <8789F52 70 B@>O=F52, 3@5:8 2ABC?8;8 A =8<8 2 18B2C. ., A@060OAL A "5;5D><, >1@0B8; 53> 2 153AB2>. 1=0@C682 >H81:C, 3@5:8 A=>20 >B?@028;8AL 2 ?CBL, => 1C@O @07<5B0;0 8E :>@01;8, 8 >=8 ?@8=C645=K 1K;8 25@=CBLAO 2 2;84C. 45AL >=8 ?>=O;8, GB> ?@028;L=K9 ?CBL 2 "@>N 8< <>65B C:070BL ;8HL "5;5D, :>B>@>3> BO65;> @0=8; . 8D8O  ?@54A:070B5;L=8F0 87 3>@>40 5;LDK  A:070;0, GB> @0=C <>65B 8AF5;8BL ;8HL ., GB> ?>A;54=89 8 A45;0;, ?>AK?02 O72C 65;57><, :>B>@>5 A>A:@51 A> A2>53> :>?LO. > >B?;KBL 87 2;84K 2A5 65 =5 C40;>AL, 81> =5 1K;> ?>?CB=>3> 25B@0. 0;E0A ?@54A:070;, GB> 25B5@ ?>O28BAO B>;L:> 2 B>< A;CG05, 5A;8 2 65@B2C 1>30< 1C45B ?@8=5A5=0 4>GL 30<5<=>=0 D835=8O. 52CH:C ?@8257;8 2 2;84C, A:0702 55 <0B5@8 ;8B5<=5AB@5, GB> A =5N E>G5B >1@CG8BLAO . #7=02 >1 MB><, . =0G8=05B ?><>30BL D835=88, :>B>@CN 2 ?>A;54=89 <><5=B ?5@54 65@B2>?@8=>H5=85< A?0A05B 1>38=O @B5<840. 1> 2A5< MB>< @0AA:070=> 2 B@035488 2@8?840 D835=8O 2 2;845 (V 2. 4> =.M.). @5:8 >A0640;8 "@>N 2 B5G5=85 10 ;5B. ;02=K< 35@>5< "@>O=A:>9 2>9=K AB0; ., :>B>@>3> ;8040, @0AA:07K20NI0O > ?>A;54=5< 3>45 >A04K, 8<5=C5B 1;03>@>4=K<, 1KAB@>=>38<, 15AA<5@B=K< ?>4>1=K<, ;N18<F5< 1>3>2. ;8040 =0G8=05BAO >?8A0=85< 3=520 ., C :>B>@>3> 30<5<=>= >B=O; 53> ?;5==8FC @8A584C. ;02=K9 35@>9 B@>O=F52, AK= F0@O @80<0 5:B>@ C18205B 4@C30 . 0B@>:;0. . BO65;> ?5@568205B 53> 3815;L 8 :;O=5BAO >B><AB8BL. 48= 87 :C;L<8=0F8>==KE ?C=:B>2 ?>M<K  18B20 . A 5:B>@><, >?8A0==0O 2 :=835 XXII ;804K. #182 5:B>@0, . >?;0:8205B 8 ?>3@5105B 0B@>:;0. -B8< 8 70:0=G8205BAO ?>M<0 ><5@0. 1@07 . 2 ;8045 ?@>B82>@5G82. = 8 1;03>@>45= 8 2<5AB5 A B5< ?@545;L=> 65AB>:.  40;L=59H59 AC4L15 . @0AA:07K20NB <8DK 8 ;8B5@0BC@=K5 ?@>872545=8O 4@52=53@5G5A:8E 8 @8<A:8E ?8A0B5;59.  B.=. :8:;8G5A:>9 ?>M<5 -D8>?840 (VIII 2. 4> =.M.), ?@8?8AK205<>9 @:B8=C, AK=C "5;5A0 87 8;5B0, 8 4>H54H59 4> =0A ;8HL 2 ?>74=5< ?5@5A:075, @0AA:070=> > ?@8H54H8E =0 ?><>IL : B@>O=F0< 65=I8=0E-2>8B5;L=8F0E 0<07>=:0E 2> 3;025 A F0@8F59 5=D5A8;559. . C18205B 55, =>, AB>O =04 55 B5;><, ?@>=8:05BAO : =59 ;N1>2LN. !N65B MB>B 70B@>=CB 2 ?>M<0E 2848O 5@>8=8 8 5@38;8O -=5840.  -D8>?845 @0AA:070=> 8 > 18B20E A MD8>?0<8, :>B>@KE 8E F0@L 5<=>= ?@825; =0 ?><>IL B@>O=F0<. 5<=>= ?>38105B 2 ?>548=:5 A . > 8 35@>O 645B =5<8=C5<K9, 70@0=55 ?@54A:070==K9 5<C :>=5F. = ?>38105B >B AB@5;K 0@8A0, :>B>@CN 1>3 ?>;;>=, ?>:@>28B5;LAB2>202H89 B@>O=F0<, =0?@028; 2 ?OB:C .,  548=AB25==>5 53> CO728<>5 <5AB>. @5:8 8 ?>4=O2H0OAO 87 <>@A:>9 ?CG8=K $5B840 >?;0:820NB 35@>O 8, A>3;0A=> 4@52=8< >1KG0O<, =0 2>A5<=04F0BK9 45=L A6830NB 53> B5;> =0 ?>3@510;L=>< :>AB@5. >;>B0O C@=0 A ?@0E>< ., 0B@>:;0 8 5I5 >4=>3> 35@>O  =B8;>E0, 1K;0 ?>3@515=0 2 2KA>:>< :C@30=5. !:@K20OAL =0 >AB@>25 !:8@>A5, . ?>;N18; 0940<8N, >4=C 87 4>G5@59 F0@O 8:><540. B 8E A>N70 @>48;AO C65 ?>A;5 >B?;KB8O 3@5:>2 : "@>5 AK= 5>?B>;5<. >A;5 3815;8 >BF0 53> ?@82>7OB : AB5=0< "@>8, 8 >= CG0AB2C5B 2> 27OB88 3>@>40, C18205B @80<0 8 <=>38E 53> AK=>259.  XI ?5A=5 48AA58 @0AA:070=>, :0: 48AA59, A?CAB82H8AL 2 F0@AB2> <5@B2KE, 2AB@5G05B B0< B5=L . 8 @0AA:07K205B A2>5<C ?>381H5<C 4@C3C > ?>42830E 53> AK=0. 1@07 . =5>4=>:@0B=> @07@010BK20;AO 2 87>1@078B5;L=>< 8A:CAAB25, =0G8=0O A 4@52=53@5G5A:>9 207>2>9 682>?8A8 8 :>=G0O ;8B>3@0DA:8< F8:;>< E8;;5A, A>740==K< =5<5F:8< EC4>6=8:>< 0:A>< !;5D>3B>< 2 1907 3. .. 5<8@>2A:89 /! (3@5G.) 5@>9 B@035488 !>D>:;0 O:A (B>G=0O 40B0 ?>AB0=>2:8 =58725AB=0, => B@03548O AG8B05BAO >4=>9 87 A0<KE @0==8E, 8 ?@54?>;>68B5;L=CN 40B8@>2:C <>6=> 40BL ;8HL 2 4>AB0B>G=> H8@>:8E ?@545;0E: A5@548=0 50-E  A5@548=0 30-E 3>4>2 V 25:0 4> =.M.), AK= "5;0<>=0, F0@O !0;0<8=0, 8 ?@542>48B5;L A0;0<8=A:8E 2>8=>2 ?>4 AB5=0<8 "@>8. !N65B B@035488 2KE>48B 70 @0<:8 A>1KB89, 87>1@065==KE 2 3><5@>2A:>< M?>A5, >4=0:> . ?@54AB02;5= 2?>;=5 A>>B25BAB2CNI8< A2>59 M?8G5A:>9 @5?CB0F88: :0: 2B>@>9 ?>A;5 E8;;0 2 >1J548=5==>< 0E59A:>< 2>9A:5. 20 53> ?@5:@0A=59H8E ?>42830  70I8B0 3@5G5A:>3> 2>9A:0 2 <><5=B A0<>3> AB@0H=>3> 53> ?>@065=8O (7=0<5=8BK9 1>9 C :>@01;59) 8 548=>1>@AB2> A 5:B>@><, =0 :>B>@>5, 70 >BACBAB285< E8;;0, 4>1@>2>;L=> =8:B> =5 <>3 >B2068BLAO. K;> @5H5=> 1@>A8BL 6@5189, 8 . A45;0; B0:, GB> A@060BLAO A 5:B>@>< 4>AB0;>AL 5<C. . >AB0;AO ?>1548B5;5<, E>BO 5<C 8 =5 C40;>AL ?>@078BL 5:B>@0. KF0@A:8 1;03>@>4=><C . =0=5A5=> 65AB>:>5 >A:>@1;5=85: 4>A?5E E8;;0 ?>A;5 3815;8 ?>A;54=53> 1K; ?@8AC645= 48AA5N. (!;54C5B >B<5B8BL, GB>, 2 >B;8G85 >B ><5@0, !>D>:; 8 2@8?84 8A?KBK20NB >B:@>25==CN 0=B8?0B8N :0: ?> >B=>H5=8N : MB><C ?>A;54=5<C, B0: 8  2 >A>15==>AB8  ?> >B=>H5=8N : 25@E>2=><C 2>64N 0E59A:>9 @0B8 30<5<=>=C 8 53> 1@0BC 5=5;0N; !>D>:;>2 O:A 2 MB>< >B=>H5=88 O@:89 ?@8<5@.) . @5H05B >B><AB8BL 8 =>GLN 8AB@518BL 25@ECH:C 0E59A:>3> 2>8=AB20 (B0:0O <5ABL 2 3;070E A>2@5<5==8:>2 !>D>:;0 =5 ?@54AB02;O;0 =8G53> ?@54>AC48B5;L=>3>, 8 ?>ABC?>: . =5 <>3 >AC640BLAO A ?0B@8>B8G5A:8E ?>78F89, ?>A:>;L:C >= ?@81K; ?>4 AB5=K "@>8 =5 :0: ?>42;0AB=K9, => :0: A0<>AB>OB5;L=K9 F0@L). D8=0, ?>AB>O==0O A>N7=8F0 48AA5O, ?><@0G05B @0AAC4>: ., 8 2<5AB> 0E59A:>9 @0B8 >= ?5@518205B B@>D59=K5 AB040 8 15770I8B=KE ?0ABCE>2. >340 157C<85 ?@>E>48B, >= GC2AB2C5B A51O 3;C1>:> >15AG5I5==K< MB8< ?>7>@=K< ?>ABC?:>< 8 E>G5B ?@5@20BL ?>ABK;CN 687=L. 3> 65=0 "5:<5AA0 (:>B>@>9 >= >1KG=> >B25G05B @5?;8:0<8 2@>45: >;G0=85 C:@0H05B 65=) 8 A0;0<8=A:85 2>8=K, A>AB02;ONI85 E>@, ?KB0NBAO ?>:>;510BL 53> @5H8<>ABL. "5< =5 <5=55 . 1@>A05BAO =0 <5G, :>340-B> ?>40@5==K9 5:B>@>< (?@>87=5AO ?@8 MB>< 7=0<5=8BK5 A;>20, GB> ?>40@:8 2@03>2  =5 ?>40@:8). 5AB=8: A> AF5=K >1JOA=O5B 3815;L . B5<, GB> >= 1K; A;8H:>< A0<>=045O=, GB> ?>;030; A>25@H0BL ?>42838 A2>59 A>1AB25==>9 A8;>9, 0 =5 1>65AB25==>9 ?><>ILN, 8 MB> @0A?>;>65=85 4CE0 =5A:>;L:> @07 70AB02;O;> 53> ?@>87=>A8BL 1>3>EC;L=K5 A;>20 ( 60;:89 B@CA A 1>30<8 >4>;55B!). 4=0:> MB> =5 2;8O5B =8 =0 >B=>H5=85 A0<>3> 02B>@0 : ., =8 =0 53> 2>A?@8OB85 2 ?>74=59H59 ;8B5@0BC@5 (A<., =0?@8<5@, ">@65AB2> ?>1548B5;59 (8;;5@0). .-.(;535;L >A>15==> F5=8; 2 E0@0:B5@5 . B>, GB> 53> A0<>C189AB2>  MB> =5 ?>A;54=89 3C18B5;L=K9 :@878A ?>4:@04K20NI59AO 4CH52=>9 1>;57=8; A:>@55 B5>@5B8G5A:>5 ?@5AKI5=85 687=LN, >A=>20==>5 =0 C15645=88 2 55 <0;>9 F5==>AB8... 8:0:>5 <0;>4CH=>5 >BG0O=85 =5 45;05B . =54>AB>9=K< 53> AC@>2>9 35@>8G5A:>9 4CH8. (;535;L ?>4G5@:820;, GB> >= C<5@, ?>4>1=> 0B>=C ;04H5<C, 2 ?>;=>< A>7=0=88 A2>53> ?>;>65=8O 8 ?>701>B82H8AL > 2A5E A2>8E. 8B: 0B5=8= .. 07<KH;5=8O 8 @071>@K. !B0BLO II, 2 // 0B5=8= .. 07<KH;5=8O 8 @071>@K. , 1981; 5;8=A:89 $.$. !>D>:;. 3., 1918; /@E> .. "@038G5A:89 B50B@ !>D>:;0 // !>D>:;. @0<K 2 ?5@52>45 $.$. 5;8=A:>3>. ., 1990. .. N168= X8:F0XLtxgdx!D'P'(()))**b**6."1&11f9R:j:l::@D~LOUrZ^bgdbTf`ffghiNkjklkk&psvzzz{{f|||||||||}L}"~gd"~"nԝt t>@Z$XZgdZJ*&DT "|gdr R <24Db"0+/333x9$> AAAB Bgd BHBEJxNTZ[0f2kbofqrqLrVstuuuux8{&Rȏgdȏhx dR@\^rgdL,DpV\gd\@"&*+++++~.6<~CCLDDHE`Egd,1h. A!"R#n$n% B@B 1KG=K9CJ_HaJmHsHtHBA@B A=>2=>9 H@8DB 0170F0Xi@X 1KG=0O B01;8F04 l4a .k@. 5B A?8A:0Z/ "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& "& !"& ""& #"& $"& %"& &"& '"& ("& )"& *"& +"& ,"& -"& ."& /"&&:+9|GVUJe[s܎5!SEt,d:GV:er܁ kk a(=6DjS]a-o| 5,  Z D c_@y7 !"P#$%&'(7);*+p,-. %g 6;N E!`!l!m!v!!$(*-01220333333^699~999999<@ CDEIM MMM/N=N>NONhNP:RUX[advh=kBkkkkll.lopttttvxiywyxyyy|-~-BPQWD>\ߐƒKGNڗ !"+?JˠܠݠT/õfuve#*Tʾ M\]d ! k:LM^ Z dTw   - . 7 IjZIw[m<"&})p,------9024D78Y<<>m@@@@@@AABEGyIIIJNQT\T^TTVZ^[[[[_b:fggUgggggitmopRp`paptpt x|!܁Vʅمڅ)vx)?N$՘`]K5%X^Ȯ'(.:;HZ[e(Ͽ=Cp?_kl`X^AhI`f%I#ETU_?iop~3G}    jq G!X#~&()) **.+++++%-.x2=6E7788888;=@!CEHLOPPPBQQQQQTVXZi[[[[[[\^La]a^acadflii&j4j5jBjUjl@noqCrIrsrrrrrr&uyz`}L†ӆՆچ$D .$$$$ $ $$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $ $$$$$$$$$$ $ $$$$$$$$$ $ $$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$ $ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$ $ $ $ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$ $$$$$$ $ $$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$ $$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $ $ $ $ $$$$$$$$$$ $$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$ $ $$$$$ $$$$$ $ $ $$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$ $ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$ $$ $$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $ $$ $$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$ $ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $ $$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$ $$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $ $$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$ $ $$$$$$$$ $$ $$ $ $ $ $$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$ $$$$$$$$$ $ $ $$$$$$ %g 6;N E!`!l!m!v!!$(*-01220333333^699~999999<@ CDEIM MMM/N=N>NONhNP:RUX[advh=kBkkkkll.lopttttvxiywyxyyy|-~-BPQWD>\ߐƒKGNڗ !"+?JˠܠݠT/õfuve#*Tʾ M\]d ! k:LM^ Z dTw   - . 7 IjZIw[m<"&})p,------9024D78Y<<>m@@@@@@AABEGyIIIJNQT\T^TTVZ^[[[[_b:fggUgggggitmopRp`paptpt x|!܁Vʅمڅ)vx)?N$՘`]K5%X^Ȯ'(.:;HZ[e(Ͽ=Cp?_kl`X^AhI`f%I#ETU_?iop~3G}    jq G!X#~&()) **.+++++%-.x2=6E7788888;=@!CEHLOPPPBQQQQQTVXZi[[[[[[\^La]a^acadflii&j4j5jBjUjl@noqCrIrsrrrrrr&uyz`}L†ӆՆچ$D .@000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 .000ȫ0`EN]D8Ft>"cxb"~Z Bȏ\`EOQRSTUVWX`EP5-s 6-% 7-|#8-f 9-L` :-  ;- <-\ =->-L ?-d@-̖ A-4P B-= C- D-| E-l F- G- H-Q I-Q J-4 K-$ L-l$ M-+ N-L/ O- / @s$;%N hD*"i 2T:[n`֤ίb>#=7=     Ey$A%NhJ0(n 8T@[t`ڤӯhC#=== C*urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsmetricconverter /1602 31664 31668 31774 31884 31886 31887 31895 31899 31902 31906 31907 31917 31920 31929 31939 31943 31945 31949 33, 30409 3411 3415 3438 3442 3458 38.  ProductID     dkiwsL<s=EGGHHIKMR;TT@l'(&IPPTPUnknownGz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z Arial"1h()qb$1/Qqb$1/Q#n4dDD@HX(?2AdminAdminOh+'0T    (4<DLAdminNormalAdmin2Microsoft Office Word@F#@@!/qb$1՜.+,0 hp   MoBIL GROUPQD'     !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry F01TablezWordDocument.ZSummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjq  F Microsoft Office Word MSWordDocWord.Document.89q@8t`rrrҗtJy<0M 横 ஥\\.doc݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ā\\pdࡱ> #`(bjbjmm.g.... .dg3////////2222222$4h6>3!F2//F2F23//!3222F2//22F22222/. E5R.F222730g326\2X6262//|220d0///332 ///g3F2F2F2F2*--    5@>9 @><0=0 .!. "C@35=520 BFK 8 45B8 (1862). 235=89 070@>2  2> <=>3>< ?@>3@0<<=K9 >1@07 "C@35=520. -B> ?@54AB028B5;L =>2>9, @07=>G8==>-45<>:@0B8G5A:>9 8=B5;;835=F88. . =07K205B A51O =838;8AB><: >= >B@8F05B >A=>2K A>2@5<5==>3> 5<C >1I5AB25==>3> C:;040, 2KABC?05B ?@>B82 ?@5:;>=5=8O ?5@54 ;N1K<8 02B>@8B5B0<8, >B25@305B ?@8=F8?K, ?@8=OBK5 =0 25@C, =5 ?>=8<05B 2>AE8I5=8O 8A:CAAB2>< 8 :@0A>B>9 ?@8@>4K, GC2AB2> ;N128 >1JOA=O5B A B>G:8 7@5=8O D878>;>388. ><?;5:A C15645=89 . =5 EC4>65AB25==>5 ?@5C25;8G5=85, 2 >1@075 35@>O =0H;8 >B@065=85 E0@0:B5@=K5 G5@BK ?@54AB028B5;59 45<>:@0B8G5A:>9 <>;>4568 60-E 3.3.  MB>< :>=B5:AB5 2065= 2>?@>A > ?@>B>B8?5 BC@35=52A:>3> 35@>O. !0< "C@35=52 2 AB0BL5 > ?>2>4C BF>2 8 45B59 (1869) =07K205B ?@>B>B8?>< . =5:>53> 4>:B>@0 ., <>;>4>3> ?@>28=F80;L=>3> 2@0G0, :>B>@K9 ?@54AB02;O; 4;O ?8A0B5;O =>2K9 B8? @CAA:>3> G5;>25:0. !>2@5<5==K9 8AA;54>20B5;L . '5@=>2 >?@>25@305B B@048F8>==CN 38?>B57C > B><, GB> 4>:B>@ . MB> C574=K9 2@0G <8B@852, A;CG09=K9 7=0:><K9 "C@35=520. > <=5=8N '5@=>20, ?@>B>B8?>< . 1K; A>A54 "C@35=520 ?> 8<5=8N .. /:CH:8=, 2@0G 8 8AA;54>20B5;L, 45<>:@0B, A2O70==K9 A @52>;NF8>==K<8 >@30=870F8O<8 B>3> 2@5<5=8. > >1@07 . A>18@0B5;L=K9, ?>MB><C : 25@>OB=K< 53> ?@>B>B8?0< <>6=> >B=5AB8 B5E >1I5AB25==KE 45OB5;59, :>B>@KE "C@35=52 AG8B0; 8AB8==K<8 >B@8F0B5;O<8: 0:C=8=0, 5@F5=0, >1@>;N1>20, !?5H=520 8 5;8=A:>3>. 0<OB8 ?>A;54=53> ?>A2OI5= @><0= BFK 8 45B8. !;>6=>ABL 8 ?@>B82>@5G82>ABL 273;O4>2 . =5 ?>72>;O5B ?@87=0BL 8AB>G=8:>< >1@070 :0:>5-B> >?@545;5==>5 ;8F>: B>;L:> 5;8=A:>3> 8;8 B>;L:> >1@>;N1>20. 2B>@A:>5 >B=>H5=85 : . =5>4=>7=0G=>. >78F8O "C@35=520 ?@>O2;O5BAO ?>AB5?5==>, ?> <5@5 @0A:@KB8O A0<>3> >1@070, 2 <>=>;>30E 35@>O, 53> A?>@0E A 4@C38<8 ?5@A>=060<8: A> A2>8< 4@C3>< @:0485< 8@A0=>2K<, A 53> >BF>< 8 4O459 02;>< 5B@>28G5<. >=0G0;C . C25@5= 2 A2>8E A8;0E, 2 B>< 45;5, :>B>@>5 >= 45;05B; MB> 3>@4K9, F5;5CAB@5<;5==K9 G5;>25:, A<5;K9 M:A?5@8<5=B0B>@ 8 >B@8F0B5;L. >4 2;8O=85< @07;8G=KE ?@8G8= 53> 273;O4K ?@5B5@?520NB ACI5AB25==K5 87<5=5=8O; "C@35=52 AB0;:8205B A2>53> 35@>O A A5@L57=K<8 687=5==K<8 8A?KB0=8O<8, 2 @57C;LB0B5 G53> . ?@8E>48BAO ?>ABC?8BLAO @O4>< C15645=89.  =5< ?@>O2;ONBAO G5@BK A:5?B8F87<0 8 ?5AA8<87<0. 4=8< 87 B0:8E 8A?KB0=89 AB0=>28BAO ;N1>2L 35@>O : ==5 !5@3552=5 48=F>2>9. 07=>G8=5F . GC2AB2C5B A51O =5;>2:> ?5@54 0@8AB>:@0B:>9 48=F>2>9; ?>AB5?5==> >= >1=0@C68205B 2 A515 GC2AB2>, ACI5AB2>20=85 :>B>@>3> @0=LH5 >B@8F0;. 5@>9 "C@35=520 B5@?8B 2 ;N128 ?>@065=85.  :>=5G=>< AG5B5 >= >AB05BAO 2 >48=>G5AB25, 53> 4CE ?>GB8 A;><;5=, => 4065 B>340 . =5 65;05B >B:@KBL A51O 4;O ?@>ABKE, 5AB5AB25==KE GC2AB2. = 65AB>: 8 B@51>20B5;5= : @>48B5;O<, :0: 8 :> 2A5< >:@C60NI8<. ">;L:> ?5@54 ;8F>< A<5@B8 . =0G8=05B A<CB=> ?>=8<0BL F5=C B0:8E ?@>O2;5=89 687=8, :0: ?>M78O, ;N1>2L, :@0A>B0. 06=>5 A@54AB2> A>740=8O >1@070 . @5G520O E0@0:B5@8AB8:0. . 3>2>@8B G5B:> 8 ;>38G=>, 53> @5G8 A2>9AB25==0 0D>@8AB8G=>ABL. @K;0BK<8 D@070<8 AB0;8 53> 2K@065=8O: >@O4>G=K9 E8<8: 2 4204F0BL @07 ?>;57=55 2AO:>3> ?>MB0; "K ?@>HBC48@C9-:0 0=0B><8N 3;070: >B:C40 BCB 27OBLAO... 70304>G=><C 273;O4C?; @8@>40 =5 E@0<, 0 <0AB5@A:0O, 8 G5;>25: 2 =59 @01>B=8:; N48, GB> 45@52LO 2 ;5AC, =8 >48= 1>B0=8: =5 AB0=5B 70=8<0BLAO :064>N >B45;L=>N 15@57>9. !;>6=K9 8 ?@>B82>@5G82K9 >1@07 . 2K720; 2 :@8B8:5 A?>@K, :>B>@K5 =5 CB8E0NB 8 ?>=K=5. >A;5 2KE>40 @><0=0 4065 2 45<>:@0B8G5A:8E 6C@=0;0E 2>7=8:;8 @07=>3;0A8O ?> ?>2>4C B@0:B>2:8 >1@070 . B 8<5=8 !>2@5<5==8:0 2KABC?8; .. =B>=>28G.  A2>8E AB0BLOE A<>459 =0H53> 2@5<5=8, @><0E8, !>2@5<5==K5 @><0=K >= B>;:>20; >1@07 35@>O :0: :0@8:0BC@C =0 A>2@5<5==CN <>;>456L 2 >1;8:5 >16>@K, 1>;BC=0 8 F8=8:0. @O<> ?@>B82>?>;>6=CN >F5=:C 40; 2 A2>8E @01>B0E .. 8A0@52.  AB0BL5 070@>2 :@8B8: @0A:@K205B 8AB>@8G5A:CN 7=0G8<>ABL MB>3> B8?0. 8A0@52 AG8B0;, GB> >AA88 =0 40==>< MB0?5 B@51CNBAO 8<5==> B0:85 ;N48, :0: .: >=8 :@8B8G5A:8 >B=>AOBAO :> 2A5<C, GB> =5 ?@>25@5=> 8E ;8G=K< >?KB><, ?@82K:;8 ?>;030BLAO B>;L:> =0 A51O, >1;040NB >4=>2@5<5==> 7=0=85< 8 2>;59. >E>60O ?>;5<8:0 @0725@=C;0AL 8 2 50-60-E 33. =0H53> 25:0. ">G:C 7@5=8O =B>=>28G0 ?>445@60; 8AA;54>20B5;L .. @E8?>2 ( B2>@G5A:>9 8AB>@88 @><0=0 .!. "C@35=520 BFK 8 45B8). 1@07 . =5>4=>:@0B=> 2>?;>I0;AO =0 AF5=5 8 =0 M:@0=5. 4=0:> 8=AF5=8@>2:8 8 M:@0=870F88, 2K?>;=5==K5 A;8H:>< 0:045<8G=>, >AB020;8AL 2 ?@545;0E E@5AB><0B89=>3> GB5=8O MB>3> >1@070. 8B.: 5@F5= .. I5 @07 070@>2 // 5@F5= .. >;=. A>1@. A>G. .; 3., 1923. ".20. !.224-238; 8A0@52 .. 070@>2 // 8A0@52 .. 71@. A>G. , 1934. ". 1. !.224-266; =B>=>28G .. A<>459 =0H53> 2@5<5=8 // =B>=>28G .. 71@. AB0BL8. ., 1938. !. 141-202; ><0= .!."C@35=520 BFK 8 45B8 2 @CAA:>9 :@8B8:5. ., 1986; @E8?>2 ..  B2>@G5A:>9 8AB>@88 @><0=0 .!. "C@35=520 BFK 8 45B8 // CAA:0O ;8B5@0BC@0. 1958. !1; O;K9 . .@E8?>2 ?@>B82 ."C@35=520 // >2K9 <8@. 1958. !8; 0== .. 070@>2 8 4@C385 // >2K9 <8@. 1968. !10; 5;L=8: .. AB>G=8: >4=>9 @5?;8:8 070@>20 // CAA:0O ;8B5@0BC@0. 1977. !1; '5@=>2 . 1 >4=>< 7=0:><AB25 .!."C@35=520 // >?@>AK ;8B5@0BC@K. 1961. !8. .. C;8:>20  5@>9 A:07:8 .!. CH:8=0 !:07:0 > ?>?5 8 > @01>B=8:5 53> 0;45 (1830). > A;>20@N 0;O, 10;40 >7=0G05B B>;AB>5 :>@=528I5, ?0;8F0, 4C18=0. -B> 2?>;=5 E0@0:B5@87C5B 35@>O A:07:8. = <>3CG 8 4>@>45=. >B 4> CH59, ?>4 3>@H>: AB@865=. ?@>G5<, ?> @8AC=:C A0<>3> CH:8=0 MB>, A>1AB25==>, <C68G>:  H0?:0 =015:@5=L, 1>@>4:0 @545=L:0O. 4=0:> ?>9<0BL 8 ?@825AB8 87 ;5A0 <54254O 5<C =8?>G5< (M?87>4, >AB02H89AO 2 G5@=>28:0E A:07:8). AB . 70 G5B25@KE, @01>B05B 70 A5<5@KE; 4> A25B;0 2A5 C =53> ?;OH5B. @8 MB>< 0::C@0B5= N25;8@=>: /8G:> 8A?5G5B 40 A0< 8 >1;C?8B. = 8 =0 10;0;09:5 =5 ?@><0E  A;>2><, ?0@5=L E>BL :C40! 045=5B @C10EC :C<0G>2CN, ?>945B =0 1070@ A5<5G:8 ;C730BL, A B>@3>2:0<8 7C1>A:0;8BL. 0 1070@5-B> 53> 8 ?@>720;8 0;4>9. >4>< >= ?> ?@O<>9 ;8=88 >B 8:C;K !5;O=8=>28G0, ?@>2>@AB2>< 65  2 A2>O:0, GB> 2 A>;40B0E A;C68B. '5;>25: >= 5A;8 =5 A>2A5< 2>;L=K9, B> 2>;L=>=05<=K9. 0 ;N1CN @01>BC 3>B>2, 40 =5 =0 2AO:CN A>3;0A5=. = 8 A ?>?><-B> @O48BAO 1>;LH5 87 >7>@AB20.  G5@BO< ?>H;NB, >= 8 : G5@BO< ?>945B.  GB> ;N1>?KB=>, 53> =8<0;> =5 C482;O5B, GB> ?>? A G5@BO<8 2 :0:>9-B> A45;:5, >1@>: A =8E 8<55B. ! ?>?0<8 ACI0O =57040G0: 70 <74C ;5H5<C 3>B>2K 25G5@N >B72>=8BL. !?OB 4>;3>, 15@CB <=>3>. 'B>, 10BL:0, B0: @0=> ?>4=O;AO? C65= ?>?C 45H52K9 @01>B=8:  ?>20@, :>=NE 8 ?;>B=8:. 5H52;5 F5=K, GB> ?@54;0305B ., =5 =09B8: B@8 I5;G:0 ?> ;1C. >? ?>G5A0; A515 ;>1, ?>=045O;AO =0 @CAA:89 02>AL 8 A>3;0A8;AO. 0:>2> MB> 2KH;> =0 45;5, 284=> ?> B><C, GB> A B5E ?>@ C:>@87=5==>5 2K@065=85 .: 5 3>=O;AO 1K BK, ?>?, 70 45H5287=>9  AB0;> :@K;0BK<. .. 0:0@>2 , 5@>9 :0@B8= 87 <>A:>2A:>9 687=8 .. AB@>2A:>3> @074=8G=K9 A>=  4> >1540 (1857), !2>8 A>10:8 3@K7CBAO, GC60O =5 ?@8AB0209 (1861), 0 G5< ?>945HL, B> 8 =0945HL (5=8BL10 0;L70<8=>20) (1861).  B@8;>388 @0A:@K205BAO 70102=K9 8 =5;5?K9 2=CB@5==89 <8@ .  53> =082=KE 8 ?@>AB>4CH=KE @0AAC645=8OE  F5;0O 687=5==0O D8;>A>D8O >1865==KE 1>3><, >145;5==KE B0;0=B0<8 <0;5=L:8E ;N459. . ?>GB8 D>;L:;>@=K9 20=CH:0-4C@0G>: 87 @CAA:>9 A:07:8. > A;>20< ;N1OI59 <0<5=L:8, C<8H:><-B> 53> >G5=L 1>3 >1845;, =5 40; A?>A>1=>AB59 =8 : A;C615, =8 : G5<C. 48=AB25==K9 B0;0=B =8:G5<=>3> . MB> 53> 70<5G0B5;L=0O A?>A>1=>ABL 3@578BL: 68BL 2 D0=B078OE, ;5BOI8E =5 B>;L:> =04 A>F80;L=>9, => 8 =04 ?@8@>4=>9 @50;L=>ABLN. 52KA>:89, EC45=L:89 8 15;>1@KAK9, . 2 <5GB0E 2848B, GB> >= 2KA>:>3> @>AB0, ?>;=K9 8 1@N=5B. > =0BC@5 @>1:89, 2K=C645==K9 ?>4 ;N1K< AB@>38< 273;O4>< :>=DC78BLAO 40 >145@3820BLAO, . 2>>1@0605B: 4@C3 O >D8F5@... 84C ?> C;8F5 A<5;>, C6 B>340 O A<5;> 1C4C E>48BL.  <8=CBK 2>AB>@30 53> 70=>A8B =5>1K:=>25==>: A;8 1K O 1K; F0@L... >AB0B>G=> 15AE8B@>AB=K ?@54AB02;5=8O . > 1>30BAB25; E>@>H0O :>;OA:0, ;>H048, 1C4B>, A5@K5 8 AB02H89 7=0<5=8BK< 3>;C1>9 ?;0I =0 G5@=>9 10@E0B=>9 ?>4:;04:5. <C E>G5BAO 68BL ?@8;8G=>, 0 A?>A>1>2 =8:0:8E =5B-A. AB05BAO >4=>: 65=8BLAO =0 1>30B>9. AN B@8;>38N . E>48B 8 E>48B ?>4 >:=0<8 1>30BKE =525AB 2 @0AG5B5 =0 A;CG09: 4@C3 ?>=@028;AO  =C 8 1>30B, 8 AG0AB;82; =5 ?>=@028;AO  =C, 2AN 687=L 154AB2C9. "@864K >:07K205BAO 1;87>: . : 8A?>;=5=8N 65;0=89, 8 B@864K AC4L10 A<55BAO =04 =8<.  ?5@2>9 G0AB8 B@8;>388 53> 2KAB02;ONB 87 4><0 =525ABK A> A;>20<8: 0E>48B5! 0< 157 4C@0:>2 A:CG=>. > 2B>@>9 G0AB8  2K3>=OO, =0?><8=0NB 3@C1>20BCN ?>A;>28FC > A2>8E 8 GC6>9 A>10:0E.  2 B@5BL59  B0:8< 4C@0:>< ?>AB028;8, GB> ;53G5 1K, :065BAO, A:2>7L 75<;N ?@>20;8BLAO. > . =5 A:;>=5= : C=K=8N. = ;53:> ?5@5E>48B >B >BG0O=8O : =045645, 70=>2> 2>A?0@OO 2 <5GB0E 8 >BKA:820O C:070=89 =0 AC4L1C 2 ?@8<5B0E 8 A=0E. = :0: =0 A;C61C E>48B ?> 70<>A:2>@5F:8< C;>G:0< 8 ?5@5C;:0<, AB@0H0AL C?CAB8BL A;CG09, ?@>7520BL AG0ABL5. > ?>A;>28F5 4C@0:0<  AG0ABL5, ?>257;> 8 154=><C . !20;8;AO >= 2 A04 : 1>30B>9 24>25, 8 24@C3 A1K;8AL 53> <5GBK. 4>20 >:070;0AL 4>1@>9 8 ?@8A;0;0 A> A20E>9 7>;>BK5 G0AK. . ?@K305B >B @04>AB8 8 :@8G8B: 0<5=L:0, O B5?5@L =5 0;L70<8=>2, O :B>-=81C4L 4@C3>9! 0 B0:>9 25A5;>9 =>B5 70:0=G820NBAO ?>E>645=8O 70<>A:2>@5F:>3> <5GB0B5;O, 40;5:>3> >B :0:8E 1K B> =8 1K;> 8459 8 ?@>1;5< 1>;LH>3> <8@0. 1@07 . D0@A>2>-:><5489=0O 8=B5@?@5B0F8O B5<K <0;5=L:>3> G5;>25:0, E0@0:B5@=>9 4;O @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K 30-60-E 3>4>2 XIX 2. 5@2K9 8A?>;=8B5;L @>;8 .  .. 0@BK=>2 (1857). !@548 4@C38E 8A?>;=8B5;59  .. !04>2A:89 (1868), .. 02K4>2 (1880), .. !2>1>48= (1926), =0 :8=>M:@0=5  .. 8F8= (1965). 8B.: (B59= .. >A:>2A:89 >;8H8=5;L// (B59= .. 0AB5@ @CAA:>9 4@0<K. ., 1973; 0A:8=0 .. "@8;>38O > 0;L70<8=>25 2 B2>@G5AB25 AB@>2A:>3> // 0A;5485 .. AB@>2A:>3> 8 A>25BA:0O :C;LBC@0. !1. ., 1974; 0H8= ..  E0@0:B5@8AB8:5 >4=>3> B8?0 C ..AB@>2A:>3> // .. AB@>2A:89. 1823-1923. 45AA0, 1923. .. (0;8<>20   5@>9 B@035488 .!. CH:8=0 !:C?>9 @KF0@L (1830), 2>H54H59 2 F8:; >?KB>2 4@0<0B8G5A:8E 87CG5=89, 8725AB=K9 ?>4 @540:B>@A:8< =0720=85< 0;5=L:85 B@035488. >4703>;>2>: ?L5AK !F5=K 87 '5=AB>=>2>9 B@038:><5488: The covetous knight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auschan) &5=B@0;L=K9 ?5@A>=06 @0AA:070 ". 0==0 %>7O8= 8 A>10:0 (1918), :>@>B:>H5@AB=0O =5<5F:0O ;53020O, 5A;8 >B=5AB8AL : B0:><C >?@545;5=8N =5 A;8H:>< ?@848@G82>, 0 ?@8=OBL 53> A 4>;6=>9 :@C?8F59 N<>@0. AB>@8O . =5>B45;8<0 >B 8AB>@88 53> E>7O8=0  ?8A0B5;O. ". 0==, >?@545;82H89 2 >4=>< 87 ?8A5< 60=@ MB>9 8AB>@88 :0: ?@>708G5A:CN 848;;8N, 1>;55 G5< 345-;81> 2 A2>59 EC4>65AB25==>9 ?@>75, @0AA:07K205B 745AL > A515 A0<><: >1 C:;045 4><0H=59, @01>G59 8 4>AC659 687=8, > A25BA:8E >1O70==>ABOE. >7<>6=>, =8345 A>1KB8O 53> 2=CB@5==59 687=8 =5 87>1@060NBAO B0: ?>;=> 8 A B0:>9 =5>6840==> 8=B8<=>9 AB>@>=K. 2B>@ 45B0;L=>, =5 A:@K20O 2>AE8I5=8O, @8AC5B 2=5H=89 284 A2>53> :@0A02F0, :>=AB0B8@C5B =0;8G85 ?;5159A:>9 1>@>4:8, @5H8B5;L=> ;8H0NI59 4@C68I5 0CH0=0 ?@020 =0 ?>@>4C. >@45;82> 8 C2;5G5==> 02B>@ >?8AK205B >E>B=8GL8 ?>42838 .; A 8A:@5==8< A>GC2AB285<, E>BO =5 157 4>;8 C4>2;5B2>@5=8O, >1>A=>2K205B ?@8G8=K ?>3@C65=8O ?A0 2 <8@>2CN A:>@1L, :>340 B>B ;8H5= 3;02=>9 @04>AB8 2 687=8  ?@>3C;:8 A E>7O8=><; A ?@>B>:>;L=>9 B>G=>ABLN, GB>1K =5 2?0ABL 2 ?0B5B8:C, 2>AA>7405B E@>=8:C ?@51K20=8O =5@2=>3> 8 <0;>:@>2=>3> . 2 :;8=8:5; @0AB@>30==>-A0<>4>2>;L=> D8:A8@C5B O@>AB=K5 8 15772CG=K5 ?;OA:8 . ?@8 2AB@5G5; =5 157 A<CI5=8O @0AA:07K205B > A>ACI5< GC2AB25 28=K, :>340 A0<K< ?>4;K< >1@07>< ?@5405B A8@>B;82>5 A5@>5 ?OB=KH:>, :0:8< :065BAO 8740;8 >1<0=CBK9 2 =045645 =0 ?@>3C;:C =5CB5H=K9 . ;O E>7O8=0 =5>B@078<> :@5ABLO=A:>5 >10O=85 ., A 53> ?@O<>B>9 8 ?@>AB>4CH85<, AB@0E>< ?5@54 =0:070=85< 8 1>;LN, C?>@=K< =565;0=85< 2K?>;=OBL 4C@0F:85, =5 >?@0240==K5 =5>1E>48<>ABLN ?@8:07K (=0?@8<5@, D878G5A:0O =5A?>A>1=>ABL . ?@5>4>;520BL 8A:CAAB25==K9 10@L5@ B>340 :0: 5AB5AB25==K9, A:065< 873>@>4L, 405BAO 5<C 157> 2AO:>3> B@C40), >= @04C5BAO A?>A>1=>AB8 . A845BL :0:-B> ?>-A2>5<C, H8@>:>, ?>-<C68F:8 @0AAB0282 ;0?K. 2B>@ CB25@6405B, GB> 2 F5;>< E>@>H> ?>=8<05B A2>53> 35@>O 8 4@C30, => ?@87=05B, GB> 5ABL 8 =5GB> =5>1JOA=8<>5 2 53> ?>2545=88. 0?@8<5@, AD5@0 =5?>AB868<> A;>6=KE, >B<5G5==KE M;5<5=B0<8 @8BC0;0 >B=>H5=89 A GC68<8 A>10:0<8. 2B>@ A?8AK205B A =0BC@K  2 <5@C A?>A>1=>AB59 G5;>25:0 8 25;8:>3> ?8A0B5;O  GC2AB20 8 ?>2545=85 A2>59 A>10:8: C 8 E>7O8= C <5=O! 0725 MB> E>7O8=? @O=L, 0 =5 E>7O8=. ". 0== ?>A<58205BAO =04 ., A<55BAO =04 A>1AB25==>9 CO72;5==>ABLN ?@>O2;5=85< A>10GL53> ?@57@5=8O, =>, =5A<>B@O =0 HCB;82K9 B>=, >G5284=>, GB> 4@C610 A . 4;O =53> 45;> A5@L57=>5, 0 A=8AE>48B5;L=K9 B>= A:>@55 2A53> A@54AB2> 871560BL A5=B8<5=B0;L=>AB8. 8B.: 0== ". 8AL<0. ., 1975. !. 30-31. ".. !CE0=>20 (' 5@>9 ?>25AB8 .. >3>;O (8=5;L (1839-1842; ?5@2>=0G0;L=0O G5@=>20O @540:F8O ?>4 =0720=85< >25ABL > G8=>2=8:5, :@04CI5< H8=5;8). 8B5@0BC@=K5 ?@>B>B8?K >1@070 .: >B5F >@8>, ?>;:>2=8: (015@ . 0;L70:0 (?>4>1=> ., >=8 @>1:8, A<8@5==K, :>A=>O7KG=K), 2078<>4> 87 @><0=0 . N3> !>1>@ 0@86A:>9 1>3><0B5@8, 2A59 8@>2 (54>28: . 0;O), C7L<0 8@>H52 (C7L<0 5B@>28G 8@>H52 . 03>A:8=0), =A5;L< (>;>B>9 3>@H>: >D<0=0). !B@0ABL : ?5@5?8AK20=8N C . =0?><8=05B ?@8AB@0AB85 A0<>3> >3>;O. 8D>;>38G5A:89 8AB>G=8: >1@070 .: 8B85 40 !520AB89A:8E <CG5=8:>2, 2 G8A;> :>B>@KE 2E>48; A2OB>9 :0:89; 2 320 3. 2 @<5=88 >=8 4>1@>2>;L=> ?@8=O;8 <CG5=8G5AB2> 70 8A?>2540=85 %@8AB0, A>2;5:H8 A A51O >4564K 8 70<5@7=C2 2> ;L4C !520AB89A:>3> >75@0. ., =0@O4C A ?CH:8=A:8< !0<A>=>< K@8=K< (!B0=F8>==K9 A<>B@8B5;L), >B:@K205B B8? B0: =07K205<>3> <0;5=L:>3> G5;>25:0. >74=55 3>3>;52A:CN B8?>;>38N O@:> ?@>4>;68; $. >AB>52A:89, A>74020O >1@07K 0:0@0 52CH:8=0 (54=K5 ;N48) 8 !5<5=0 0@<5;04>20 (@5ABC?;5=85 8 =0:070=85).  B2>@G5AB25 >3>;O >1@07 . A>>B=>A8BAO, A >4=>9 AB>@>=K, A >1@07>< @>1:>3> 8 :>A=>O7KG=>3> 20=0 $54>@>28G0 (?>=L:8, A 4@C3>9  A >1@07>< :0?8B0=0 >?59:8=0 (<>B82 AB>;:=>25=8O A 35=5@0;>< 8 B@0=AD>@<0F8O <0;5=L:>3> G5;>25:0 2 @071>9=8:0-<AB8B5;O). $0<8;8O ., ?@>87>H54H0O >B 10H<0:0, :><8G5A:8 >1K3@K205BAO >3>;5<; ?>25AB2>20B5;L O:>1K ?@51K205B 2 70:>==>< =54>C<5=88 ?> ?>2>4C AB>;L 01AC@4=>9 35=50;>388 .:  >B5F, 8 454, 8 4065 HC@8= (1@0B 65=K, => ., :0: 8725AB=>, =5 65=0B  70<5G5=> . 09A:>?D><), 8 2A5 A>25@H5==> 0H<0G:8=K E>48;8 2 A0?>30E, ?5@5<5=OO B>;L:> @070 B@8 2 3>4 ?>4<5B:8.  A>G5B0=88 A D5:0;L=>9 A8<2>;8:>9 8<5=8 8 >BG5AB20  :0:89 :0:8528G (. @CG5=KE; 0=:C@-0D5@@L5@)  D0<8;8O . ?@8>1@5B05B 42CA<KA;5==>-?0@>489=>5 72CG0=85, ?>4G5@:820O 2=5H=NN =527@0G=>ABL >1;8:0 ., ?@82K:H53> >ICI0BL A51O =0 <5AB5 2 A0<>< =87C A>F80;L=>9 85@0@E8G5A:>9 ;5AB=8FK. BAN40 2>7<>6=0O A8<2>;8G5A:0O 8=B5@?@5B0F8O D0<8;88 . 2 :0G5AB25 7=0:0 =87H53> B5;5A=>3> ?;0=0 (. 09A:>?D) :0: ?@>O2;5=85 CI5@1=>AB8, 81> 10H<0:  <5B0D>@0 1@5==>3> <0B5@80;L=>3> <8@0 8;8, A>3;0A=> D8;>A>DC !:>2>@>45, 8458 :>B>@>3>, 25@>OB=>, >:070;8 2;8O=85 =0 <8@>2>77@5=85 >3>;O, ?>4>H20 5ABL D83C@0 ?@0E0. 0H<0:, B0:8< >1@07><, 0AA>F88@C5BAO A B5<>9 A<5@B8 . 8 A:@KB> ?@5425I05B 55 D0B0;L=CN =587156=>ABL. >@B@5B . @8AC5BAO >3>;5< ?>4G5@:=CB> =57025@H5==K<, =54>2>?;>I5==K<, 8;;N7>@=K<; F5;>AB=>ABL . 4>;6=0 1KBL 2?>A;54AB288 2>AAB0=>2;5=0 A ?><>ILN H8=5;8. >645=85 . 2KAB@08205B <>45;L 0;>38G=>3> 8 3@0=48>7=>-:>A<8G5A:>3> 3>3>;52A:>3> <8@0, 345 459AB2CNB =5 @50;L=K5 2@5<O 8 ?@>AB@0=AB2>, 0 ?>MB8G5A:0O 25G=>ABL 8 G5;>25: ?5@54 ;8F>< >:0. <5AB5 A B5< MB> @>645=85 O2;O5BAO <8AB8G5A:8< 75@:0;>< A<5@B8 .: B>;L:> GB> @>482H0O . <0BL 8<5=C5BAO >3>;5< ?>:>9=8F59 8 AB0@CE>9, A0< . A45;0; B0:CN 3@8<0AC, 1C4B> ?@54GC2AB2>20;, GB> 1C45B 25G=K< B8BC;O@=K< A>25B=8:><; :@5I5=85 ., ?@>8AE>4OI55 A@07C 65 ?>A;5 @>645=8O 8 4><0, 0 =5 2 F5@:28, A:>@55 =0?><8=05B >B?520=85 ?>:>9=8:0, =565;8 :@5AB8=K <;045=F0; >B5F . B>65 >:07K205BAO :0: 1K 25G=K< ?>:>9=8:>< (B5F 1K; :0:89, B0: ?CABL 8 AK= 1C45B :0:89). !?>A>1 ACI5AB2>20=8O . 4>?CA:05B 2>7<>6=>ABL :@09=5 ?@>B82>?>;>6=KE ;8B5@0BC@>254G5A:8E B@0:B>2>:: >B :0B53>@8G=>9 >F5=:8 .. '5@=KH52A:>3> (A>25@H5==K9 848>B) 4> A>?>AB02;5=8O . A 2>72KH5==K< >1@07>< A2OB>3> <CG5=8:0 :0:8O (. 0@:>28G). ;NG>< : >1@07C . O2;O5BAO A:@KB>5 3>3>;52A:>5 ?@>B82>?>AB02;5=85 2=5H=53> 8 2=CB@5==53> G5;>25:0. =5H=89  :>A=>O7KG=K9, =527@0G=K9, 3;C?>20BK9 ?5@5?8AG8:, =5 A?>A>1=K9 4065 ?5@5<5=8BL :>5-345 3;03>;K 87 ?5@2>3> ;8F0 2 B@5BL5, E;510NI89 A <CE0<8 A2>8 I8, 2>2A5 =5 70<5G0O 8E 2:CA0, ?>:>@=> B5@?OI89 874520B5;LAB20 G8=>2=8:>2, AK?;NI8E =0 3>;>2C 5<C 1C<06:8, =07K20O MB> A=53><. =CB@5==89 G5;>25: :0: 1C4B> 3>2>@8B =5B;5==>5: / 1@0B B2>9.  <8@5 25G=>< .  0A:5B-?>4286=8:, <>;G0;L=8: 8 <CG5=8:; C548=82H8AL >B A>1;07=>2 8 3@5E>2=KE AB@0AB59, >= >ACI5AB2;O5B <8AA8N ;8G=>3> A?0A5=8O, =0 =5< :0: 1C4B> ;568B 7=0: 871@0==8G5AB20.  <8@5 1C:2 . >1@5B05B AG0ABL5, =0A;0645=85, 30@<>=8N, 745AL >= ?>;=>ABLN 4>2>;5= A2>8< 6@5185<, 81> >ACI5AB2;O5B A;C65=85 >3C: 0?8A02H8AL 2A;0ABL, >= ;>68;AO A?0BL, C;K10OAL ?@8 <KA;8 > 702B@0H=5< 4=5: GB>-B> >3 ?>H;5B ?5@5?8AK20BL 702B@0? =CB@5==89 <8@ . <5B0D>@8G5A:8 C?>4>1;O5BAO :=835, 0 A0< .  1C:25, ?>MB><C 2<5AB> C;8F . 2848B @>2=K< ?>G5@:>< 2K?8A0==K5 AB@>:8. (!. >=G0@>2) 5B5@1C@3A:89 A525@=K9 <>@>7 AB0=>28BAO 4LO2>;LA:8< A>1;07=><, :0:>9 . =5 2 A8;0E ?@5>4>;5BL (AB0@0O H8=5;L, 874520B5;LA:8 =07K205<0O G8=>2=8:0<8 :0?>B><, ?@>EC48;0AL). >@B=>9 5B@>28G, =0>B@57 >B:07K20OAL ?>4=>2;OBL AB0@CN H8=5;L . (A@. 520=35;LA:85 A;>20 %@8AB0: =8:B> : 25BE>9 >45645 =5 ?@8AB02;O5B 70?;0BK 87 =515;5=>9 B:0=8, 81> 2=>2L ?@8H8B>5 >B45@5B >B AB0@>3>, 8 4K@0 1C45B 5I5 EC65 (0BD.; 9:16), 2KABC?05B 2 @>;8 45<>=0-8A:CA8B5;O. <5AB5 A B5< 5B@>28G B0:65 ?@54AB05B 2 42CA<KA;5==>< 0<?;C0 =5:>9 <>3CI5AB25==>9 ?0@:8, HLNI59 =>2K9 >1@07 8 =>2CN 687=L 4;O :0:8O :0:8528G0 (. 09A:>?D). >25=L:0O H8=5;L, 2 :>B>@CN >1;0G05BAO ., A8<2>;8G5A:8 >7=0G05B :0: 520=35;LA:CN @87C A?0A5=8O, A25B;K5 >4564K, B0: 8 65=A:CN 8?>AB0AL 53> ;8G=>AB8, 2>A?>;=ONICN 53> =5?>;=>BC: H8=5;L  25G=0O 845O, ?>4@C30 687=8, A25B;K9 3>ABL. A:5B0 8 70B2>@=8:0 . >E20BK205B ;N1>2=K9 ?K; 8 3@5E>2=0O 3>@OG:0. ?@>G5<, H8=5;L >:07K205BAO ;N1>2=8F59 =0 >4=C =>GL, 70AB02;OO . A>25@H8BL @O4 =5?>?@028<KE @>:>2KE >H81>:, 2KB0;:820O 53> 87 1;065==>3> A>AB>O=8O 70<:=CB>3> AG0ABLO 2 B@52>6=K9 2=5H=89 <8@, 2 :@C3 G8=>2=8:>2 8 =>G=>9 C;8FK. ., B0:8< >1@07><, ?@5405B 2 A515 2=CB@5==53> G5;>25:0, ?@54?>GBO 2=5H=53>, AC5B=>3>, ?>425@65==>3> ;N4A:8< AB@0ABO< 8 ?>@>G=K< =0:;>==>ABO<. . AB0=>28BAO :0: 2A5. 03C1=0O <KA;L > B5?;>9 H8=5;8 8 55 ?@8>1@5B5=85 @57:> <5=ONB 25AL >1@07 687=8 8 E0@0:B5@ . = 5420 =5 4>?CA:05B >H81:8 2> 2@5<O ?5@5?8AK20=8O. ><0O A2>8 ?@82KG:8, A>3;0H05BAO ?>9B8 =0 25G5@8=:C : G8=>2=8:C.  ., 1>;LH5 B>3>, ?@>AK?05BAO ;>25;0A, CAB@5<;ONI89AO 2 ?>3>=N 70 40<>9, C :>B>@>9 2AO:0O G0ABL B5;0 1K;0 8A?>;=5=0 =5->1K:=>25==>3> 42865=8O. . ?L5B H0<?0=A:>5, >1J5405BAO 28=53@5B><, E>;>4=>9 B5;OB8=>9, ?0HB5B><, :>=48B5@A:8<8 ?8@>6:0<8. = 87<5=O5B 4065 ;N18<><C 45;C, 8 @0A?;0B0 70 87<5=C A2>5<C ?>?@8IC =5 70<54;8;0 53> =0AB83=CBL: 3@018B5;8 A=O;8 A =53> H8=5;L, 40;8 5<C ?8=:0 :>;5=><, 8 >= C?0; =027=8GL 2 A=53 8 =8G53> C6 1>;LH5 =5 GC2AB2>20;. . B5@O5B 2AN A2>N B8ECN :@>B>ABL, A>25@H05B =5A2>9AB25==K5 53> E0@0:B5@C ?>ABC?:8, >= B@51C5B >B <8@0 ?>=8<0=8O 8 ?><>I8, 0:B82=> =0ABC?05B, 4>18205BAO A2>53>. "0:, . :@8G8B 1C4>G=8:C, GB> >= A?8B 8 =8 70 G5< =5 A<>B@8B, =5 2848B, :0: 3@01OB G5;>25:0, ?C305B E>7O9:C :20@B8@K AB@0H=K< ABC:>< 2 425@L, >B?@02;O5BAO : G0AB=><C ?@8AB02C. 48=AB25==K9 @07 2 687=8 . ?@>?CA:05B ?@8ACBAB285. > A>25BC G8=>2=8:>2 . >B?@02;O5BAO : 7=0G8B5;L=><C ;8FC. !B>;:=>25=85 A 35=5@0;>< ?@>8AE>48B :0: @07 B>340, :>340 . ?5@5AB05B 1KBL 2=CB@5==8< G5;>25:><. 5=5@0;, @0A?5:0NI89 . 70 1C=B0@AB2>, 81> B>B CA><=8;AO 2 =0456=>AB8 A5:@5B0@59, A8<2>;878@C5B 3@>7=K9 AC4 >689. !@07C ?>A;5 C3@>60NI53> 2>?;O 7=0G8B5;L=>3> ;8F0 . 2K=5A;8 ?>GB8 157 42865=8O. C@L57=>5 ?@>8AH5AB285, A;CG82H55AO A <5;:8< G8=>2=8:><, >1@5B05B C >3>;O G5@BK :>A<8G5A:>3> :0B0:;87<0, AC4L10 .  AC4L10 G5;>25:0 2>>1I5 ?5@54 ;8F>< >30, 2A5;5==>9. . ?@54AB05B ?>4>1=K< >2C, 0 53> A<5@BL ?@8@02=8205BAO : 181;59A:><C =5AG0ABLN, :0:>5 >1@CH820;>AL =0 F0@59 8 ?>25;8B5;59 <8@0. 5B>=8<8G5A:8 >B45;82H0OAO >B . H8=5;L 2848BAO 5<C B> A :0:8<8-B> 70?04=O<8 4;O 2>@>2, A?@OB02H8EAO ?>4 :@>20BLN . 8 2 53> >45O;5, B> AB0@K< :0?>B><. >A;5 A<5@B8 . <5=O5BAO A> 7=0G8B5;L=K< ;8F>< <5AB0<8 8 2 A2>N >G5@54L >ACI5AB2;O5B !B@0H=K9 !C4, 345 =5B <5AB0 @0=30< 8 720=8O<, 8 35=5@0; 8 B8BC;O@=K9 A>25B=8: >48=0:>2> 45@60B >B25B ?5@54 KAH8< !C4859. . O2;O5BAO ?> =>G0< 7;>25I8< ?@87@0:><-<5@B25F>< 2 2845 G8=>2=8:0, 8ICI53> :0:>9-B> CB0I5==>9 H8=5;8. #A?>:>8;AO 8 8AG57 ?@87@0: . B>;L:> B>340, :>340 5<C ?>4 @C:C ?>?0;>AL 7=0G8B5;L=>5 ;8F>, A?@0254;82>ABL :0: 1C4B> 2>AB>@65AB2>20;0, . A;>2=> >ACI5AB28; 3@>7=>5 >6L5 =0:070=85, >1;5:AO 2 35=5@0;LA:CN H8=5;L, >1@5BO ?@87@0G=>5 ?>?@8I5 70 3@>1><. 8B.: >=G0@>2 !.. "2>@G5AB2> .. >3>;O 8 B@048F88 CG8B5;L=>9 :C;LBC@K. !., 1992; A<. B0:65 ;8B. : AB0BL5 '8G8:>2. .. 0;:8= " ' A<.: 5=548:B 8 50B@8G5. /  A<.: 870. #% A<.: L5@ 57CE>2.  (  (0=3;. Becky Sharp) 5@>8=O @><0=0 157 35@>O #.. "5::5@5O /@<0@:0 BI5A;028O (1847). .(. =0AB>OI0O 35@>8=O 2 <8@5, ACI5AB2CNI5< 2 A>>B25BAB288 A =5?8A0=K<8 70:>=0<8 O@<0@:8 BI5A;028O, >1@07 :>B>@>9 708<AB2>20= "5::5@55< 87 7=0<5=8B>3> CB8 ?0;><=8:0 (1678-1684) . 0=LO=0. .(.  87 G@520 B>9 O@<0@:8, 345 B>@3CNB G5ABLN, 687=O<8, 4CH0<8. -B> 55 28@BC>7=>5 2>?;>I5=85. %>;>4=0O @0AG5B;82>ABL  B>;L:> >4=> 87 A2>9AB2 35@>8=8, ?@5645 2A53> 0@B8AB8G5A:8 >40@5==>9 =0BC@K, >1;040NI59 @54:8< 65=A:8< >10O=85< 8 ?>GB8 38?=>B8G5A:8< 2>7459AB285< =0 >:@C60NI8E. !>?>AB02;OO .(. A 55 ?>4@C3>9 -<8;859 !M4;8-A1>@=, 02B>@ 2K=C645= ?@87=0BL :0G5AB25==>5 ?@58<CI5AB2> .(.: >1 -<8;88 5<C ?>4G0A =5G53> A:070BL  B0: 1545= 8 M;5<5=B0@5= <8@ MB>9 :;0AA8G5A:8 3>;C1>9 35@>8=8, 2 >B;8G85 >B B8?>;>38G5A:8 ?>4>1=KE 35@>8=L '. 8::5=A0 ;8H5==>9 >@5>;0 GC45A=>3>, D0=B0AB8G5A:>3> =5?@024>?>4>18O. @>83@K20O A2>5<C 25;8:><C A>2@5<5==8:C 2 EC4>65AB25==>AB8, "5::5@59 2K83@K205B :0: @50;8AB.  .(., 0;G=>9 8 15AA>25AB=>9 020=BN@8AB:5, >= AB@5<8BAO ?>4E>48BL @50;8AB8G5A:8, 4>1@>A>25AB=> >B<5G0O =5 B>;L:> 4C@=K5, => 8 @54:85 4>1@K5 42865=8O 4CH8 A2>59 35@>8=8. "0:, ?@8 2A5E A2>8E ?>@>:0E >=0 2 >?@545;5==>< A<KA;5 G5AB=0, E>BO 1K ?5@54 A>1>9. 2B>@ A O2=K< A>GC2AB285< =07K205B ?@8G8=K, ?>@>482H85 2 35@>8=5 :><?;5:A :0G5AB2, AD>@<8@>202H8E MBC ;8F5<5@=CN, ?>4;>20BCN =0BC@C: :>@KABL, M3>87< 8 =C640  8<5==> 2 B0:>9 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>AB8. %>;>4=0O >B ?@8@>4K, .(. =8 2 :>< =5 =C6405BAO. ! =5:>B>@K< A<CI5=85< 02B>@ :>=AB0B8@C5B 5420 ;8 =5 548=AB25==>5 8A:;NG5=85: ?@82O70==>ABL : =5>4=>:@0B=> ?@540205<>9 35@>8=59 :@>B:>9 4C@>G:5 -<8;88, 55  2@5<5=0<8!  A<CB=>5 >ICI5=85 28=K ?5@54 ?>4@C3>9. .(. 48BO 0@B8AB8G5A:>3> <8@0, >=0 4>GL CG8B5;O @8A>20=8O 8 D@0=FC7A:>9 :0=0B=>9 ?;OAC=L8. "5::5@59 =5>4=>:@0B=> 2>A?@>872>48B ?@8<5BK 55 2=5H=53> >1;8:0 (=5 AB>;L G0ABK9 ?@85< 2 @><0=5 XIX 25:0): >=0 <0;5=L:0O, @K65=L:0O, 75;5=>3;070O.  7028A8<>AB8 >B ?>AB02;5==>9 7040G8 35@>8=O <>65B 1KBL A5@5=L:>9 <KH:>9 8 >12>@>68B5;L=>9 A5@4F554:>9  B0:85 ?@52@0I5=8O 4;O =55 B0: 65 5AB5AB25==K, :0: 5AB5AB25==0 A?>A>1=>ABL ?@8 A;CG05  GB>1K >1=0@C68BL A<8@5=85 8 B@>30B5;L=CN =5:><?5B5=B=>ABL  703>2>@8BL =0 ;><0=>< D@0=FC7A:><, :>B>@K< >=0 2;0455B 2 A>25@H5=AB25. .(. @>4AB25==0 H5@840=>2A:>9 ;548 "87;, A =0A;0645=85< =5>D8B0 83@0NI59 2 H:>;C 7;>A;>28O, A 87C<;5=85< 8 ;N1>?KBAB2>< ?>AB830NI59 55 70:>=K. ">;L:> 4;O ;548 "87; MB> A;CG09=0O 83@0, 0 4;O .(. CG0AB85 2 B5::5@552A:>9 H:>;5 7;>A;>28O  ACBL, ?@8@>40. =0 E>;>4=K9, @0AG5B;82K9 83@>:, A>25@H5==> =5 A?>A>1=K9 C2;5GLAO 8;8 701KBLAO,  1;5ABOI0O 0:B@8A0 B50B@0 ?@54AB02;5=8O 2 @0AE>65< 2>A?@8OB88. 5@>8=O 2 :0:><-B> A<KA;5 2;8O5B =0 A<5=C 8=B>=0F89 02B>@A:>3> @0AA:070, 2 :>B>@>< B> @02=>4CH=>, B> A B8E8< =53>4>20=85<, B> A O2=K< A>GC2AB285<, B> 1@573;82> >?8AK20NBAO 55 ?>42838. @0: A 4>1@>4CH=K< 10;15A><, 42>@O=8=>< >4>=>< @>C;8 4;O =55  B>;L:> ABC?5=L, 70 :>B>@>9 4>;6=> ?>A;54>20BL =5<8=C5<>5, ?>A;54>20B5;L=>5 2>AE>645=85.  :0:>9-B> <><5=B A25BA:>9 :0@L5@K .(. 2>7=8:05B 8;;N78O 2>7<>6=>AB8 55 ?@8>1I5=8O : A0<K< 25@E0<, 254L 55 F5;L ?@545;>2 =5 8<55B. A5 2KH5 8 2KH5  B0: 2KA>:>, :0: B>;L:> <>6=>. !8<2>;8G=0 >B2545==0O 59 @>;L 2 >4=>9 87 B50B@0;87>20==KE H0@04: >=0 83@05B ;8B5<=5AB@C, 8 A>25@H5==> >G5284=>, GB> >=0 A?>A>1=0 8 =0 C189AB2>. .(. 8450;L=0O <>45;L G5;>25:0, @5H82H53> ?@>9B8 G5@57 2A5. =0 459AB28B5;L=> A?>A>1=0 =0 2A5, :@><5 GC2AB20 ;N128, 2 :>B>@>9 >B:07K205B 4065 A2>5<C AK=C. BG0AB8 >=0 A@02=8<0 A 2>;G8F59 ;0D8@>9 87 ?L5AK .. AB@>2A:>3> >;:8 8 >2FK  8E @>4=8B E>;>4=0O, ;8F5459A:0O 8 E8I=0O ?@8@>40, => 2 .(. A>2A5< =5B 3>B>2=>AB8 @04>20BLAO 687=8. 0A;0645=85 59 4>AB02;O5B B>;L:> >G5@54=>5 4>AB865=85 ?>AB02;5==>9 F5;8. >@065=85 8 >48=>G5AB2> ?@8=8<0NBAO 35@>8=59 <C65AB25==>, E>BO A<8@O5BAO >=0 B>;L:> ?>A;5 >BG0O==>9 1>@L1K. AB@5G0O AB0@KE 7=0:><KE, =5 65;0NI8E 55 C7=020BL, >=0 ?>=8<0NI5, 8@>=8G5A:8 C;K105BAO. 8B.: 20H520 . 0 I8B>< A:5?B8F87<0 // 20H520 . =3;89A:89 @50;8AB8G5A:89 @><0= XIX 25:0 2 53> A>2@5<5==>< 72CG0=88. ., 1974. !.193-263; 0E@CH52 .!. "2>@G5AB2> "5::5@5O. !0@0B>2, 1984; '5AB5@B>= .. /@<0@:0 BI5A;028O // "09=0 '0@;L70 8::5=A0. , 1990. !.129-132. ".. !CE0=>20  5@>9 @0AA:070 .. '5E>20 '5;>25: 2 DCB;O@5 (1898), CG8B5;L 3@5G5A:>3> O7K:0. 1@07 . AB0; A8<2>;>< 1>O7=8 687=8. >;8F5B2>@5=85< A0:@0<5=B0;L=>3> :0: 1K G53> =5 2KH;>. 5 8<5NI89 2 @0AA:075 8<5=8->BG5AB20, >=  >48= 87 30;5@58 G5E>2A:8E =5;N459 (<CE8= 87 5G5=530, 8;8 C=B5@ @8H81552). . 2A5340, 4065 2 >G5=L E>@>HCN ?>3>4C 2KE>48; 2 :0;>H0E 8 A 7>=B8:>< 8 =5?@5<5==> 2 B5?;>< ?0;LB> =0 20B5.  7>=B8: C =53> 1K; 2 G5E;5 8 G0AK 2 G5E;5 87 A5@>9 70<H8, 8 :>340 2K=8<0; ?5@>G8==K9 =>6, GB>1K >G8=8BL :0@0=40H, B> 8 =>6 C =53> 1K; 2 G5E>;LG8:5; 8 ;8F>, :070;>AL, B>65 1K;> 2 G5E;5... = =>A8; B5<=K5 >G:8, DCD09:C, CH8 70:;04K20; 20B>9, 8 :>340 A048;AO =0 872>7G8:0, B> ?@8:07K20; ?>4=8<0BL 25@E. > . =5 ?@>AB> G5;>25: A ?@8GC40<8  53> >AB>@>6=>ABL 03@5AA82=0, 2A5 =>2>5, =5?@82KG=>5, 2>>1I5 2K40NI55AO, 2K7K205B C =53> AB@0E 8 C?>@=>5 ?@>B82>459AB285. 3> :>;;538 =5 8<5NB <C65AB20 >B<0E=CBLAO, =5=0284OB, => ?>4G8=ONBAO: ?> 53> C:07:5 2K3>=ONB A><=8B5;L=KE 38<=078AB>2, B5@?OB 53> <CG8B5;L=K5 2878BK. . AB@0H5=, 0 =5 A<5H>=, 2 MB>< >1@075 >G5284=K ?@87=0:8 45<>=8G5A:>3> =0G0;0. 3> A<5@BL >B40;5==> =0?><8=05B @0AA:07 '5E>20 !<5@BL G8=>2=8:0 (1883), 35@>9 :>B>@>3> B>65 C<8@05B >B ?>B@OA5=8O. > >1G8E02H89 ;KA8=C 206=>3> ;8F0 '5@2O:>2  <5;>GL, =8GB>65AB2>. . :>;>AA =025:8 70ABK2H59, 25G=>9 4>3<K  ?>38105B, ?>B><C GB> @CE=C;8 A0<K5 >A=>2K 53> DCB;O@=>3> <8@0: =525AB0 :0B05BAO =0 25;>A8?545, 87 4><0, :C40 >= ?> MB><C ?>2>4C ?@8H5; >1JOA=OBLAO, 2KH2K@=C;8, =03>2>@82 =5A;KE0==KE 3@C1>AB59, 8 2 4>25@H5=88 2A53> 53>  45<>=0  2KA<5O;8. 57C45@6=K< E0-E0-E0 0@5=L:8 >20;5=:>, AG0AB;82K< >1@07>< 8715602H59 1@0:0 A MB8< G5;>25:><, 7025@H8;>AL 2A5: 8 A20B>2AB2>, 8 75<=>5 ACI5AB2>20=85 5;8:>20. 0 :8=>M:@0=5 >1@07 . 2>?;>B8; .. %<5;52 2 D8;L<5 1939 3. ".. !CE0=>20 / 5@>9 :><5488 .!. "C@35=520 5AOF 2 45@52=5 (1848-1869, ?5@2>=0G. @540:F88 ?>4 =072. !BC45=B, 25 65=I8=K). ;5:A59 8:>;0528G . ABC45=B, 27OBK9 =0 ;5B=85 <5AOFK CG8B5;5< : AK=C A;052KE. "C@35=52 2K428305B . 2 @O4 3;02=KE ?5@A>=0659 ?L5AK =5 A;CG09=>. 5D;5:A8@CNI0O @CAA:0O 42>@O=A:0O 8=B5;;835=F8O, 35@>8 AB@040NI59 :C;LBC@K, >A>7=0NI85, ?> A;>20< 5@F5=0, A>F80;L=>-?A8E>;>38G5A:>5 >48=>G5AB2>, 2 ?>8A:0E F5;L=>AB8, 30@<>=88, A>18@0=8O 4CH8 >1@0I0NBAO : AB8E88 74>@>2>9 687=8. . ?@8=04;568B : =>2><C ?>:>;5=8N, : =>2>9 :C;LBC@=>9 35=5@0F88, : =>2K< A>F80;L=K< A8;0< @CAA:>3> >1I5AB20  : @07=>G8=F0<. (;87>ABL . : .. 5;8=A:><C >B<5G05BAO 2A5<8 8AA;54>20B5;O<8.) 0 =8< =5B 25:>2KE :C;LBC@=KE B@048F89, >= =5 A:>202 :>45:A>< 42>@O=A:>9 G5AB8, =5 AB@0405B @5D;5:A859. >=5G=>, MB> 5I5 =5 070@>2, 2 =5< =5B =838;8AB8G5A:>9 03@5AA88.  2A5 65 >= @07@CH8B @07<5@5==K9 1KB 42>@O=A:>3> 3=5740. 0BC@0 45OB5;L=0O, G5;>25: 74>@>2KE ?>=OB89 > 687=8, >= ?@8BO38205B 2A5E >18B0B5;59 CA04L1K A;052KE ?@>AB>B>9, =5?@8=C645==>ABLN, A2>1>4>9 ?>2545=8O. . <0AB5@8B ;C: A> AB@5;0<8, 7<5O, ;575B =0 45@52> 70 15;:>9 8 A@K205B A >1@K20 F25B>: 4;O 5@>G:8; >= C<55B 45;0BL D595@25@:8, ?@8;8G=> @8AC5B 8 ?>5B. > =5 C<55B @073>20@820BL A 40<0<8, =5 7=05B D@0=FC7A:>3> (E>BO 8 ?5@525; @><0= >;L 45 >:0  D0:B 87 18>3@0D88 5;8=A:>3>), ;5=BO9 8 H0;>?09, :0: A0< 3>2>@8B > A515. . 682>9, =>@<0;L=K9 G5;>25:, A>2A5< =5 35@>9, =5 A>1;07=8B5;L 65=I8=. = ABC45=B 40-E 3.3., 2K=C645==K9 70@010BK20BL A515 =0 E;51.  =5< =5B =8:0:>3> =04@K20, C=865==>AB8. . >1;0405B GC2AB2>< A>1AB25==>3> 4>AB>8=AB20, N<>@>< 8 A0<>8@>=859. = 7=05B 85@0@E8N A>A;>2=KE >B=>H5=89, => =8:>340 =5 1C45B A;C3>9. = 45<>:@0B, => =5 ?@54AB02;O5B =8:0:>9 A>F80;L=>9 >?0A=>AB8 42>@O=A:8< CAB>O<. @8 MB>< . ?>=8<05B, GB> GC6>9 2 4><5 A;052KE: MB> 8=>5 <8@>>ICI5=85, 4@C3>9 AB8;L ?>2545=8O. @30=8G=>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2> . MB> ?@8@>40, ?@>AB>@; GC6>5  70<:=CBK9 <8@ 4CH=KE :><=0B 42>@O=A:>9 CA04L1K.  ?>B><C, C2;5:H8AL 0B0;L59 5B@>2=>9, >= ?5@5AB05B 1KBL A0<8< A>1>9 (>45205B =>2K9 AN@BC:, C:@0H05B 53> F25B:><). !B@0E ;N128 70AB02;O5B . ?>:8=CBL MB>B 4><, GB>1K >1@5AB8 1K;CN F5;L=>ABL. 1@07 . >B@078; ?5@5E>4=CN A8BC0F8N 40-E 3>4>2, :>340 B8? =>2>3> G5;>25:0 B>;L:> A:;04K205BAO 2 A>7=0=88 ?8A0B5;O: 5I5 =5 ?@8H;> 53> 2@5<O, =5OA=0 53> @>;L 2 >1I5AB25. 8B.: @>AA<0= . "50B@ "C@35=520. 3, 1924; 8H=52A:0O .. "50B@ "C@35=520. ., 1989. .!. 82>20@>20 " 8 " ' (0=3;. Benedick, Beatrice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enjy) 5@>9 @><0=0 #. $>;:=5@0 (C< 8 O@>ABL (2 4@C38E ?5@52>40E >?;L 8 O@>ABL, 2C: 8 O@>ABL; 1929). '8B0B5;L 2848B . 2 45=L 53> 33-;5B8O  7 0?@5;O 1928 3>40. -B> 3;CE>=5<>9 G5;>25: A =54>@0728B>9 ?A8E8:>9, A>25@H5==> 15A?><>I=K9, :>B>@>3> >:@C60NI85 AG8B0NB 848>B><. . =5 >B405B A515 >BG5B0 2 ?@>8AE>4OI5< 2>:@C3. = =5 A?>A>15= 3>2>@8BL 8 >BG5B;82> <KA;8BL. !2>8 GC2AB20 . 2K@0605B =5G;5=>@0745;L=K<8 :@8:0<8 8 2>5<, 0 >:@C60NI8E @07;8G05B B>;L:> ?> 70?0EC. ;O =53> =5 ACI5AB2C5B =8 ?@>H;>3>, =8 =0AB>OI53>. 8@ 2 53> 2>A?@8OB88  MB> =548DD5@5=F8@>20==K9 ?>B>: A<5=ONI8EAO 2?5G0B;5=89.  687=8 . ;N18B B>;L:> B@8 25I8: ;C609:C, =0 :>B>@>9 83@05B, >3>=L 8 A2>N A5AB@C 5448, :>B>@0O 548=AB25==0O 87 2A5E >B=>A8BAO : =5<C :0: : G5;>25:C. 3> 33-;5B=OO 687=L >B<5G5=0 2A53> B@5<O 206=K<8 A>1KB8O<8: ?@>?0405B 5448, ?@>40NB ;N18<CN ;C609:C, >= ?@8AB05B =0 C;8F5 : H:>;L=8F5, 70 GB> 53> ?>425@30NB ?@8=C48B5;L=>9 :0AB@0F88. . =5 ?>=8<05B ?@8G8= 8 A<KA;0 ?@>8AE>4OI53>, => >= A?>A>15= AB@040BL, >ICI0O 2B>@65=85 2 A2>N 687=L GL59-B> 7;>9 2>;8.  @><0=5 >1@07 . A8<2>;878@C5B 01AC@4=>ABL <8@0. ! =8< A2O70=> 8 =0720=85 :=838 $>;:=5@0. 8A0B5;L 8A?>;L7C5B F8B0BC 87 H5:A?8@>2A:>3> 0:15B0: 687=L  MB> 8AB>@8O, @0AA:070==0O 848>B><, ?>;=0O HC<0 8 O@>AB8. !>74020O >1@07 ., $>;:=5@, ?> 53> A>1AB25==><C ?@87=0=8N, E>B5; ?>:070BL, :0: <=>3> <>6=> 1K;> 1K 872;5GL 87 8458 A;5?>9, A>A@54>B>G5==>9 =0 A515 =528==>AB8, 2>?;>I5==>9 2 45BOE, 5A;8 1K >48= 87 =8E 1K; 8AB8==> =528==K<, B.5. 848>B><. 8B.: 25@52 . <5@8:0=A:89 @><0= 20-30-E 33. ., 1982; 0AC@A:89 /.. <5@8:0=A:0O ;8B5@0BC@0 XX 25:0. ., 1984. .-. CI8=0   (D@. Berenger) 5@>9 =5A:>;L:8E ?@>872545=89 -. >=5A:>, A@548 :>B>@KE A0<>5 7=0<5=8B>5  ?L5A0 >A>@>38 (1959 3.; ?>O282H85AO =0 @CAA:>< O7K:5 ?5@52>4K 703;028O :0: >A>@>3 ?@>B82>@5G0B =5 B>;L:> A>45@60=8N 4@0<K, => 8 A?5F80;L=K< 70O2;5=8O< 02B>@0, 2A5340 ?>4G5@:8202H53>, GB> 8<5; 2 284C <=>65AB25==>5 G8A;>, >4=>@>38E 8 42C@>38E 682>B=KE, =0;8G5AB2CNI8E 2 ?L5A5 2 1>;LH>< :>;8G5AB25). !C<52H89 2A5E >15A:C@068BL 0=B8-?L5A>9 KA0O ?528F0 (1950) 8 B@038G5A:8< D0@A>< !BC;LO (1952), >=5A:> ?C1;8:C5B 2 @07;8G=KE 6C@=0;0E :>@>B:85 =>25;;K, :>B>@K5 >AB0NBAO 4> ?>@K 4> 2@5<5=8 =570<5G5==K<8. >340 ?>A;5 CA?5E0 >A>@>3>2 =>25;;K 1K;8 8740=K 0;;8<0@>< (1962), 2KOA=8;>AL, GB> >=8 ?@54H5AB2>20;8 <=>38< 7=0<5=8BK< ?L5A0<.  B>< G8A;5 8 ?L5A5, 345 2?5@2K5 ?>O2;O5BAO 5@0=65 (55 =0720=85 =0 @CAA:89 ?5@52545=> =5B>G=>  5A:>@KAB=K9 C189F0, ?@028;L=55  =8:5< =5 =0=OBK9 C189F0, C189F0->48=>G:0; 1957). >25;;0 =0?8A0=0 >B ?5@2>3> ;8F0 8 =07K205BAO $>B>3@0D8O ?>;:>2=8:0. / 87 =>25;;K >1@5B05B 2 ?L5A5 8<O 5@0=65 8 ?>72>;O5B ?@54?>;030BL 2 =5< 0;LB5@-M3> 02B>@0. 82CI89 A@548 ?>:>@=KE >1K20B5;59, A<8@82H8EAO A =52848<K< 8 =5?>=OB=K< C189F59, B5@@>@878@CNI8< >18B0B5;59 3>@>4:0, :>B>@K9 5@0=65 E>G5B ?@52@0B8BL 2 ;CG570@=K9 3>@>4, >= 548=AB25==K9 AB@5<8BAO C1@0BL 7;>, <5H0NI55 AG0ABLN ;N459. ! C?>@AB2><, :>B>@>5 :065BAO >:@C60NI8< 01AC@4=K<, . E>G5B 2AB@5B8BLAO A C189F59 8 @073040BL 53> B09=C: B>B =5 B@>305B @01>;5?=KE G8=>2=8:>2 8 2>>1I5 2A5E, :B> ?>:>@5= GC6>9 2>;5. . ?>?0405BAO =0 BC 65 ?@8<0=:C, :>B>@CN C189F0 8A?>;L7>20; 4;O ?@54K4CI8E A2>8E 65@B2; >= =0825= 8 =5 ?@8A?>A>1;5= : 1>@L15, => 2 53> ?>ABC?:5 ?@>O2;O5BAO =5?>:>@=>ABL, >G5284=0O =5?>E>65ABL =0 4@C38E.  5I5 1>;LH59 AB5?5=8 MB8 G5@BK ?@8ACI8 . 87 >A>@>3>2 (1959). :07K20OAL A2845B5;5< 2A5>1I53> >=>A>@>6820=8O, >= 2A5<8 A8;0<8 AB@5<8BAO A>E@0=8BL A2>N 8=48284C0;L=>ABL, =5 CB@0B8BL G5;>25G5A:89 >1;8: 4065 B>340, :>340 ?@52@0I5=85 2 =>A>@>30 >:07K205BAO 548=AB25==>9 2>7<>6=>9 D>@<>9 ACI5AB2>20=8O.  >4=>8<5==>9 =>25;;5 . 2KABC?05B @0AA:07G8:><, 8 <K A A0<>3> =0G0;0 ?>=8<05<, GB> >= CF5;5; 2 AB@0H=KE A>1KB8OE.  ?L5A5 8AE>4 53> AE20B:8 AB0=>28BAO OA5= ;8HL 2 D8=0;L=KE D@070E: / ?>A;54=89 G5;>25:, 8 O 8< >AB0=CAL 4> :>=F0! / =5 A40<AO!  >158E ?L5A0E B> 7;>, A :>8< A@0605BAO ., 7018@05B C =53> ;N18<CN, => CB@0B0 ?@8405B 5<C A8;K ?>9B8 4> :>=F0. !;54CNI53> ., 35@>O ?L5AK >74CH=K9 ?5H5E>4 (1962), ;8G=K5 154K <8=CNB: 7=0<5=8BK9 4@0<0BC@3, 70 :>B>@K< 4065 =0 >B4KE5 >E>BOBAO 8=B5@2LN5@K (A8BC0F8O, E>@>H> 7=0:><0O >=5A:>), ?@857605B 2 =3;8N 2 A>?@>2>645=88 ;N1OI8E 65=K 8 4>G5@8. #65 35@>9 >4=>8<5==>9 =>25;;K ?>@060; 2A5E A?>A>1=>ABLN ;5B0BL 157 ?><>I8 :0:8E 1K B> =8 1K;> ?@8A?>A>1;5=89, GB> =52>7<>6=> >1JOA=8BL A ?><>ILN 74@02>3> A<KA;0.  ?L5A5 MB0 A?>A>1=>ABL . >B:@K205B ?5@54 =8< AB@0H=K5 :0@B8=K @07@CH8B5;L=KE 8 >?CAB>H8B5;L=KE A>1KB89. B >1K20B5;59 53> >B;8G05B =5 AB>;L:> A2>1>4=>5 ?0@5=85 =04 75<;59, A:>;L:> 65;0=85 ?@>=8:=CBL 2 ACBL ?@>8AE>4OI53>, 2K@01>B0BL A>1AB25==>5 : =5<C >B=>H5=85.  :0: 53> >4=>8<5==K5 ?@54H5AB25==8:8, >= >:07K205BAO 70 MB> =0:070=. 5 @07 ?>O2;O2H89AO 2 =515 A0<>;5B A1@0AK205B 1><1K 8<5==> =0 53> 4><8:. !2845B5;5< @07@CH5=89 8 ?>;=>3> 70?CAB5=8O =5:>340 <>3CI5AB25==>9 157K<O==>9 8<?5@88 AB0=>28BAO 8 A0<K9 2KA>:>?>AB02;5==K9 87 . :>@>;L 5@0=65 I  35@>9 ?L5AK >@>;L C<8@05B (1962). ?5@2K5 >B . <=>3>5 7028A8B, => >= 15740@=> @0A?>@O605BAO A2>59 2;0ABLN 8 =0G8=05B 8=B5@5A>20BLAO AC4L10<8 >:@C60NI8E 53> ;N459 ;8HL B>340, :>340 >A>7=05B, GB> 68BL 5<C >AB0;>AL =54>;3>. "@038:><87< A8BC0F88, 2 :>B>@>9 >:07K205BAO 35@>9, 8 >G5284=>5 AB@5<;5=85 4@0<0BC@30 A 53> ?><>ILN ?@54AB028BL A0B8@8G5A:89 20@80=B 548=>;8G=>9 2;0AB8 2K2>4OB . 70 ?@545;K B>3> :@C30, 2 :>B>@>< ?@>O28;8AL >A>15==>AB8 E0@0:B5@>2 ?@54K4CI8E 35@>52 ?> 8<5=8 . =8 A>?@>B82;O;8AL >3;C?;5=8N ;N459 8 8E ?>:>@=>AB8 ?5@54 ;8F>< A8;K,  >= 2A5<5@=> A?>A>1AB2>20; MB><C. =8 >1;040;8 ?@8@>4=K< GC2AB2>< A>1AB25==>3> 4>AB>8=AB20, 8 8<5==> MB> GC2AB2> ?><>30;> 8< =5 >BABC?0BL ?5@54 ;8F>< >?0A=>AB8. = 8 ?5@54 A<5@BLN 2 A2>59 @5G8-7025I0=88 1>;LH5 2A53> 3>2>@8B > A2>5< 25;8G88.  ?>B><C, >G5284=>, GB> 3;02=0O :@0A:0, :>B>@>9 >=5A:> @8AC5B ., 2A5-B0:8 A0B8@8G5A:0O. . (157 :>@>;52A:>3> B8BC;0) >AB0;AO 2 B2>@G5AB25 4@0<0BC@30-01AC@48AB0 A0<K< A25B;K< 8 A0<K< G5;>25G=K< >1@07><. @8 2A5< @07;8G88 A8BC0F89, 2 :>B>@K5 >= ?>?0405B 2 B@5E ?L5A0E, 53> ?>2545=G5A:85 8<?5@0B82K AE>4=K: >=  =5 1>@5F; =8:0:85 8458 53> =5 C2;5:0NB, >= 2>2A5 =5 8=B5;;5:BC0;, OA=> ?@54AB02;ONI89 A515, :0: =04> ?>ABC?8BL 2 40==>9 A8BC0F88; >= ?> A0<>9 A2>59 ACB8, ?> A2>59 G5;>25G5A:>9 ?@8@>45 =5 @02=>4CH5= : 7;C, C =53> 0;;5@38O =0 AB04=>5 ACI5AB2>20=85; :>;;5:B8287< 8 8=48284C0;87< (:0: ;N1>9 87<) 5<C GC64K.  . 5ABL =5@0AG5B;82>ABL 8 157>3;O4=>ABL >= 8E>B0, => 1>;LH5 2A53> >=  ?@>AB0O 4CH0, 157 ?0D>A0 8 45:;0@0F89 ?@825@65==0O 3C<0=8AB8G5A:8< 8450;0<, =5 ?>4;560I8< ?5@5A<>B@C 4065 2 01AC@4=>< <8@5. 8B.: @>A:C@=8:>20 ". $@0=FC7A:0O 0=B84@0<0. ., 1968. !.58-74; !B@>52 . -65= >=5A:> // $@0=FC7A:0O ;8B5@0BC@0 1945-1990. ., 1995. !.548-549. ".. @>A:C@=8:>20    , (8A?. Bernarda Alba) 5@>8=O ?L5AK $545@8:> 0@A80 >@:8 >< 5@=0@4K ;L1K (1936), ?>A;54=53> 53> ?@>872545=8O 4;O B50B@0, 70:>=G5==>3> 70 420 <5AOF0 4> B@038G5A:>9 3815;8. >4703>;>2>: ?L5AK: @0<0 65=I8= 2 8A?0=A:8E A5;5=8OE. .. E0@0:B5@=K9 65=A:89 ?5@A>=06 AB0@>402=53> 8A?0=A:>3> 1KB0, A8<2>; D0=0B8G:8, :>B>@0O ?@845@68205BAO B@048F8>==>3> >1@070 687=8, =5 B5@?8B 8=KE 273;O4>2 8 :0:8E-;81> 2>7@065=89, 25AL 55 >?KB C:>@5=5= 2 @CB8==>< ?@>28=F80;L=>< C:;045 A?0=88. .. 7;>1=0O E0=60, >=0 1>;LH5 ?5G5BAO > 2848<>AB8 ?>ABC?:>2, =565;8 >1 8E ACB8, >1@5:0O ?OB5@KE A2>8E 4>G5@59 (>B 20 4> 39 ;5B) =0 1571@0G85, B0: :0:, ?> 55 AC645=8N, 2 8E A5;5=88 =5B 4>AB>9=KE 65=8E>2. -:>=><:0 >=A8O AG8B05B .. ACI59 B8@0=:>9, :>B>@0O A?>A>1=0 A5ABL B515 =0 A5@4F5 8 F5;K9 3>4 A<>B@5BL, :0: BK ?><8@05HL; 2 55 4>< =5 70E>48; =8 >48= 3>ABL, >=0 =5 E>G5B, GB>1K :B>-;81> 2845;, G5< >=0 2;0455B. > A;>20< .., 65=I8=K 2 F5@:28 4>;6=K A<>B@5BL B>;L:> =0 >4=>3> <C6G8=C  ?>=><0@O, 40 8 B> ?>B><C, GB> >= 2 N1:5. .. ?>A;5 ?>E>@>= <C60 >1JO2;O5B, GB> 2A5 2>A5<L ;5B, ?>:0 1C45B 4;8BLAO B@0C@, =8 >48= ?>@K2 25B@0 =5 4>;65= ?@>=8:=CBL A C;8FK 2 55 4><. N1>2L 42CE 55 4>G5@59 : >4=><C ?0@=N ?@82>48B : A0<>C189AB2C >4=C 87 =8E, => 8 B>340 .. 2>;=C5B =5 AB>;L:> D0:B A<5@B8 1;87:>3> ACI5AB20, A:>;L:> 65;0=85 A:@KBL A0<>C189AB2> >B >1K20B5;59. 8:><C =8 A;>20!  ?@8:07K205B ..  =0 C<5@;0 =528==>9... K 2A5 ?>3@C78<AO 2 <>@5 B@0C@0... ?5@2K5 ?L5A0 1K;0 ?>AB02;5=0 8 8740=0 2 CM=>A-9@5A5 2 1945 3. 8B.: 0;8=>2A:0O . !0<0O ?5G0;L=0O @04>ABL. @548A;. 2 :=. $545@8:> 0@A80 >@:0. ., 1986. .. @CH:>  "  5@>9 4@0<K .. ;>:0 >70 8 @5AB (1912). !<. > =5< 2 AB0BL5 7>@0.    (0=3;. Billy Pilgrim) 5@>9 @><0=0 0<5@8:0=A:>3> ?8A0B5;O . >==53CB0 >9=O =><5@ ?OBL, 8;8 n(UhfF V$! )**P++, --l..n/0$0&0203@8<<<<P>gdfF(P>AJH$K*M\PZQRRpSpT>UZU\UhUVzYX_ZfHlp`tjt`uvxvvvvvgdfFvwx2},~Ҋz$dģܭl6B(@BVgdfF:J`PRh&*<:@\^ngdfFnB lr $'+++++047788gdfF88888;4AFLJ|QYD_P__h`````bfkl2K9 ?>E>4 45B59 (;OA:0 A> A<5@BLN ?> 4>;3C A;C61K) (1969). @>8AE>645=85 >1@070 .. 02B>18>3@0D8G=>. 1AB>OB5;LAB20 687=8 .. 2> <=>3>< >B@060NB <><5=BK 18>3@0D88 A0<>3> >==53CB0. !@548 =8E =081>;55 206=K<8 O2;ONBAO ?@87K2 53> :0: 0<5@8:0=A:>3> 3@0640=8=0 2 459AB2CNICN 0@<8N 2> 2@5<O 2B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K, ?@51K20=85 2 D0H8ABA:>< ?;5=C, 2> 2@5<O :>B>@>3> >= ?5@568; 20@20@A:CN 0:F8N C=8GB>65=8O 0=3;>-0<5@8:0=A:>9 0280F859 @5745=0 13 D52@0;O 1945 3>40. >2>@O > ?5@56820=8OE .., >==53CB 4>102;O5B: -B> 1K; O. 8G=> O. 2B>@ MB>9 :=838. > 2@5<5=8 A>740=8O >1@070 .. 2 !( ACI5AB2>20;8 B@048F88 35@>52 0=B82>5==KE @><0=>2 C65 =0 <0B5@80;5 2>9= 2 >@55 (#. !B09@>=. >;389 <0@H, 1953), =4>:8B05 (. %0;L15@AB0<. 48= A0<K9 60@:89 45=L, 1967), @02=> :0: 8 B@048F88 35@>O <8;8B0@8ABA:>3> @><0=0, >1@5B0NI53> ?>;=>BC ;8G=>AB8 2 ?@>F5AA5 CG0AB8O 2 2>5==KE 459AB28OE (. C:. OB56 =0 59=5, 1951). >==53CB A45;0; .. <=>3>?;0=>2K< 35@>5<, >B@0782 2 53> >1@075 A;>6=CN @01>BC A2>53> A>7=0=8O =04 25G=K<8 2>?@>A0<8 G5;>25G5A:>3> 1KB8O. 3> >1@07 ?><5I5= 02B>@>< 2 B>G:C ?5@5A5G5=8O B@5E 1>;LH8E ;8B5@0BC@=KE B@048F89: .. 35@>9 8AB>@8:>-A0B8@8G5A:>3> 0=B82>5==>3> @><0=0, @>4AB25==K9 8 $@545@8:C 5=@8 (-. %5<8=3CM9. @>I09, >@C685), 8 (259:C, 8 L5@C 57CE>2C 2 10B0;L=KE AF5=0E @><0=0; .. 35@>9 1KB>2>3> @50;8AB8G5A:>3> A0B8@8G5A:>3> @><0=0 > A>2@5<5==>9 687=8 !(; .. 35@>9 D0=B0AB8G5A:>3> @><0=0 42CE B@048F8>==KE B8?>2: ?>E8I05<K9 8=>?;0=5BO=0<8 8 701;C482H89AO 2> 2@5<5=8. <5==> 15A:>=5G=K5 1;C640=8O ?> 2A59 4C35 53> 687=8 8 A<5@B8, 70<:=CBK5 15AA<KA;5==>ABLN G5;>25G5A:>3> ACI5AB2>20=8O, 45;0NB 53> ?8;83@8<><, 15B>20==0O 5<;O :>B>@>3>  >B25B =0 <CG0NI89 .. 2>?@>A: GB> ?>@>6405B 2>9=C? 01;C482H89AO 2> 2@5<O CG0AB8O 2 2>5==KE 459AB28OE, .. 2>A?@8=8<05B 2>9=C :0: 1>9=N, 15AA<KA;5==CN, => B5< =5 <5=55 D0B0;L=> ?>2B>@ONICNAO. = >ICI05B 15A?><>I=>ABL G5;>25:0 ?5@54 <>I=K<8 A8;0<8, 83@0NI8<8 ;N4L<8, :0: 83@CH:0<8. ;C640=8O .. 2>AE>4OB : AB@0=AB28O< 48AA5O 8 : 1;C640=8O< 35@>O . 2 @><0=5 $. 0D:8 0<>: (1922). .. 35@>9-?@>?>254=8:, AB@0AB=> ?KB0NI89AO 4>=5AB8 4> ;N459 A2>5 2845=85 2>9=K :0: 1>9=8. #18BK9 2> 2@5<O 2KABC?;5=8O, >= 2>A:@5A05B 2 >4=>< 87 <><5=B>2 1;C640=89 ?> A2>59 687=8. -B> 35@>9 A 45BA:8< A>7=0=85<. ">;L:> 45BA:8-=5@07C<=K5 ;N48, AG8B05B >==53CB, <>3CB 1KBL 70BO=CBK 2 2>9=C. >4703>;>2>: @><0=0: @5AB>2K9 ?>E>4 45B59  4>;65=, ?> 70<KA;C 02B>@0, =0?><=8BL G8B0B5;N > @50;L=>< A>1KB88 1213 3>40, :>340 ?>4 284>< ?>E>40 2 0;5AB8=C 1K;8 A>1@0=K 45B8 $@0=F88 8 5@<0=88, A B5< GB>1K 1KBL ?@>40==K<8 2 @01AB2>. @5AB>2K9 ?>E>4 .. ?@>B82 1>9=8, 2 B> 2@5<O :0: 53> AK= AB0=>28BAO 35@>5< 2>9=K 2> L5B=0<5, @>4=8B 53> A 45BA:8-=082=K< >= 8E>B><. .., ?>?02H89 =0 2>9=C ?><>I=8:>< :0?5;;0=0, =5 1C4CG8 ?@8 MB>< ?@02>25@=K< :0B>;8:><, 70AB02;O5B 704C<0BLAO > 7=0G5=88 @5;8388 2 687=8 G5;>25:0.  :@8B8:5 =07K20;8 53> 8 %@8AB>< XX 25:0, 8 @515=:><, ?>425@3=CBK< @0A?OB8N. #=825@A0;L=K9 G5;>25:-48BO, :0: =07K205B 53> . 84. A5 MB>, 2<5AB5 27OB>5, A45;0;> .. A8<2>;>< ?0F8D87<0, >128=ONI8< 1>9=N 2 B><, GB> >=0 C=8GB>605B 2 G5;>25:5 8725G=> ?@8ACI85 5<C MB8G5A:85 ?@54AB02;5=8O, =5A5B ?CAB>BC 8 15725@85 G5;>25G5A:>9 4CH5. ;O B>3> GB>1K 1KBL 8450;L=K< A>;40B><, =5>1E>48<> 1KBL @>1>B><. @8B8:0 ?KB0;0AL C?@>AB8BL >1@07 .., >B=>AO @><0= : 60=@C G5@=>3> N<>@0 8 4065 01AC@40 2 AB8;5 !0@B@0 8 0<N. .. 35@>9 A>2@5<5==>3> 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> @><0=0, 2 :>B>@>< A>F80;L=K5 ?@>1;5<K @0AA<0B@820NBAO A D8;>A>DA:8E ?>78F89. !B8;L B0:>3> @><0=0 >@30=8G5A:8 A>G5B05B M;5<5=BK @50;87<0, A0B8@K 8 D0=B0AB8:8. -B><C AB8;N A;54C5B 2 !( 8 6>75D %5;;5@. "@048F88 >1@070 .. 2>AE>4OB : 35@>O< >;LB5@0, 6. !28DB0, $. 01;5, . $@0=A0, . '0?5:0, . "25=0, . @M415@8. !0< >==53CB =0720; AB8;L ?>25AB2>20=8O > .. B5;53@0DA:>H87>D@5=8G=K<. 8G53> 2@07C<8B5;L=>3> ?@> >9=N =0?8A0BL =5;L7O, 3>2>@8B >=. ">;L:> 2>?@>A8BL 2A;54 70 ?B8F0<8, ?@8;5B52H8<8 =0 ?CAB>HL, >AB02HCNAO ?>A;5 1>9=8: LNB8-DK>B?  ?>2B>@8BL D@07C, O2;ONICNAO ;59B<>B82>< @><0=0: "0:85 45;0. 8B.: 5=45;LA>= .. ><0= !( A53>4=O. , 1977. .. O7<8B8=>20 , (0=3;. Bilbo) 5@>9 @><0=0 0=3;89A:>3> ?8A0B5;O 6. . . ">;:85=0 %>118B (1937) 8 53> B@8;>388 ;0AB5;8= :>;5F (1949). 48= 87 A0<KE 70<5G0B5;L=KE E>118B>2 2A5E 2@5<5=, A:070=> > . 2 >4=>< 87 A?@02>G=8:>2, ?>A2OI5==KE B2>@G5AB2C 6. . . ">;:85=0. %>118BK (?> >4=>9 87 25@A89  :><18=0F8O 42CE A;>2: ;0B. homo  G5;>25: 8 0=3;. rabbit  :@>;8:) 682CB 2 548=>< 8 @07=>>1@07=>< <8@5, =0A5;5==>< B0:65 4@C38<8 0=B@>?><>@D=K<8 ACI5AB20<8: M;LD0<8, 3=><0<8, 2>;H51=8:0<8 8 B.4. ABL B0< 8 ;N48. . 35@>9 42CE A>25@H5==> @07=KE ?@>872545=89, ?5@2>5 87 :>B>@KE 2>A?@8=8<05BAO ;C:02>9 45BA:>9 A:07:>9 =0 D>=5 2B>@>3>  A?;020 <8D0, D0=B0AB8:8, <=>3>G8A;5==KE ;8B5@0BC@=KE F8B0B. 0<KA5; >1@070 2?;>B=CN A2O70= A <8@>< 45BA:>9, 8 2 MB>< A<KA;5 A@02=8< A 35@>O<8 8==8 CE0, 0 A2>5<C ?>O2;5=8N . >1O70= A>4@C65AB2C :C:>;, ?;NH52KE <8H5:, ?>@>AOB 8 709G8:>2. . 87 %>118B0 ?>E>6 =0 709G8:0 8 =0 G5;>25:0. . A0<K9 4>1@>65;0B5;L=K9, A0<K9 4><>28BK9, CNB=K9 E>118B. = 2 <5@C ?;CB>20B  A:>@55 4065 2>?@5:8 A2>59 =0BC@5. #65 2 ?5@2>9 :=835, >B?@0282H8AL 2 ?CB5H5AB285, >= <5=O5BAO.  =5< >1=0@C68205BAO =5 B>;L:> C40;L, => 8 E8B@>ABL.  E>BO >= =0H5; :>;LF> >@;C<0-!<503>@;0, >= 2A5 65 =5 >B40; <>59 ?@5;5AB8 53> A>:@>28I5. !>25@H5==> =535@>8G=K9 ?> =0BC@5, >= >:07K205BAO A?>A>1=K< =0 ?>4283, 8<5==> 5<C 40=> 25@=CBL A>:@>28I0 3=><0<, ?5@2K< 87 E>118B>2 702;045BL >;LF>< A52;0AB8O  3815;L=K< 8 2>645;5==K< >4=>2@5<5==>. ".. !CE0=>20  5@>9 ?>25AB8 .. "@>5?>;LA:>3> 5;K9 8< '5@=>5 CE> (1971), H>B;0=4A:89 A5BB5@ A B@038G5A:>9 AC4L1>9.  8<5 G8B0B5;L C7=05B >B 02B>@0 ?>25AB8 8 >B >4=>3> 87 55 35@>52  E>7O8=0 A>10:8, ;8B5@0B>@0, 70?8AK20NI53> 8=>340 A2>8 2?5G0B;5=8O >B 687=8. 10 @0AA:07G8:0 2?>;=5 A>;840@=K 2 A2>5< B@5?5B=>< >B=>H5=88 : 682>9 ?@8@>45, G0ABLN :>B>@>9 O2;O5BAO 8<; >10, GB> =07K205BAO, @CAA:85 8=B5;;835=BK A ?@8ACI59 MB>9 ;N4A:>9 ?>@>45 ;N1>2LN-60;>ABLN : 1@0BLO< =0H8< <5=LH8<, A >AB@K< >ICI5=85< 28=K G5;>25:0 ?5@54 ?@540==>9 15770I8B=>ABLN 4><0H=53> 725@O. 0;5=L:0O 18>3@0D8O 8<0, 70 8A:;NG5=85< ?5@2KE 848;;8G5A:8E 55 AB@0=8F, A2O70==KE A 687=LN 2 4><5 E>7O8=0, :>340 ?@>8AE>48B 2>A?8B0=85 GC2AB2 I5=:0, MB> 3>@L:0O ?>25ABL > A8@>BAB25 25@=>3>, 1;03>@>4=>3>, >40@5==>3> =56=>9 8 GCB:>9 4CH>9 ACI5AB20, ?02H53> 65@B2>9 ?@540B5;LAB20 8 =03>2>@0. 8<  >E>B=8G89 ?5A. 4=0:> ?>@>48AB>ABL A>10:8 2 40==>< A;CG05  =5 7=0: :0AB>2>9 871@0==>AB8 (8< =8G53> =5 8<55B 70 A2>5 ?@>8AE>645=85).  ?>25AB8, =0?8A0==>9 2 A>25BA:85 2@5<5=0, :><?;5:A >A>15==>AB59 A>10:8 >AB>@>6=> 8<5=C5BAO 8=B5;;835=B=>ABLN, B>340 :0: 8<  =0AB>OI89 A>10G89 ?@8=F, 0@8AB>:@0B ?> 2A5< AB0BLO< (2>7<>6=>, ?>B><>: A5BB5@>2 8<?5@0B>@0 ;5:A0=4@0 8 4065 A>10: L20 ">;AB>3>). -B> >1AB>OB5;LAB2> 83@05B 2 ?>25AB8 >A>1CN @>;L. :0702H8AL 2 >?@545;5==>< A>F80;L=>< ?@>AB@0=AB25, =5>1KG=K9 35@>9 ?0@04>:A0;L=K< >1@07>< 2KO2;O5B 53> CI5@1=>ABL. N48, :>B>@KE 2> 2@5<O A2>8E 15A:>=5G=KE A:8B0=89 2AB@5G05B ., C=865=K 8;8 0;G=K, >7;>1;5=K 8;8 =5AG0AB=K.  3>@>4A:0O, 8 45@525=A:0O 687=L, :>B>@CN E;51=C; BI5B=> @07KA:820NI89 E>7O8=0 ?5A, >1=0@C68205B A:C4>ABL, =5?>;=>BC, B08B 2 A515 >?0A=>AB8. >1@K5 745AL 15770I8B=K B0: 65, :0: ., 0 4;O 7;KE 2A5340 5ABL >?>@0. /  A>25BA:0O 65=I8=0!  2>?8B "5B:0, 3;02=0O 3>=8B5;L=8F0 35@>O. >@45;820O ?;0AB8:0 >E>B=8GL59 A>10:8, 55 A?>:>9=>5 4>AB>8=AB2>, E>@5>3@0D8G5A:0O 87KA:0==>ABL 55 ?>2545=8O >A:>@1;ONB "5B:C 8 ?>4>1=KE 59.  @KF0@AB25==>5 1;03>@>4AB2> 8 15A:>@KAB=>ABL . 45;0NB 53> GC60:>< A@548 M3>8AB8G5A:8 >701>G5==KE ;N459.  8725AB=>< A<KA;5 . ?>A;0=5F. =  =0A;54=8: <=>3>25:>2>3> :C;LBC@=>3> 42865=8O: 254L >E>B=8GLO A>10:0  =5<0;>206=>5 A2845B5;LAB2> =0?>;=5==>3> 480;>30 G5;>25:0 A 682>B=K<, 3>2>@OI53> >1 C@>2=5 4CE>2=>3> @0728B0O A>F8C<0. . 682>9 >A:>;>: CH54H59 :C;LBC@K A 55 ?@8E>B;82>9 A;>6=>ABLN, :06CI59AO MAB5B8G5A:>9 871KB>G=>ABLN, A 2>?;>I5==K< 2 =59 :>45:A>< G5AB8.  B> 65 2@5<O 2 A5<0=B8:5 >1@070 A>10:8 >ICB8< B@048F8>==K9 4;O 52@>?59A:>9 ;8B5@0BC@K <>B82: ?@8@>40, 8A?KBK20NI0O F828;870F8N =0 A>>B25BAB285 5AB5AB25==><C 70:>=C 682>3> <8@0. AB>@8O ., =0?8A0==0O A =5A5=B8<5=B0;L=K< ?>=8<0=85< A>10GL59 ACI=>AB8, <>65B 1KBL 8AB>;:>20=0 2 4CE5 0@E5B8?8G5A:>3> AN65B0 > A:8B0=8OE ?@8=F0-873>O, 381=CI53> >B ;N4A:>9 7;>1K, 0 A0< 35@>9 2?>;=5 2?8AK205BAO 2 0@E5B8?8G5A:89 >1@07 3>=8<>3> @515=:0.  MB>< A<KA;5 >1@07 . ?@>4>;65=85 @CAA:>9 ;8B5@0BC@=>9 B@048F88 >G5;>25G820=8O 682>B=KE, ?@54AB02;5==>9 %>;AB><5@>< . ">;AB>3>. CG5=8G5AB2> A>10:8  B5<0 =5 =>20O 4;O 52@>?59A:>3> <KH;5=8O. .  A2>53> @>40 ;8B5@0BC@=0O @58=:0@=0F8O A2OB>3> 8=D>@0 (5=>D5@0), 15728==> C185==>9 1>@7>9, ?>G8B02H59AO 2 A@54=85 25:0 2 >4=>< 87 E@8AB80=A:8E ?@8E>4>2 $@0=F88. 5@>9 ?>25AB8 "@>5?>;LA:>3> <>65B 1KBL >E0@0:B5@87>20= :0: :0B0@B8G5A:89 ?5@A>=06. CG5=8G5AB2> 8 A<5@BL A>10:8 ?@>A25B;ONB 8 >G8I0NB :>A=>5, 3=5BCI5-157KAE>4=>5 A>F80;L=>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2>, 2 :>B>@>< ?5A ?@>68; A2>N :>@>B:CN 687=L. .. 065=>20 ( .# (0=3;. Blanche Dubois) 5@>8=O ?L5AK ". #8;LO<A0 "@0<209 5;0=85 (1947), A=8A:02H59 B@8C<D0;L=K9 CA?5E =0 AF5=0E ;CGH8E B50B@>2 <8@0 8 ?> ?@02C O2;ONI59AO :;0AA8:>9 0<5@8:0=A:>3> B50B@0. .. >B=>A8BAO : B8?C B@048F8>==KE 35@>52 #8;LO<A0. -B>, ?> A;>20< 0<5@8:0=A:>3> ;8B5@0BC@>2540 E01 %0AA0=0, >48=>:0O 65@B20 8;8 0CBA0945@, =5 ?@8=8<0NI89 =>@<K, 15760;>AB=> =02O7K205<K5 <8@><, =5:B> 87 ?>@>4K 153;5F>2. #8;LO<A ?@54AB02;O5B .. 2 <><5=B, :>340, 2K=C645==0O 1560BL 87 @>4=KE <5AB, >=0 8I5B ?@8NB0 C A2>59 <;04H59 A5AB@K !B5;;K, :>B>@0O 6825B A <C65< !BM=;8 >20;LA:8< =0 C1>3>9 >:@08=5 >2>3> @;50=0, 2 B5A=>9 :20@B8@:5 =0 C;8F5 A ?><?57=K< =0720=85< ;8A59A:85 ?>;O. >A;5 B>3>, :0: @>48B5;8 .. C<5@;8, 0 !B5;;0 C5E0;0 2 3>@>4 8A:0BL A2>59 4>;8, @>4>2>5 3=574>  ?;0=B0F8N 5GB0  ?@8H;>AL ?>:8=CBL: 4>< ?>H5; =0 ?>30H5=85 70:;04=KE. >7048 C .. B@03548O 70<C65AB20. ;;0=, B0: 3>@OG> 5N ;N18<K9,  <>;>4>9 ?>MB, :@0A025F,  >:070;AO 3><>A5:AC0;8AB><. = ?>:>=G8; A A>1>9, :>340 C7=0;, GB> . @0A:@K;0 53> B09=C. >A;5 53> 3815;8 .. ?KB05BAO 871KBL B>A:C, >BG0O=85 2 A;CG09=KE A2O7OE, ?CA:05BAO 2> 2A5 BO6:85, B0: GB> 3>@>4>:, 345 >=0 6825B, A:0=40;878@>20= 55 ?>E>645=8O<8. "0: .. >:07K205BAO C A5AB@K. ;03>4CH=0O, ?>40B;820O !B5;;0 2?>;=5 ?@8A?>A>18;0AL : =87:>9 A@545.  3;070E =5@2=>9, @0=8<>9, 70=>AG82>9 ;0=H 70<C65AB2> <;04H59 A5AB@K  >G5284=K9 <570;LO=A: !BM=;8  87 =87>2, ?@>AB>9 B@C4O30.  >=0  C<=0O, ?@>=8F0B5;L=0O, CB>=G5==0O, 4>1@0O ;0=H  A =5>?@0240==K< 8 =5C<5AB=K< 2KA>:><5@85< (@5;8:B>< ?@56=8E 0@8AB>:@0B8G5A:8E 70<0H5:) 5420 ;8 =5 A ?5@2>9 65 2AB@5G8 =0G8=05B B@5B8@>20BL G5;>25:0, ?>4 :@>2>< :>B>@>3> =0H;0 A515 ?@8NB.  !BM=;8, ?@82K:H89 1KBL ?>;=>2;0AB=K< E>7O8=>< 2 4><5 8 25@E>2>48BL A@548 A2>8E ?@8OB5;59, 5420-5420 B5@?8B ?@8ACBAB285 =5640==>9 8 =0720==>9 3>ABL8. 15 AB>@>=K =0AB@>5=K 2>8=AB25==>, => 2K7>2 1@>A05B 35@>8=O, :>B>@0O A2>8<8 65 ?>ABC?:0<8 ?@81;8605B =587156=CN 3815;L=CN @072O7:C. !BM=;8 4>1K205B A2845B5;LAB20 =51;03>284=>3> ?@>H;>3> .. 8 @0A:@K205B 3;070 ?@>AB>4CH=><C E>;>ABO:C 8BGC, =0 :>B>@>3> =5745H=89 H0@< 8 >10O=85 . ?@>8725;8 2?5G0B;5=85. ">B ?>@K205B A =59. !0< 65 !BM=;8, 4>1820O =5=028AB=CN A2>OG5=8FC, 874520B5;LA:8 40@8B 59 02B>1CA=K9 18;5B 2 3>@>4>: >@5;, >B:C40 >=0 1K;0 2K=C645=0 1560BL : !B5;;5. 65AB>G5==> 8 15760;>AB=> !BM=;8 A>:@CH05B 55 D0=B0788, 3;C<8BAO =04 55 1;03>@>4=K<8, A25BA:8<8 ?@5B5=78O<8, A0<>5 <5AB> :>B>@K< C 45@L<>2>3> AB0@L52I8:0. !BM=;8, B2>@OI89 =0A8;85, 254>< ?>4A?C4=K< 8 O@>AB=K< AB@5<;5=85< >:>=G0B5;L=> A>:@CH8BL . A 55 =5=028AB=K<8 >1=>A:0<8  B5< 8450;L=K< <8@><, :>B>@K9, =5A<>B@O =8 =0 GB>, 6825B 2 55 =5?@8:0O==>9 4CH5.  65AB>:8E, 3815;L=KE 2708<>>B=>H5=8OE .. 8 !BM=;8 >20;LA:>3> =0H5; >B@065=85 A2>9AB25==K9 4@0<0BC@3C =0?@O65==K9 8=B5@5A : 3;C18==K<, ?>4A>7=0B5;L=K< ?;0AB0< ?A8E8:8. @><5 B>3>, 2 >B=>H5=8OE MB8E 35@>52 ?@>A;568205BAO 2A5340 2>;=>202H0O #8;LO<A0 :>;;878O A;01>AB8 8 A8;K. 3 45:01@O 1947 3. 2 B50B@5 -B5;L 0@@8<>@ A>AB>O;0AL ?@5<L5@0 ?L5AK "@0<209 5;0=85, ?>AB02;5==>9 @568AA5@>< -;80 070=>< A 65AA8:>9 "M=48 2 @>;8 .. 8 0@;>=>< @0=4> 2 @>;8 !BM=;8 >20;LA:>3>, ?5@2>9 A5@L57=>9 @>;8, >?@545;82H59 ?CBL MB>3> 0:B5@0 : A;025.  1951 3>4C -. 070= >ACI5AB28; ?>AB0=>2:C D8;L<0 "@0<209 5;0=85 A B5< 65 @0=4> 8 82L5= 8 2 @>;8 .. > MB>3> >=0 AK3@0;0 ;0=H 2 >=4>=5, 2 B50B@5 ;428G. .. >@H:>20 # (0=3;. Bloom) 5@>9 @><0=0 6. 6>9A0 #;8AA (1921).  @><0=5 35@>9 ?@54AB02;5= 2 B5G5=85 >4=>3> 4=O  16 8N=O 1904 3>40. 0G8=0O MB>B 45=L, . 3>B>28B 702B@0: 4;O A2>59 65=K M@8>=, 70B5< G8B05B ?8AL<>, ;8AB05B 6C@=0;. K94O 87 4><0, >= ?>;CG05B =0 ?>GB5 ?8AL<> >B ?>4@C38 ?> ?5@5?8A:5 0@BK ;8DD>@4, A :>B>@>9 ?KB05BAO 702O70BL 8=B@86:C, 8 >B?@02;O5BAO 2 BC@5F:85 10=8. >B>< ?@8A>548=O5BAO : B@0C@=><C :>@B56C, GB>1K ?@>2>48BL 2 ?>A;54=89 ?CBL H:>;L=>3> B>20@8I0, 545B 2 @540:F88 3075B, 4;O :>B>@KE >@30=87C5B @5:;0<=K5 >1JO2;5=8O. . 2848B =0 C;8F5 CO=0 >9;0=0, :>B>@K9, :0: 8725AB=> 35@>N, =07=0G8; A2840=85 53> 65=5, 8 @5H05B ?@>A;548BL 70 =8<. >B>< >= 845B =0 2AB@5GC A> 7=0:><K< 2 :010G>: 0@=8 8@=0=0, 345 A>18@0NBAO <5AB=K5 ?0B@8>BK. . 4;O =8E GC60:, B.:. >= 52@59: 401K 871560BL AA>@K, . ?@54?>G8B05B @5B8@>20BLAO. = 70E>48B 2 @>48;L=K9 ?@8NB, 345 ?>?0405B 2 :><?0=8N ?>;C7=0:><KE <>;>4KE ;N459, ?>A5I05B ?C1;8G=K9 4><, GB>1K >BKA:0BL B0< !B825=0 540;0. 0 >1@0B=>< ?CB8 !B825=0 871820NB 42>5 ?LO=KE A>;40B, 8 . >AB05BAO A =8<  8718BK< 8 ?LO=K<  >48= =0 =>G=>9 C;8F5. 0B5< >=8 4>18@0NBAO =0:>=5F 4> 4><0 ., 345 ?LNB :0:0> 8 254CB ?>;C?LO=CN 15A54C, @073;03>;LAB2CO > A>2<5AB=KE ?@54?@8OB8OE 8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=KE 480;>30E. !B825= ?>:8405B 4>< ., 8 =0 MB>< 45=L 35@>O 70:0=G8205BAO. 59AB28O . ;8H5=K :0:>9-;81> 35@>8:8, ACI5AB2>20=85 :>B>@>9 6>9A 2>>1I5 >B@8F0;. <5AB> 70E20BK20NI8E ?@8:;NG5=89 ?5@54 G8B0B5;5< ?@>E>48B G5@540 <5;:8E, 1C4=8G=KE 45;, 2?;>BL 4> @07;8G=KE D878>;>38G5A:8E >B?@02;5=89. @>F5AA >?>@>6=5=8O :8H5G=8:0 . =5 <5=55 8=B5@5A5= 4;O 6>9A0, G5< 53> @07<KH;5=8O > <C7K:5 03=5@0. 2B>@ 4>18205BAO @07;>65=8O 459AB289 35@>O =0 M;5<5=B0@=K5 G0AB8FK.  B>340 2A5 459AB28O . ?>;CG0NB :>A<8G5A:85, D878G5A:85 8 ?A8E8G5A:85 M:2820;5=BK. "0:8< >1@07>< <8@ 6>9A0 >1@5B05B A?5F8D8G5A:CN =548DD5@5=F8@>20==>ABL, ?@54?>;030NICN, GB> 2 <0;>9 G0AB8F5 1KB8O >4=>2@5<5==> A>45@68BAO F5;>5.  . AB0=>28BAO =5:8< >1>1I5==K< 45-?5@A>=0;878@>20==K< G5;>25:><, =5 8<5NI8< AC3C1> 8=48284C0;L=>3> ;8F0. 5 A;CG09=> 2 :>=F5 @><0=0 . ?>;CG05B =>2>5 8<O: AO:89 8;8 8:B>. 0: 8 1>;LH8=AB2> ?5@A>=0659 #;8AA0, . 8<55B ?@>B>B8? 2 48AA55 ><5@0. .  MB> A0< 48AA59 (#;8AA) 2 A>2@5<5==>< >1;8GL5: 52@59 38 ;5B, <5;:89 @5:;0<=K9 035=B 87 C1;8=0. "0:>9 2K1>@ =5 A;CG05=. >-?5@2KE, 6>9A AG8B0;, GB> <8D8G5A:89 48AA59  A5<8B ?> ?@>8AE>645=8N. >-2B>@KE, ?> <=5=8N 8AA;54>20B5;59 (.$. >A520, =0?@8<5@), 3><5@>2A:89 35@>9  =>A8B5;L ?@0:B8G5A:>9 @07C<=>AB8, 8A:CAAB20 >1E>645=8O A ;N4L<8. ;O ?8A0B5;O B0:>5 A>G5B0=85, ?> 53> A>1AB25==><C ?@87=0=8N, 1K;> 206=> B5<, GB> 35@>9 =0E>48BAO 2 3CI5 4C1;8=A:>9 687=8, => ?@8 MB>< =01;N405B 55 :0: 1K A> AB>@>=K. > <=5=8N 8AA;54>20B5;59, . A8<2>;878@C5B 2 @><0=5 =5 B>;L:> 48AA5O, => B0:65 8 %@8AB0, B.:. 5<C ?@8ACI8 :@>B>ABL 8 65@B25==>ABL. 8B.: %>@C689 !. !. ><<5=B0@88 // 6>9A 6. #;8AA. ., 1994; %>@C689 !.!. #;8AA 2 @CAA:>< 75@:0;5 // "0< 65. .-. CI8=0   A<.: -<<0 >20@8. " 5@>9 :><5488 .. 03>A:8=0 >A?>48= >30B>=>2, 8;8 @>28=F80; 2 AB>;8F5 (1817) 8 >30B>=>2 2 45@52=5, 8;8 !N@?@87 A0<><C A515 (1821). 5@20O :><548O 8<5;0 8A:;NG8B5;L=K9 CA?5E.  =59 02B>@, A;54CO >?KBC ?@54H5AB25==8:>2, A>740; :>;>@8B=CN D83C@C, AB02HCN 4;O A>2@5<5==8:>2 ;8F>< =0@8F0B5;L=K<. ><?>78F8>==> >=0 >G5=L =0?><8=05B :><548N >;L5@0 5I0=8= 2> 42>@O=AB25, => @CAA:89 . ACI5AB25==> >B;8G05BAO >B D@0=FC70 C@45=0, :>B>@K9 E>G5B G5<C-B> =0CG8BLAO 8 =0=8<05B CG8B5;59, GB>1K 2>9B8 2 A25BA:>5 >1I5AB2>, B>340 :0: 35@>N 03>A:8=0 MB> =5 ?@8E>48;> 2 3>;>2C. . B0:65 A@02=820;8 A "@0=68@8=K<, 35@>5< ?>?C;O@=>9 ?L5AK >;C10@A:85 70B58 @CAA:>3> 4@0<0BC@30 .. (0E>2A:>3>: ! "@0=68@8=0 :0DB0= AB0I8;, 40 2 =5< 8 E>48B (.!. @81>54>2).  >B;8G85 >B "@0=68@8=0, 1K2H53> >B:C?I8:0, .  ?@54AB028B5;L ?><5AB=>3> 42>@O=AB20, :>B>@K9 701@>A8; A2>5 8<5=85 8 ?@><0BK205B A>AB>O=85 2 AB>;8F5. >4>1=> C@45=C, . AB0=>28BAO 4>9=>9 :>@>2>9 4;O @07>@82H59AO 0@8AB>:@0B8G5A:>9 7=0B8. 3> 15770AB5=G82> >18@05B :=O7L ;5AB:8=, ?@>402H89 1>30BK5 8<5=8O 8 70 420 3>40 ?@>:CB82H89 45=L38 2 0@865. >4 AB0BL 5<C 42>@5F:89 . ;8< >=4@0BL8G, :>B>@K9 ?@8A208205B 45=L38, 0 70B5< 405B 5<C 65 2 4>;3 ?>4 1>;LH85 ?@>F5=BK 8 <5GB05B G5@57 ;5B ?OBL-H5ABL ?><5=OBLAO A> A2>8< 3>A?>48=>< <5AB0<8. >4@060O AB>;8G=K< >1KG0O<, . 2K=C645= 87>1@060BL 30;;><0=0. >340 1K20N 2 5B=5< A04C, 3>2>@8B >=, 8;8 =0 1C;L20@5: @B0 >B:@KBL =5 A<5N. 45AL B0:>9 C6 3>@>4: 703>2>@8 B>;L:> ?>-@CAA:8, B0: B51O @07>< 70 ?>4;>3> ?@8<CB. >E>4K >B 28==>3> 702>40 8 AC:>==>9 D01@8:8 ?>72>;ONB . B@0B8BL 45=L38 =5 AG8B0O, >4=0:> >= =5<8=C5<> ?@81;8605BAO : @07>@5=8N. >@0;L ?L5AK ?@545;L=> OA=0 8 =0E>48B A2>5 >B@065=85 2 ?@>B82>?>AB02;5=88 . 8 4>1@>45B5;L=>3> 8 @0G8B5;L=>3> 3@0D0 ;048<8;>20  ?@5CA?520NI53> ?><5I8:0, ?@>AB>3> 2 >1@0I5=88, =5 AB5A=ONI53>AO 3>2>@8BL 2 AB>;8F5 ?>-@CAA:8. #A?5E >A?>48=0 >30B>=>20 ?>4AB53=C; 03>A:8=0 ?@>4>;68BL 8AB>@8N . 2 :><5488 >30B>=>2 2 45@52=5, ?5@5=5AO 459AB285 2 A5;LA:CN <5AB=>ABL. 45AL 2KOA=O5BAO, GB> . =5 872;5: =8:0:>3> C@>:0 87 3>@L:>3> >?KB0, ?>;CG5==>3> 2 AB>;8F5. = =5 A?>A>15= =5 B>;L:> C<5;> B@0B8BL, => 8 =06820BL. 3> ?@>65:BK 2 2545=88 A5;LA:>3> E>7O9AB20 2K3;O4OB 01AC@4=K<8, 84CI8<8 2@07@57 A ?0B@80@E0;L=K<8 A?>A>10<8 E>7O9AB2>20=8O, 70 :>B>@K5 @0BC5B 02B>@ :><5488. 071@>A0==K5 ?> ?>;N =0 A0:A>=A:89 <0=5@ :@5ABLO=A:85 871K 2 ?5@A?5:B825 ?@54AB02;ONBAO . D5@<0<8, :>B>@K5 2 CA;>28OE @CAA:>9 78<K <>3CB AB0BL =54>AO305<K<8 A=56=K<8 >AB@>20<8. @5ABLO=A:>5 A0<>C?@02;5=85 4>;6=> ?>E>48BL =0 ?0@;0<5=B, A>AB>OI89 87 ?@54AB028B5;L=KE 45?CB0B>2. / B5?5@L =8 2> GB> =5 <5H0NAL, 3>2>@8B ., 0 5A;8 A45;05BAO :0:0O M:AB@0, B> <>8 45?CB0BK A>94CBAO 2 A1>@=CN 871C, 40 8 =0G=CB <564C A>1>9 B>;:>20BL; =C 2>B, =8 40BL, =8 27OBL, :0: 2 ?0@;0<5=B5. 7>1@060O ;8F, ?>4>1=KE ., 03>A:8= 2> 2B>@>9 :><5488 2>;L=> 8;8 =52>;L=> 45<>=AB@8@C5B 2K@>645=85 42>@O=A:>-0@8AB>:@0B8G5A:>3> A>A;>28O. >30B>=>2 2 45@52=5 ?>;L7>20;AO 7=0G8B5;L=> <5=LH8< CA?5E>< ?> A@02=5=8N A >A?>48=>< >30B>=>2K<, B.:. >AB@>B0 ?@>1;5<K, ?@54AB02;5==>9 2 :><5488, 5I5 A;01> >A>7=020;0AL 2 42>@O=A:>< >1I5AB25.  @>;8 . 2 1822 3>4C 451NB8@>20; =0 <>A:>2A:>9 AF5=5 25;8:89 @CAA:89 0:B5@ .!. )5?:8=. >A;5 55 1;5ABOI53> 8A?>;=5=8O >= 1K; ?@8=OB 2 B@C??C 8<?5@0B>@A:>3> B50B@0. )5?:8= A >A>1K< <0AB5@AB2>< 8A?>;=O; @>;8 0<?;C0 ?@>AB0:>2, 8 2 40==>< A;CG05 >= =5 >H81AO A 2K1>@>< ?L5AK. !2>8< CA?5E>< 0:B5@ >B1;03>40@8; 02B>@0, @5:><5=4>202H53> ?C1;8:5 B>340 5I5 <0;>8725AB=>3> ?@>28=F80;L=>3> :><8:0. .. CE052 ! A<.: =4@59 >;:>=A:89 ,( 5@>9 :><5488 .. AB@>2A:>3> !2>8 ;N48  A>GB5<AO (1849, ?5@2>=0G. =072. 0=:@>B). . ?5@2K9 2 G5@545 A>740==KE AB@>2A:8< >1@07>2 :C?F>2-A0<>4C@>2. >@459 ">@F>2, @CA:>2, 8:>9, %@N:>2, E>2, >@>2F>2, C@>A;5?>2, %;K=>2, >A<81@0B>2, 5AAC4=K9, 0@01>H52, 0@:C=>2  @07;8G=K5 20@80F88 >4=>3> G5;>25G5A:>3> B8?0 A0<>4C@>2, =0720==KE 45<>:@0B8G5A:>9 :@8B8:>9 2 G8A;5 206=59H8E EC4>65AB25==KE >B:@KB89 AB@>2A:>3>. . :C?5F 1>30B59H89, A>1;07=82H8AL B5<, GB> 2A5 :@C3>< <>H5==8:8, 704C<K205B ;>6=>5 10=:@>BAB2>. ! ?><>ILN A?82H53>AO AB@O?G53> >= >B?8AK205B 2A5 A2>5 8<CI5AB2> ?@8:07G8:C >4E0;N78=C, 0 4;O 70:@5?;5=8O A45;:8 2K405B 70 =53> 70<C6 4>GL: >5 45B8I5: E>GC A :0H59 5<, E>GC <0A;> ?0EB0N. #?@O<AB2> . 4>2>48B 53> 4> :@09=>AB8 2 =565;0=88 ?;0B8BL :@548B>@0<: 0 O ;CGH5 2A5 >3=5< A>63C, 0 C6 8< =8 :>?59:8 =5 40<. 1 MB>< :0G5AB25 E0@0:B5@0 . >4E0;N78= 3>2>@8B: >;8 8< GB> ?>?0;> 2 3>;>2C, C6 =8G5< =5 2K1L5HL >BB54>20. . ?>A;54=53> 0:B0, >1<0=CBK9 >4E0;N78=K<, ?@>H54H89 G5@57 AB@0< 8 C=865=85 O<K, 87<5=8;AO.  =5< ?@>1C48;AO ABK4, ?>O28;>AL A>7=0=85 3@5E0: 0:>2> <=5 ?> ;L8=:5-B> 8BB8. -B> 2A5 @02=>, GB> 3@5H=CN 4CHC 4LO2>;K, ?@>AB8 3>A?>48, ?> <KB0@AB20< B0I0B.  B0< <8<> 25@A:>9: :0: <=5 273;O=CBL-B> =0 =55, =0 <0BCH:C?  ?>AB@>5=88 MB>3> 0:B0 :@8B8:0 >B<5B8;0 8A:CA=>5 22545=85 2 :><548N 4@0<0B8G5A:>3> M;5<5=B0 (.. >=G0@>2).  AF5=0 >B:070 . 2 ?><>I8 A> AB>@>=K =51;03>40@=KE 4>G5@8 8 7OBO 40;0 >A=>20=85 =0720BL . 70<>A:2>@5F:8< :>@>;5< 8@><. 07C<55BAO, H5:A?8@>2A:0O B5<0 1K;0 @5H5=0 4@0<0BC@3>< 2 ?@545;0E =0F8>=0;L=>3>, :>=:@5B=>-8AB>@8G5A:>3>, E0@0:B5@=>3> B8?0. 5@2K9 8A?>;=8B5;L @>;8 . $.. C@48= (1861). !@548 4@C38E 8A?>;=8B5;59  .!. )5?:8= (1861), .. 8A0@52 (1881), .. 0@;0<>2 (1896). 8B. >1@>;N1>2 .. "5<=>5 F0@AB2> // ..AB@>2A:89 2 @CAA:>9 :@8B8:5. ., 1948. .. (0;8<>20  ! # 1) 35@>9 B@035488 .!. CH:8=0 >@8A >4C=>2 (?5@2. @540:F8O 1825, ?>A;54CNI85 4> 1830; ?5@2>=0G. =0720=8O  ><548O > F0@5 >@8A5 8 > @8H:5 B@5?L525, ><548O > =0AB>OI59 1545 >A:>2A:><C 3>AC40@AB2C, > F0@5 >@8A5 8 > @8H:5 B@5?L525; 20@80=B 60=@>2>3> >1>7=0G5=8O  4@0<0B8G5A:0O ?>25ABL). AB>@8G5A:8< ?@>B>B8?>< 35@>O CH:8=0 O2;O5BAO >@8A $54>@>28G >4C=>2 (>:. 1552-1605)  1>O@8= (A 1580), 2K428=C2H89AO 2 3>4K >?@8G=8=K, =07=0G5==K9 C<8@0NI8< 20=>< @>7=K< >4=8< 87 >?5:C=>2 53> AK=0, $54>@0 20=>28G0; D0:B8G5A:89 ?@028B5;L AB@0=K 2 F0@AB2>20=85 ?>A;54=53>; A 1598-3>  F0@L 8 25;8:89 :=O7L 2A5O CA8. @8 A>740=88 >1@070 >A=>2=K< 8AB>G=8:>< ?>A;C68;0 AB>@8O 3>AC40@AB20 >AA89A:>3> .. 0@0<78=0. BAN40 CH:8= ?>G5@?=C; A2545=8O > B><, GB> ?>381H89 2 #3;8G5 <0;>;5B=89 F0@528G 8<8B@89 1K; C18B ?> =0CI5=8N >4C=>20. -BC ;535=4C, 4>AB>25@=>ABL :>B>@>9 2> 2@5<5=0 CH:8=0 2K7K20;0 A5@L57=K5 A><=5=8O, ?>MB ?>;>68; 2 >A=>2C B@035489=>9 :>;;8788. !B@5<OAL 2>AA>740BL 25: <8=C2H89 2> 2A59 53> 8AB8=5, CH:8= B5< =5 <5=55 B2>@8B EC4>65AB25==K9 >1@07, 2 :>B>@>< G5@BK 8AB>@8G5A:>3> ;8F0 =0=5A5=K =0 ?>@B@5B, A;>682H89AO 2 2>>1@065=88 ?>MB0. ><8<> @50;L=>3> ?@>B>B8?0 C ?CH:8=A:>3> .. 8<55BAO @O4 ;8B5@0BC@=KE ?@>>1@07>2. -B> ?@5645 2A53> 35@>8 (5:A?8@0  5=@8E IV, 8G0@4 III, >@>;L 6>=, 0:15B, ;02489.  .. <>6=> ?@>A;548BL A;54K ?5@A>=0659 :;0AA8F8AB8G5A:>9 B@035488 (2 G0AB=>AB8, >D>;88 0A8=0). ;8O=85 ?>A;54=59 >A>15==> ACI5AB25==> A B>G:8 7@5=8O EC4>65AB25==>9 MAB5B8:8 >1@070. 0 .. =5 @0A?@>AB@0=O5BAO ?CH:8=A:0O D>@<C;0 AB8;O MB>9 B@035488: AB8;L B@035488 A<5H0==K9 (?8AL<> : .. 052A:><C, 1829). 5AL >1@07 .. 2K45@60= 2 548=>< ?0B5B8G5A:>< AB8;5, B>340 :0: !0<>720=5F >;8F5B2>@O5B A<5H0==K9 AB8;L, A>548=ONI89 2KA>:>5 8 =87:>5, ?0B5B8:C 8 1CDD>=04C, AB8E>B2>@=K5 8 ?@>708G5A:85 480;>38, GB> 2?>;=5 A>>B25BAB2C5B >1@07C @><0=B8G5A:>3> 35@>O, :0:8< O2;O5BAO MB>B ?5@A>=06. .. 8 !0<>720=5F, 1C4CG8 AN65B=K<8 ?@>B82=8:0<8, >4=>2@5<5==> 2K@060NB ?@>B82>1>@AB2> 42CE EC4>65AB25==KE =0?@02;5=89  :;0AA8F87<0 8 @><0=B87<0. (>A;54=55 A?>A>1=> <=>3>5 >1JOA=8BL 2 >F5=:0E 35@>52 B@035488 A>2@5<5==>9 CH:8=C :@8B8:>9: ?>G5<C, =0?@8<5@, .. 0B5=8= >?>;G0;AO =0 !0<>720=F0, 0 .. 5;8=A:89 1K; >A>15==> @57>: 2 AC645=8OE > ..) 1@07 .. ?@8ACBAB2C5B 2> 2A5E (4204F0B8 B@5E) AF5=0E B@035488, =0G8=0O A A0<KE ?5@2KE @5?;8:, 87 :>B>@KE 2KOA=O5BAO, GB>, 70B2>@OAL 2 <>=0ABK@5 A A5AB@>N, >=, :065BAO, ?>:8=C; 2A5 <8@A:>5. 1 C60A=>< 7;>459AB25, A>25@H5==>< >4C=>2K<, 254CB 480;>38 (C9A:89 8 >@>BK=A:89, 8<5= 8 @83>@89 B@5?L52, ?@02;5=85 >@8A0 >1AC640NB (C9A:89 8 D0=0A89 CH:8=; > 53> A25@65=88 3>2>@8B 0@8=0 =8H5: C D>=B0=0  8 B0: 40;55 4> ?>A;54=8E AF5=, :>340 B>;?0 HBC@<C5B @5<;L, GB>1K 2O70BL >@8A>20 I5=:0, 0 ?>B><, C7=02 > =>2>< 7;>459AB25 (0@8O >4C=>20 8 AK= 55 $5>4>@ >B@028;8 A51O O4><),  2 C60A5 <>;G8B. 57@8<> ?@8ACBAB2CO =0 2A5< ?@>BO65=88 459AB28O, .. =5?>A@54AB25==> ?>O2;O5BAO B>;L:> 2 H5AB8 AF5=0E B@035488. 3> @>;L 2:;NG05B ?OBL 1>;LH8E <>=>;>3>2 8 ?>GB8 ;8H5=0 480;>3>2. >A;54=85 >AB0NBAO =5@0725@=CBK<8, :0: 1K >1@K20NBAO =0 ?>;CA;>25. I5 .. >;52>9 =5 157 8@>=88 70<5B8;, GB> ?CH:8=A:89 .. 2A5 2@5<O CE>48B. 5<0@:0 CE>48B ?>2B>@O5BAO A @54:8< ?>AB>O=AB2><.  ?5@2>9 A2>59 AF5=5, ?>A;5 :>@>=0F88, .., 2KA;CH02 ?@8AO3C 1>O@, CE>48B ?>:;>=8BLAO 3@>10< ?>G8NI8E 2;0AB8B5;59 >AA88.  ?OB=04F0B>9 :0@B8=5 ?@>A8B 15A54K C 0B@80@E0 8 A@07C CE>48B. #A;KH02 AB@0H=>5 >128=5=85 .@>482>3>, >?OBL CE>48B.  ?>A;54=59 A2>59 A85=5 A>>1I05B 0A<0=>2C, GB> =C6=> ?>3>2>@8BL, 8 CE>48B. >GB8 2> 2A5E A;CG0OE @5<0@:0 CE>48B 2>7=8:05B 2 <><5=B, :>340 4>;65= =0G0BLAO 480;>3, A?>A>1=K9 ?@>OA=8BL =5GB> ACI5AB25==>5. #E>4 1C:20;L=K9 (A> AF5=K, 87 459AB28O) A8<2>;878@C5B ?A8E8G5A:>5 A>AB>O=85 .., 53> ?>AB>O==>5 65;0=85 ?>3@C78BLAO 2 A51O, A?@OB0BLAO >B ?>AB>@>==8E 3;07. -B>, >4=0:>, =5 B>;L:> A>AB>O=85, => 8 ?>;>65=85 >@8A0, :>B>@K9, ?> 53> 65 A;>20<, >B;>68; ?CAB>5 ?>?5G5=L5: AB02 F0@5<, ?> ACI5AB2C CH5; >B 3>AC40@AB25==KE 45; 8 A2>8E F0@A:8E >1O70==>AB59; B5< A0<K< >1@5: A51O =0 G5;>25G5A:>5 >48=>G5AB2> 8 A>F80;L=CN 87>;OF8N. .. C CH:8=0  =>A8B5;L B@038G5A:>9 28=K. 3> 28=0 =5 2 C189AB25 F0@528G0 8<8B@8O. -B> A:>@55 B@038G5A:0O >H81:0, 30<0@B8O, ?> B5@<8=>;>388 @8AB>B5;O. 8=0 65 .. (28=0 A>F80;L=0O 8 >=B>;>38G5A:0O) 2 B><, GB> >= ?@8=O; =0 A51O @>;L, >:0702HCNAO 5<C =5 ?> A8;0<, 27O;AO 70 F0@A:89 3C6 8 53> =5 2K4N68;. #7=02, A:>;L BO65;0 H0?:0 >=><0E0, AB>;:=C2H8AL A =51;03>40@=>ABLN =0@>40, ?>AG8B0; A0<K< ;CGH8< >B;>68BL ?>?5G5=L5, ?>;030O MB> 70=OB85 A>25@H5==> ?CABK<. 0 >H81:C .. AC48B A51O A0<, 2 ?>;=>9 <5@5 >A>7=020O, =0A:>;L:> 60;>: B>B, 2 :>< A>25ABL =5G8AB0. 4=0:> 28=K A2>59 ?5@54 =0@>4>< .. B0: 8 =5 ?>=O;, @0AF5=82 :0: 157C<AB2>, :>340 =0@>4=K9 ?;5A: 8;L O@K9 2>?;L B@52>68B A5@4F5 =0H5. 0 MBC 28=C, 70 15AA5@45G85 2;0AB8 AC48B .. =0@>4 8 >AC6405B 53> =0 3815;L, >B:0702 2 ?>445@6:5 <=5=85< =0@>4=K<.  :>=5G=>< AG5B5 .. @0A?;0G8205BAO 70 B>, GB> 2A5 2@5<O CE>48B. 0ABC?05B <><5=B, :>340 =0G8=0NB CE>48BL >B =53>  2A5 ?@81;865==K5, A0<K5 4>25@5==K5 5<C ;8F0, ?>4>1=> 0A<0=>2C. 4=0:> MB>B ?>2A5<5AB=K9 CE>4 F0@O >B 1>O@ 8 =0@>40, =0@>40 >B F0@O, 2A5E >B 2A5E B5< 3815;5=, GB> >AB02;O5B 3>AC40@AB2> <>A:>2A:>5 2 A>AB>O=88 0=0@E88, 45;0O 53> ;53:>9 4>1KG59 4;O 8=B5@25=B>2. 1@07 .. 2K720; @07=>@5G82K5 B>;:>20=8O 2 A>2@5<5==>9 CH:8=C :@8B8:5. .. >;52>9 AG8B0;, GB> E0@0:B5@C 35@>O =54>AB05B @0728B8O  ?>:070=> >4=> ;8HL A>AB>O=85 ?@54A<5@B=>9 03>=88 >1@5G5==>3> =0 <C:8 A>25AB8 F0@O-?@5ABC?=8:0. .. 5;8=A:89 CA<0B@820; 2 ?CH:8=A:>< ?5@A>=065 <5;:89 8 >3@0=8G5==K9 273;O4 =0 =0BC@C G5;>25:0. 0: 60;:CN <5;>4@0<C @0AF5=8; :@8B8: <KA;L ?>MB0  70AB028BL 7;>45O G8B0BL A0<><C A515 <>@0;L. =CN >F5=:C >1@07C 40; .. 045648=: 35@>9, ?>:070==K9 ?>4 :0@0<78=A:8< C3;>< 7@5=8O, =8:>340 5I5 =5 O2;O;AO 2 AB>;L 25@=>< 8 O@:>< >G5@:5. .. 5;L283 >B<5G0; 2 .. 87>1@065=85 A0<KE B09=KE 87381>2 A5@4F0 53>. 8B. 8=>:C@ .. >@8A >4C=>2. ><<5=B0@88 // CH:8= .!. >;=. A>1@. A>G. 1937. ". VII; C@K;8= !. CH:8= =0 AF5=5. ., 1951. !. 65-91, 134-162; C:>2A:89 .. >@8A >4C=>2 // C:>2A:89 .. CH:8= 8 ?@>1;5<K @50;8AB8G5A:>3> AB8;O. ., 1957. !. 5-72; 5?><=OI89 .!. 08<5=55 ?>=OB=K9 60=@ // 5?><=OI89 .!. >M78O 8 AC4L10. ., 1987; 0AA048= !. 20 A0<>720=F0 // 0AA048= !. @0<0BC@3 CH:8=. ., 1977. !. 3-58. !.. !B0E>@A:89 2) &5=B@0;L=K9 ?5@A>=06 B@035489 .. ">;AB>3> !<5@BL >0==0 @>7=>3> (1862-1864), &0@L $54>@ >0==>28G (1864-1868), 35@>9 B@035488 &0@L >@8A (1868-1869). 1@07 .. ?@>E>48B G5@57 2AN B@8;>38N, O2;OOAL >A=>2=K< A2O7CNI8< 725=>< 3@0=48>7=>3> ?> <0AHB01C 8AB>@8G5A:>3> ?>;>B=0. #65 2 ?5@2>9 B@035488 >1@07 .. >?@545;O5B >4=C 87 206=59H8E B5< =@02AB25==>-D8;>A>DA:>9 ?@>1;5<0B8:8 B@8?B8E0 ">;AB>3>  B5<C >:>;L=>3> ?CB8.  &0@5 >@8A5 >=0 ?>;CG05B 40;L=59H55 @0728B85 8 7025@H5=85. L5A0 =0G8=05BAO :0@B8=>9 ?>;=>3> B>@65AB20 .., 25=G0NI53>AO =0 F0@AB2>. A5 A;02OB ?@02;5=85 <C4@>3> 8 A?@0254;82>3> F0@O. !0< .. >45@68< >4=8< ;8HL 65;0=85<  ?@028BL 2> A;02C 8 2> 1;03> 3>AC40@AB20.  <>=>;>35, 7025@H0NI5< MBC AF5=C, .. >?@024K205B >:>;L=K9, :@>202K9 ?CBL, ?@8254H89 53> : 2;0AB8. ! ?@>H;K< ?>:>=G5=>, 81> B5?5@L 45@68B A:8?B@ 4;O ?@024K 8 4>1@0 ;8HL F0@L >@8A  =5B 1>;5 >4C=>20. .. E>G5B F0@AB2>20BL, 871530O :@>28 8 =0A8;8O; >= <5GB05B > ?@5>1@07>20=88 3>AC40@AB20. > ?@O<>9 ?CBL 4;O =53>, 871@02H53> >4=064K >:>;L=K9, =52>7<>65=. @8G8=0 53> 3815;8  =5 2 :0:8E-B> ?>;8B8G5A:8E >1AB>OB5;LAB20E, 0 2 =5< A0<><. 5@=0 7;>45O=89, ?>A5O==K5 2 ?5@2>9 G0AB8 B@8;>388, B5?5@L ?@>@0AB0NB 8 ?@82>4OB 35@>O : ?>;=>9 :0B0AB@>D5. 1JOA=OO D8=0; !<5@B8 >0==0 @>7=>3>, ">;AB>9 ?>4G5@:820; =5>B2@0B8<>ABL 3815;8 >4C=>20: ">@65AB2C5B >48= >4C=>2 8 :;52@5B 53> 8BO3>2A:89, => 7@8B5;L ?@54GC2AB2C5B, GB> 8 8< B0:65 ?@845BAO ?>60BL ?;>4K ?>A5O==>3> 8<8 A5<5=8. 1@07 .. AB0=>28BAO =081>;55 ?>A;54>20B5;L=K< 2>?;>I5=85< >4=>3> 87 3;02=KE <>B82>2 2A59 B@8;>388  <>B820 2>7<5748O 70 A>25@H5==K5 ?@5ABC?;5=8O. B ?@>H;>3> =5;L7O C9B8. 04 2A5<8 =0G8=0=8O<8 .. BO3>B5NB 53> ?@5ABC?;5=8O: 28=>2=>ABL 2 A<5@B8 @>7=>3>, 2 A<5@B8 20=0 5B@>28G0 (C9A:>3> 8 2 A0<>< AB@0H=>< ?@5ABC?;5=88  C189AB25 F0@528G0 8<8B@8O. .. ">;AB>9 A>A@54>B>G8205B A2>5 2=8<0=85 =0 2=CB@5==59 4CH52=>9 B@035488 >A>7=0=8O BO65AB8 3@5E0 8 =5>B2@0B8<>AB8 @0A?;0BK. CH:8=A:89 .. B>65 87=5<>305B ?>4 3=5B>< A>25@H5==>3> ?@5ABC?;5=8O, 81> >= =0@CH8; =@02AB25==K9 70:>=. 4=0:> C CH:8=0 ?@5ABC?=>ABL .. =5 548=AB25==0O ?@8G8=0 53> 3815;8.  ACI5AB25 B@035488 A2>53> 35@>O ">;AB>9 2KA:070;AO A ?@545;L=>9 OA=>ABLN 2 >4=>< 87 ?8A5<: >9, 2 :>B>@>< ?>38105B <>9 35@>9, MB>  1>9 A ?@87@0:>< 53> ?@5ABC?;5=8O, 2>?;>I5==K< 2 B08=AB25==>5 ACI5AB2>, :>B>@>5 5<C 3@>78B 8740;5:0 8 @07@CH05B 2A5 740=85 53> 687=8. / 4C<0N, GB> O 4>AB83 MB8< 1>;LH>3> 548=AB20, 8 2AO <>O 4@0<0, :>B>@0O =0G8=05BAO 25=G0=85< >@8A0 =0 F0@AB2>, =5 GB> 8=>5, :0: 3830=BA:>5 ?045=85, >:0=G820NI55AO A<5@BLN >@8A0, ?@>8AH54H59 =5 >B >B@02K, 0 >B C?04:0 A8; 28=>2=>3>, :>B>@K9 ?>=8<05B, GB> 53> ?@5ABC?;5=85 1K;> >H81:>9.  D8=0;5 B@035488 35@>9 ">;AB>3> ?@8E>48B : >A>7=0=8N B>3>, GB> >B 7;0 ;8HL 7;> @>48BAO 8 >=> =8 G5;>25:C, =8 F0@AB2C 2?@>: =5945B. A?>;=8B5;O<8 @>;8 .. 1K;8 .. 0;LA:89 (1898, ;5:A0=4@8=A:89 B50B@), ... .@L52 (1900, B0< 65), .. .68= (1902, 0;K9 B50B@). .. >AB>F:89 3)  >?5@5 .. CA>@3A:>3> >@8A >4C=>2 (1868-1872). 81@5BB> >?5@K >A=>20=> =0 ?CH:8=A:>9 B@035488, >1@07 .. A>548=8; G5@BK 35@>52 CH:8=0 8 ">;AB>3>. -B>, >4=0:>, =5. :>=B0<8=0F8O, 0 A>25@H5==> >@838=0;L=K9 >1@07, >B<5G5==K9 A2>5>1@07=K< 2845=85< B@035489=>3> E0@0:B5@0. C7K:0;L=K9 >1@07 .. ?@54AB05B :0: 1K 2 >1@0B=>9 ?5@A?5:B825: =04 <C4@K< G5AB>;N182K< ?@028B5;5<, 3>AC40@AB25==CN <KA;L :>B>@>3> 703;CH0NB C3@K75=8O A>25AB8, 15@5B 25@E ?@540NI89AO <CG8B5;L=><C A0<>A>75@F0=8N F0@L->B5F. #A8;5= :>=B@0AB <564C 2=5H=8< 25;8G85< 8 4CH52=>9 ?>402;5==>ABLN: 4065 B@>==0O @5GL >1>@0G8205BAO 8A?>2540;L=>9 <>;8B2>9. ><?>78B>@ >BG0AB8 >?@024K20; 8 8450;878@>20; A2>53> 35@>O. >MB><C 2> 2B>@>9 @540:F88 >= @0AH8@8; M?87>4K 4CH52=KE 1>@5=89 .., B0: GB> >A=>2=K< A>45@60=85< >?5@K AB0; =5 AB>;L:> :>=D;8:B <564C =0@>4>< 8 3>AC40@5<, A:>;L:> B@038G5A:85 ?@>B82>@5G8O ;8G=>AB8. @0@>48B5;5< 8A?>;=8B5;LA:>9 B@048F88 >1@070 .. AB0; $.. (0;O?8=, 2?5@2K5 8A?>;=82H89 MBC ?0@B8N 2 1898 3. >A;5 (0;O?8=0 .. CA>@3A:>3> >1@5; <=>65AB2> O@G09H8E 8A?>;=8B5;59 2 ;8F5 .!. 8@>3>20 8 .. 5975=0, .. 5B@>20 8 .. 3=82F520, . %@8AB>20 8 . OC@>20. .. !8;0=BL520   (=>@2. Brand) 5@>9 4@0<0B8G5A:>9 ?>M<K . 1A5=0 @0=4 (1865). 1KG=> MB>B >1@07 A2>4OB : C?>@=><C >BAB0820=8N ?>78F88 2A5 8;8 =8G53>. @02AB25==0O 4><8=0=B0 35@>O A2O7K205BAO 8AA;54>20B5;O<8 A 2;8O=85< 40BA:>3> <KA;8B5;O 8 ?8A0B5;O !. L5@:53>@0 A 53> 8;8-8;8; C:07K20NB B0:65 @50;L=K5 ?@>B>B8?K: ?@>?>254=8: 0<5@A 87 @>4=>3> 3>@>40 1A5=0 (85=0, <>;>4>9 1>3>A;>2 . @N=. >645==K9 2 1@0:5 157 ;N128 (<0BL . 2KH;0 70<C6 ?> @0AG5BC, 1@>A82 ;N18<>3> G5;>25:0), 35@>9 A 45BAB20 >B@02;5= O4>< ?@8B2>@AB20 8 ;8F5<5@8O. = 1>;57=5==> ?@02482 8 B@51C5B B>3> 65 >B A2>8E 1;86=8E. !@548 ?>3@C65==KE 2 :>=:@5B=K5 68B59A:85 ?@>1;5<K ?5@A>=0659 ?L5AK . >48=>: 2 A2>59 7040==>AB8 8 C<>7@8B5;L=>AB8 =0AB>;L:>, GB> 53> ?@>AB@0==K5, ?CB0=K5 <>=>;>38 ?>4G0A ?@>872>4OB 3@>B5A:=>-:><8G5A:89 MDD5:B. =8, :0: ?@028;>, 01AB@0:B=K 8 =5A2>52@5<5==K: =0?@8<5@, ?@87K2 : C<8@0NI8< >B 3>;>40 :@5ABLO=0< 2>7@04>20BLAO A2>5<C ?>;>65=8N, 81> >=> A?>A>1AB2C5B 8E =@02AB25==><C ?@>1C645=8N: ...3@5E A59G0A 20< ?><>30BL: 20A 1>3 @5H8; 87 BL<K ?>4=OBL. . 0=B03>=8AB 81A5=>2A:>3> 35@>O :><?@><8AA0 5@ N=B0, => >= B0:65 <5GB05B 1KBL 2?>;=5 A0<8< A>1>9, E>BO F5;L C =53>, A5;LA:>3> ?0AB>@0, 4@C30O: &5;L >4=0, >4=0 4>@>30: 1KBL 682>9 A:@860;LN 1>30.  ;N4OE 53> >B2@0I0NB ;53:><KA;85, BC3>4C<85 8 157C<85  B@>9AB25==K9 A>N7, ?>@>482H89 >125BH0;K5, A:>2K20NI85 A2>1>4C G5;>25G5A:>3> 4CE0 4>3<K. > C189AB25==K< 4;O ?>78F88 35@>O >1@07>< >= 1;87>: 157C<=>9 5@4, 4>G5@8 ?>:8=CB>3> <0B5@LN 2>7;N1;5==>3>, >?CAB82H53>AO G5;>25:0 (?> 2848<>AB8 ?5@A>=060 ?5@8D5@89=>3>, ?> ACB8  2?@O<CN A>?>AB02;O5<>3> A ). 5@4, AG8B0NI0O 548=AB25==> ?>4;8==>9 F5@:>2LN ;54O=>9 E@0< =0 25@H8=5 A:0;, ?>B><C GB> 2 ;N1>< 4@C3>< E@0<5 B5A=>, >:07K205BAO 4CE>2=>9 A5AB@>9 . >=0G0;C ?@8E>60=5 2>A?@8=8<0NB 53> :0: ?0AB>@0-CB5H8B5;O, ?0AB>@0-A?0A8B5;O. > >= 8E =5 ;N18B, :0: 2>>1I5 =5 ;N18B =8:>3> =0 A25B5.  5A;8 E>;>4=>ABL 2 >B=>H5=88 : <0B5@8 >1JOA=O5BAO 2>A?><8=0=8O<8 ?5G0;L=>3> 45BAB20, B> ?@5>1;040=85 2 GC2AB25 : 3=5A 8 AK=C A>7=0=8O <C6=53> 8 >BF>2A:>3> 4>;30, 0 =5 ;N128  A;54AB285 87=0G0;L=> E>;>4=>9 =0BC@K. ">;L:> CB@0B0 1;87:8E ?@>1C6405B 2 35@>5 682K5 GC2AB20, ?>72>;O5B 5<C ?>AB5?5==> ?@5>4>;5BL 4CH52=K9 AE5<0B87<. . ?@52@0I05BAO 2 <CG5=8:0 A>1AB25==>9 2>;8, >= 845B 4> :>=F0 8, 2A5<8 >B25@3=CBK9, ?>38105B ?>4 A=56=>9 ;028=>9 2<5AB5 A A5AB@>9 5@4. 4=0 87 A0<KE 8740205<KE ?L5A 1A5=0, @0=4 8<55B A@02=8B5;L=> =51>;LHCN AF5=8G5A:CN 8AB>@8N.  >@25388 ?>;=>ABLN ?L5A0 1K;0 ?>AB02;5=0 ;8HL 2 1895 3. 0 @CAA:>9 AF5=5 2 A>:@0I5==>< 20@80=B5  =0 AF5=5 %" (1906) A .. 0G0;>2K< 2 3;02=>9 @>;8; 2 1907 3. F5;8:>< ?L5A0 1K;0 AK3@0=0 .. @;5=52K< 2 :852A:>< B50B@5 5@3>=L5. ".. !CE0=>20  #" (0=3;. Brutus) 5@>9 B@035488 #. (5:A?8@0 .;89 &570@L (1599). AB>@8G5A:89 ?@>B>B8?  @8<A:89 A5=0B>@-@5A?C1;8:0=5F 0@: .=89 @CB (85-42 4> =.M.). (5:A?8@ 2K2>48B 2 A2>59 @8<A:>9 B@035488 =5A:>;L:> B8?>2 ?>;8B8:>2: F570@80=F0 0@:0 =B>=8O, :>20@=>3> 45<03>30, C<5NI53> >1<0=CBL ?>A;5 A<5@B8 &570@O 53> C189F-703>2>@I8:>2 8 >1>;LAB8BL C<8;L=>-;682K<8 @5G0<8 @8<A:CN B>;?C, ?@54AB02;5==CN 2 B@035488 :0: 157;8:0O G5@=L, :>B>@0O A ;53:>ABLN 87<5=O5B A2>8< ?@82O70==>ABO<, ?@54?>G8B0O B>3>, :B> ?>AC;8B <0B5@80;L=CN 2K3>4C (GB> 8 45;05B 8A:CA=> =B>=89); @5A?C1;8:0=F0-?0B@8F8O 0AA8O, 8=8F80B>@0 703>2>@0 ?@>B82 &570@O, =5=0284OI53> 53> 87 BI5A;028O 8 >A:>@1;5==>9 3>@4K=8, C15645==>3>, GB> &570@L =8GCBL =5 1>;55 4>AB>8=, G5< ;N1>9 87 53> 1;8609H8E A?>4286=8:>2, ?@028BL 8<><. ?0A0OAL, GB> A0< >= <>65B >:070BLAO 4;O 3@0640= 8<0 =5 2?>;=5 B>9 D83C@>9, 0AA89 2K428305B =0 ?5@54=89 ?;0= ., G59 40;L=89 ?@54>: NF89 .=89 @CB ?@>A;028;AO B5<, GB> A25@3 A ?@5AB>;0 F0@O "0@:28=8O >@4>3>, ?>A;5 G53> 2 8<5 CAB0=>28;AO @5A?C1;8:0=A:89 AB@>9. . A ;53:>ABLN ?>4405BAO =0 A;>20 0AA8O  => B>;L:> ?>B><C, GB> 8A:@5==5 C15645= 2 ?03C1=>AB8 40;L=59H53> C3;C1;5=8O =5>3@0=8G5==>9 2;0AB8 &570@O. .  ?>;8B8:-8450;8AB; G5;>25: B25@4KE C15645=89 8 2KA>G09H8E <>@0;L=KE ?@8=F8?>2, >= ?>;0305B, GB> B0:>2K<8 >1;040NB 8 4@C385. @8 MB>< >= 8 <C4@5F, 8 D8;>A>D, 8 >BG0AB8 ?>MB (=540@>< :@8B8:8 A:;>==K A@02=820BL 53> A 0<;5B><).  =0 CG0AB85 2 C189AB25 &570@O, :>B>@><C >=, 2 >B;8G85 >B 0AA8O, 1K; 1;87:8< 4@C3><, 2 GL59 25@=>AB8 &570@L =8:>340 =5 8<5; ?>2>40 CA><=8BLAO, >= 845B ?>B><C, GB> 8A:@5==5 C15645=: B0: 1C45B ;CGH5 4;O 3>AC40@AB20, 4;O 8<0. !25@H82 C189AB2>, >= >1@0I05BAO : =0@>4C, A>1@02H5<CAO C AB5= 0?8B>;8O, A @5GLN. @8<5G0B5;L=>, GB> (5:A?8@ =0?8A0; MBC @5GL 2 ?@>75: . =5B =04>1=>AB8 ?@81530BL : :@0A=>@5G82>9 @8B>@8:5  E>BO >= ?@5:@0A=K9 >@0B>@ 8 2 A>25@H5=AB25 2;0455B A;>2><, @5GL 53> ?@>AB0, 157KA:CA=0 8 ?@545;L=> >B:@KB0. <C =5G53> A:@K20BL, =8:0:8E B09=KE ?><KA;>2 8 704=8E <KA;59 >= =5 8<55B.  =0@>4 :0: 1C4B> 1K A A>GC2AB285< 8 ?>=8<0=85< 2KA;CH8205B 53>, E>BO @5038@C5B ?>-A2>5<C: ! B@8C<D>< >B=5A5< 53> 4><>9; 8;8: CABL AB0=5B &570@5<; 8;8:  =5< C25=G05< // A5 ;CGH55 >B &570@O. "0: ?>=O;8 3@0640=5 8<0 A;>20 @CB0 > A2>1>40E, ?@020E 8 ?@>G5<: GB> >= ;CGH5 &570@O 8, AB0;> 1KBL, ?CABL >= 8 AB0=5B 2B>@K< &570@5<. > 8450;8AB @CB A>25@H05B 5I5 >4=C =5?@>AB8B5;L=CN 4;O ?>;8B8:0 >H81:C: >= 4>?CA:05B AB>@>==8:0 &570@O =B>=8O >1@0B8BLAO A @5GLN : =0@>4C 2A;54 70 A>1>9.  :>20@=K9, ;C:02K9, 42C;8G=K9 =B>=89, =5 ?5@5AB020O ?>2B>@OBL:  @CB 254L 1;03>@>4=K9 G5;>25:, C<5;> A:;>=O5B 3@0640= =0 A2>N AB>@>=C, 2>A?520O 4>1@>45B5;8 &570@O 8 >?8AK20O 2 :@0A:0E 53> C189AB2> (A2845B5;5< :>B>@>3> >= =5 1K;).  :>340 >= 872;5:05B =0?8A0==>5 &570@5< 7025I0=85, 2 :>B>@>< :064><C >15I0=> ?> A5<L45AOB ?OBL 4@0E<,  2>?@>A @5H05BAO 1KAB@> 8 >4=>7=0G=>; 8<, 2> 8<O :>B>@>3> 703>2>@I8:8 C18;8 &570@O, >B2>@0G8205BAO >B =8E, >1JO2;OO 8E 2@030<8 8 ?@540B5;O<8.  A;54CNI89 @07 <K 2AB@5G05< . 2 53> ?>E>4=>9 ?0;0B:5: @073>20@820O A 0AA85<, >= C?@5:05B 53> 70 B>, GB> A53>4=O <K 1K =0720;8 7;>C?>B@51;5=85< 2;0ABLN. = 70:;8=05B 53> =5 ?@>4020BL 25;8GL5 =0H59 G5AB8 // 0 E;0< =8GB>6=K9, ;8?=CI89 : @C:0<. . ?KB05BAO 25@H8BL ?>;8B8:C G8ABK<8 @C:0<8  => MB> 5<C =5 C405BAO. >9A:0 @5A?C1;8:0=F52 @0718BK, . C18205B A51O. 48= 87 53> AB>@>==8:>2, A:;>=82H8AL =04 <5@B2K< B5;>< ., ?@>87=>A8B: @CB ;8HL A0<8< A>1>N ?>15645=. // 8:B> 53> C189AB2>< =5 ?@>A;02;5=.... 4=0:> A2>5>1@07=CN M?8B0D8N @CBC ?@>87=>A8B =B>=89: = @8<;O=8= 1K; A0<K9 1;03>@>4=K9. // A5 703>2>@I8:8, :@><5 =53>, // 7 7028AB8 ;8HL &570@O C18;8, //  >= >48=  87 G5AB=KE ?>1C645=89. A;8 4;O . 8 53> A>@0B=8:>2 <5@B2K9 &570@L 1K; AB@0H=55, G5< 682>9, B> <5@B2K9 . 4;O =B>=8O =5 AB@0H5=, 8 <>6=> A?>:>9=> 53> >?;0:820BL, 2>725;8G820BL, >B40BL 5<C 2A5 ?>;>65==K5 2>8=A:85 ?>G5AB8. $8=0; B@035488 2 MB>< A<KA;5 =0?><8=05B D8=0; 0<;5B0  ?@8 2A59 =5AE>65AB8 AN65B0 8 >1AB>OB5;LAB2 3815;8 35@>52. 5 A;CG09=0 F8B0B0 87 5I5 =5 =0?8A0==>3> 0<;5B0 2 CAB0E =B>=8O: = G5;>25:>< 1K;! "0: 0<;5B 3>2>@8B > A2>5< :>20@=> C18B>< >BF5. > ;CGH0O M?8B0D8O .  ?@>@>G5A:85 A;>20 0AA8O: ...@>94CB 25:0, //  2 AB@0=0E, GB> 5I5 =5 ACI5AB2CNB, // :B5@K 1C4CB ?@54AB02;OBL =0H ?>4283. 4=8< 87 8725AB=KE 8A?>;=8B5;59 @>;8 . 2 0=3;89A:>< B50B@5 XIX 25:0 1K; 6.$. M<1; (1812). 535=40@=K<, 2>H54H8< 2 8AB>@8N <8@>2>3> B50B@0, AB0; A?5:B0:;L 59=8=35=A:>9 B@C??K (1874).  @>;8 .  . 5AAC0@.  A?5:B0:;5 %" (1903) 53> @>;L 8A?>;=8; .!. !B0=8A;02A:89; 2 A?5:B0:;5 0;>3> B50B@0 (1924)  .. !04>2A:89. 4=8< 87 A0<KE 7=0<5=8BKE A?5:B0:;59 0=3;89A:>3> B50B@0 1970-E AB0; F8:; H5:A?8@>2A:8E ?L5A, ?>AB02;5==K9 ". 0==>< 2 >@>;52A:>< (5:A?8@>2A:>< B50B@5 8 =0720==K9 8< 8<;O=5. >;L . 2 .;88 &570@5 8A?>;=8; 6>= C4. 8B.: 8;N<0= .  <>=>;>35 @CB0 2 B@035488 (5:A?8@0 .;89 &570@L // -:A?@5AA82=K5 A@54AB20 0=3;89A:>3> O7K:0. ., 1976. !. 20-29; >AB>F:89 .. 59=8=35=FK // AB>@8O 70?04=>52@>?59A:>3> B50B@0. ., 1970. ". 5. !. 507-523. .. $@84HB59=  #" (D@0=F. Brutus) 5@>9 B@035488 >;LB5@0 @CB (1730). AB>@8G5A:89 ?@>B>B8?: CF89 .=89 @CB (C<. 2 508 3. 4> =.M.), ?;5<O==8: ?>A;54=53> @8<A:>3> F0@O "0@:28=8O >@4>3>, 2>73;0282H53> 2>AAB0=85 ?@>B82 ?@028B5;O-45A?>B0. . ?@54AB02;5= C >;LB5@0 2 B@048F8>==>< >1;8:5 =5A38105<>3> 1>@F0 70 A2>1>4C 8<0 8 @5A?C1;8:0=A:85 4>1@>45B5;8. !>3;0A=> ?@540=8N, ?5@2K9 @8<A:89 :>=AC; 157 :>;510=89 >1@5: =0 :07=L 70 87<5=C @>48=5 >1>8E AK=>259. >;LB5@ 4>102;O5B =5A:>;L:> 45B0;59, CA8;820NI8E <5;>4@0<0B8G5A:89 MDD5:B: . >B405B O2=>5 ?@54?>GB5=85 AB0@H5<C AK=C "8BC, ?@5ABC?82H5<C 70:>= 87-70 ;N128 : "C;;88, 4>G5@8 873=0==>3> "0@:28=8O. . ?@8=8<05B @>:>2>5 @5H5=85 A> A;570<8 =0 3;070E, CB5H0OAL ;8HL <C65AB2>< "8B0, :>B>@K9 15AB@5?5B=> 2AB@5G05B A<5@B=K9 ?@83>2>@. "@03548O ?>;L7>20;0AL 1>;LH8< CA?5E>< 2?;>BL 4> A5@548=K XIX 25:0.  @>;8 . 2KABC?0;, 2 G0AB=>AB8, ?@>A;02;5==K9 D@0=FC7A:89 0:B5@ $. "0;L<0 (1789). .. C@0H:8=F520 #, A<.: "0@0A C;L10. # " 5@>9 ?>25AB8 .. ">;AB>3> >;>B>9 :;NG8:, 8;8 @8:;NG5=8O C@0B8=> (1936).  ?5@52>45 A 8B0;LO=A:>3> 1C@0B8=> 7=0G8B 45@52O==0O :C:;0. @>B>B8?>< MB>3> ?5@A>=060 AB0; 45@52O==K9 G5;>25G5: ?> 8<5=8 8=>::8>  ?;>4 D0=B0788 8B0;LO=A:>3> ?8A0B5;O 0@;> >;;>48 (1880).  459AB28B5;L=> 35@>8 42CE ?@>872545=89 2> <=>3>< ?>E>68: 5I5 4> ?>O2;5=8O =0 A25B, B> 5ABL 1C4CG8 ?@>AB>-=0?@>AB> ?>;5=><, >=8 =0G8=0NB 2=>A8BL AC<OB8FC 2 687=L >:@C60NI8E, ?@>O2;OO A2>9 =5B5@?5;82K9, ;N1>?KB=K9, =5?>A54;82K9 =@02. @8:;NG5=8O >1>8E 45@52O==KE G5;>25G:>2  MB> ?CBL ?>7=0=8O @50;89 687=8 8 ?@5>4>;5=8O A>1AB25==>3> M3>87<0. > 5A;8 C 8=>::8> ?CBL MB>B 4>;>3 8 70?CB0=, B> C . AB0=>2;5=85 E0@0:B5@0 ?@>8AE>48B 3>@074> A:>@55. 0 8 87=0G0;L=> >= <O3G5 8 G5;>25G=55, G5< 8=>::8>, E>BO B>G=> B0:>9 65 >7>@=>9 8 =5?>A;CH=K9. . >1<0=K205B A2>53> ?0?C 0@;> 8 2<5AB> H:>;K >B?@02;O5BAO =0 ?@54AB02;5=85 :C:>;L=>3> B50B@0; ?>72>;O5B >BC 8 8A5 >4C@0G8BL A51O, =5 ?>A;CH02 ?@54C?@56402HCN 53> >1 >?0A=>AB8 ?B8FC !?;NH:C; B> 8 45;> ?5@5G8B A?0AH59 53> >B 3815;8 0;L28=5. 5@5;>< =0ABC?05B ?>A;5 2AB@5G8 A G5@5?0E>9 ">@B8;;>9. =0 >B:@K205B 3;070 =0 B>, :B> >= 5ABL =0 A0<>< 45;5: "K 157<>73;K9, 4>25@G82K9 <0;LG8H:0 A :>@>B5=L:8<8 <KA;O<8! 8H82H89AO 45=53, A B@C4>< 8715602H89 AB>;L:8E >?0A=>AB59, 35@>9 2K=C645= A>3;0A8BLAO A <=5=85< ">@B8;;K. ! MB>3> <><5=B0 2 ?>25AB8 =0G8=05BAO 27@>A;5=85 . "5?5@L >= C65 =5 B>B 2710;<>H=K9 <0;LG8H:0, :0:8< 1K; 2=0G0;5. !2>N >B203C 8 >7>@AB2> . =0?@02;O5B 2 @CA;>, ?>;57=>5 4;O =53> 8 53> 4@C759 (70AB0282, =0?@8<5@, 0@010A0 0@010A0 1530BL 70 =8< 2>:@C3 45@520, GB>1K 4;8==NI0O 1>@>40 ?@5A;54>20B5;O =0:@CB8;0AL =0 AB2>;). 8A:CO 1KBL AE20G5==K<, . 2K254K205B C 0@010A0 B09=C >;>B>3> ;NG8:0: B5?5@L >= 7=05B, GB> 425@L, :>B>@CN <>65B >B:@KBL :;NG8:, =0E>48BAO 2 :0<>@:5 ?0?K 0@;>. 0:>=5F, . >A>7=05B, :0: 206=> 8<5BL 4@C759 8 :0:>5 AG0ABL5  A?0AB8 8E >B 25@=>9 A<5@B8. "0: H03 70 H03>< 35@>9 AB0=>28BAO B5@?8<55 8 4>1@55, >AB020OAL ?@8 MB>< B0:8< 65 25A5;K< 8 ?@>2>@=K<. 8=>::8> 2 :>=F5 :=838 ?@52@0I05BAO 2 G5;>25:0. . 65 >AB05BAO 45@52O==>9 :C:;>9 8 ?>ABC?05B =0 A;C61C 2 83@CH5G=K9 B50B@, 345 F0@8B @04>ABL 8 25A5;L5, 345 2A5 AG0AB;82K  8 ;N48, 8 682>B=K5, 8 :C:;K. 0@010AC 0@010AC 745AL =5B <5AB0, 0 A0< . 5654=52=> 7=0:><8B 7@8B5;O A> A2>8<8 ?@8:;NG5=8O<8, AB0=>2OAL 2A5 1>;55 8 1>;55 7=0<5=8BK<. .. 5B@>20 #- (8A?. Buendia) !>18@0B5;L=K9 >1@07 A5<59AB20 . 2 H5AB8 ?>:>;5=8OE, A>740==K9 :>;C<189A:8< ?8A0B5;5< 01@8M;5< 0@A80 0@:5A>< 2 @><0=5 !B> ;5B >48=>G5AB20 (1967). AB>@8O @>40 B@038G5A:8E 8 A<5H=KE . 2 70B5@O==>< 3>@>4:5 0:>=4>, :>B>@K9 >A=>20;8 ?5@2K5 87 =8E 8 A 3815;LN :>B>@>3> 381=CB ?>A;54=85, O2;O5BAO AB5@6=5< @><0=0, >B=>A8<>3> : 60=@C <038G5A:>3> @50;87<0. !C4L10 @>40 . >1J548=O5B ?5@8?5B88 @50;L=>9 :>;C<189A:>9 8AB>@88 8 <8AB8G5A:>3> A>7=0=8O >18B0B5;59 :>;C<189A:>3> B@>?8G5A:>3> 70E>;CABLO. 4=0 87 8?>AB0A59 MB>3> >1@070  A2>5>1@07=0O :0B53>@8O 48=>G5AB20 2 55 8A?0=A:>< 8 8A?0=>-0<5@8:0=A:>< ?>=8<0=88 :0: I5<OI59 B>A:8 ?> =54>AB868<>9 F5;8. > <=5=8N . 5<A:>20, 8AB>@8O @>40 . ?@54AB05B :0: F5;0O M?>E0 2 687=8 G5;>25G5AB20  >B 2@5<5= 3@5E>?045=8O 8 ?5@2>3> C189AB20... 4> =0H8E 4=59, :>340 8AB>@8O >B@8F05B 8=48284C0;87< :0: ?@8=F8? <8@>CAB@>9AB20. 1@07 @>40 . 0AA>F88@C5BAO A @O4>< ?5@A>=0659. -B> %>A5 @:048> ., >A=>202H89 0:>=4>, =5>1C740==K9 D0=B075@; MB> B5@ONI89 GC2AB2> @50;L=>AB8 C@5;80=> CM=480, N25;8@ 8 ?>MB, :>B>@K9 AB0=>28BAO ?>;:>2=8:>< 8 45;05B 1;8AB0B5;L=CN :0@L5@C, =>, ?@>83@02 =5A:>;L:> 45AOB:>2 A@065=89, ?>=8<05B 2AN 15AA<KA;5==>ABL A2>53> ACI5AB2>20=8O 8 2>72@0I05BAO : A2>59 A:@><=>9 ?@>D5AA88; MB> 53> AK= C@5;80=> 5G0;L=K9, :>B>@K9 ?@>2>48B 2 0:>=4> 65;57=CN 4>@>3C, AB02HCN ?@8G8=>9 03@5AA88 10=0=>2KE 187=5A<5=>2. > . A?>20BC, ?>2B>@ONI55AO <0:>=4>2A:>5 2@5<O, 2@5<O @>40 ., 42865BAO ?> A25@BK20NI59AO A?8@0;8, >1@0I0O 8AB>@8N 2A?OBL. # ?@54AB028B5;59 @>40 . G5< 40;LH5, B5< 70<5B=55 ?@>O2;O5BAO >1I0O ?@54@0A?>;>65==>ABL : >48=>G5AB2C, :>B>@0O AB0=>28BAO @>4>2>9 G5@B>9, ?5@540NI59AO ?> =0A;54AB2C. 8B.: 5<A:>2 . ><0= > :>=F5 ?@54KAB>@88 // 0@:5A . A5=L ?0B@80@E0. ., 1978; A?>20B . 0: AB0=>2OBAO 0@A80 0@:5A>< //0@:5A . 71@0==>5. ., 1979. .. @CH:> +  (0=3;. Buck Mulligan) &5=B@0;L=K9 ?5@A>=06 @><0=0 6. 6>9A0 #;8AA (1921). ..  MB> 0=B03>=8AB !B825=0 540;0. =8 2<5AB5 682CB 2 10H=5 0@B5;;>. .. @07K3@K205B 87 A51O ;CGH53> 4@C30 540;0, 53> ?>:@>28B5;O, => ?@8 MB>< 8A?KBK205B : =5<C 7028ABL. 564C =8<8 ACI5AB2C5B 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>5 A>?5@=8G5AB2>, 2 :>B>@>< .. AB@5<8BAO 2K83@0BL, 8A?>;L7CO ?@85< A=865=8O ?@>B82=8:0 G5@57 HCB>2AB2> 8 8@>=8N. 52>7<>6=>ABL A>2<5AB=>3> ACI5AB2>20=8O .. 8 540;0 6>9A 87>1@0605B G5@57 A8<2>;8:C @><0=0. .. =07K205B 10H=N 0@B5;;> ><D0;><, B.5. ?C?>< 75<;8. 07;8G=K<8 >:>;L=K<8 <0=52@0<8 >= ?KB05BAO 2K68BL 87 =55 !B825=0. ..  MB> HCB, ?0OF.  =0G0;5 @><0=0 >= @07K3@K205B ?0@>48N =0 :0B>;8G5A:CN <5AAC, A0<K9 206=K9 55 <><5=B  B08=AB2> ?@5ACI5AB2;5=8O ?@8G0AB=>3> E;510 8 28=0. @8 MB>< 2 :0G5AB25 A2OI5==>3> A>AC40, 2 :>B>@>< ?@>8AE>48B ?@5ACI5AB2;5=85, 8A?>;L7C5BAO 1@8B25==0O G0H:0.  #;8AA5 .. O2;O5BAO =>A8B5;5< :0@=020;L=>9 AB8E88: ;>6=>9, ?CAB>9, 2@06451=>9, A B>G:8 7@5=8O 540;0-6>9A0. 3@>2>5 <8@>>ICI5=85 35@>O @50;87C5BAO G5@57 7C1>A:0;LAB2>, CE<K;:C, 1>3>EC;LAB2>, F8=87<. =B03>=87< .. 8 540;0 A8<2>;878@C5B :>=D;8:B 42CE A?>A>1>2 =5?@8OB8O 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. A;8 540; >;8F5B2>@O5B 1C=B 3>@4K9, @><0=B8G5A:89, ;NF8D5@>2A:89, B> ..  1C=B :0@=020;L=K9, HCB>2A:>9, :>=D>@<8ABA:89. 0: 8 <=>385 4@C385 ?5@A>=068 #;8AA0, .. 8<55B A2>53> ?@>B>B8?0 2 48AA55 ><5@0. <C A>>B25BAB2C5B =B8=>9  A0<K9 03@5AA82=K9 8 45@7:89 87 65=8E>2 5=5;>?K, 3;02=K9 >184G8: "5;5<0:0. 8B. A<. : AB0BL5 ;C<. .-. CH8=0  .:FdhtrZ gdfFpzBf#$r%%%% & (D-2|7B<F^OlTvT(UUrVgdfFrVWWWW>X$Y[`8fmnooov*xLxNx\xxxZ{xNlnxgdfFz2nzz6PR^~XVjTnpgdfFjfVNH^(gdfF,1h. A!"R#n$n% B@B 1KG=K9CJ_HaJmHsHtHBA@B A=>2=>9 H@8DB 0170F0Xi@X 1KG=0O B01;8F04 l4a .k@. 5B A?8A:0g E  EKP6i @MNZ(% !".$$a%g%%8&&&&&T'(+-/$2I4065667<7e7u7v7}77W8: =??AiAwAxAA=CFJMNRX6\^aaab b!b+bEbFbRb^b_bhb{b|bbbce f(h)iloqqrrssssswy z.z/z7zz}\cƃǃ܃}gܑ̑ݑHӗٗ FRS[k&˨4GHXn @%XCO)WK8GIM{WwK` "(7DGe7=u/&I'56Dts  ,n<L\]K "%h))))7*q-.....0279$9%9*999<<@iBDGJ%L+LL MMMM-MPPPPPPPPRT#VXZ%Z&Z/Z?Z[]_``a`alama{aacf\gvgg0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000cf\gvgg@00 000000(P>vn8mrV(vwxyz( \- ]-l ^-D _-T `-\ a- S b-t c- d-s e- 9 f-J g-,$ 44CzȘ8j-^88Mg   44CzΘ >p-d88Mg C *urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttagsmetricconverter @+ 1837 31852 31895 31898 31907 31939 31945 31947 31959 31990. 320 3508 3 ProductID                     -$vgg6cic.$vggggfF@ggl'ggngPPUnknownGz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z Arial"1h**5151#n4ff@HX(?fF2AdminAdminOh+'0T    (4<DLAdminNormalAdmin2Microsoft Office Word@@,[E@,[E51՜.+,0 hp   MoBIL GROUPf'     !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{}~Root Entry FCRData |1Table6WordDocument.SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjq  F Microsoft Office Word MSWordDocWord.Document.89qM?t`%%S420g 横 ஥\\10 - 쪠 㪮.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\܁L _C  

 


.. (1886), , . , , , . , , , , . . , , . .. : . .

.. , . , , . . . (1887) - . , , - , , , , . .

-, : . , (1888). , , . - , , . .

.. : . ( ), , , . , , (... ). .. , , . , .. , . (1886) , , , , . , 5- . , , .

, ( ) (1887). , . -. (1886), , . , , - : , , , , . ( ..), , .

.., , , , , . , , , . , , , , ( , , ), , , .

.. (1888), . .. : , , . . , , , : , , , , . , , .

.. , , , , , , , .

 

.:

. . ., 1986.

.. . 65 - 66

R}t`}V#V# )20] 横 ஥\\11 - ࠢ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`

 

(. Barabas)

. (1589). . 1- ., (1469-1527), , , .

XVI , . , , , , .

, , , -, , . , , - ( ) ( ). . . , . : , ; , , ; , , ; , , , . . , . , , : : . // ?

. , , , , , , . , , . . , , , . , ( . ), . . , ., . . , - , , , , .

. , . ( , ) , , . , , ( ), ( ).

. . - . , ( .. ).

. , . . , , . . , . . . , , . , , , <...> .

 

.:

. // . . ., 1961.

..

. 66 - 67

 

::t`~j20^ 横 ஥\\12 - ࠢ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`

 


.. - (1861, . . 1882) - (1869, . . 1900). . .

. : , . - . , , , . , , . . . , , . (, , , , ), . .

. : , , , , , . . , . (, ), . . ( , , ). . , , ( -, ). , , .

, , , , . , , , , . . . , , . ( ), . : . ... , . ( ). , , , , ., . , . . , ( ), , , . , , , (-).

. . . (1882).

 

..

. 67

 

 

Qt`   }20j 横 ஥\\13 - ᨫ ન.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\܀A ߀@ Ҩ 

 

Ҩ


.. (1941-1945) (1954-1963). .. , , 1939-1940 .

, (, ). .. (1892) .. . , , .. , , , , , , , , , . .. , , .

.. , . , , , , ; - , , , , . .. , .., , . , . , , , . , . , .. . , , .., . .. , , . . .

.. .. . .. . , . , .. , (. ).

, . .. , , , , . , . , -, (), ( ).

.. .. ( . ).

.. , , , . - : . .., .

 

:

.. // .. . ., 1961;

. . ., 1978;

.. . , 1980;

.. . . , 1992;

.. .. . , 1994.

.. . 67 - 68

 

vt`XX:E20m 横 ஥\\14 - ᨫ ᪨.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\܀A ߃A  

 

  .. (1903). , , , , , , , -, -, . , , , , : , , , .

.. : , , . , .. . , , , , , : . , .. : - , - .

, , , , , , . .. , , , . , , : ! , !. , : ? ? , : ! ! ... .

: , , . , , , , , . , . , ! .., , . .. , , , . .. .

 

.:

.. // . XIX XX . ., 1992.

..

. 68 - 69

 

 

Ct`{F )20b 横 ஥\\15 - ᨫ쪮.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\݀AL  

 


.. (1870). . . . , , . : , - . , : ( ), ( ), , (), ( ), ( ).

. , : , , . , : , , . , . , . , , . . , , , .

. , . ( . ). , . . . . , , . , , , .

. .. (1870). .. (1875), .. (1933), .. (1969).

 

.:

.. // .. . ., 1977. .2.

..

. 69

&Mt`}U20[ 横 ஥\\16 - ᪮.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߀A  

 

.. ... (1969). , 70- (. , . , . ).

, , . , , . , , , . , , . -. . , . , . , , . . , . .

, , , . , , . , , , . , , , , , : . , , . . , , , . , , , , . . , ., : , . , , . , , .

.. , .. .

 

..

. 69 - 70

t`~20\ 横 ஥\\17 - 窠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߂G

 

(1969). , . ., , , .

, , . , .: . , , . ., -, , , , , , , , . . , , . , .

. . , , , , . , , . . , ... . , , , .

 

.. . 70

 

Vt`+A*20k 横 ஥\\18 - ᫠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Հ@=KG9 `  

 


. (1963-1965, 1974) .. . , . , .

. , - , . , , , , . . , . , , : , , , . , , , , , , , . , : , !.. !

, .. , . , .. , -, , .

 

..

. 70

 

it`O&O&EW*20e 横 ஥\\19 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ԁ@0   

 

.. ? (1863). ; .

, , , .. ( ) - , . , , . .. , . .. , , .

, .. , . , . .. , .

.. : , ( , , ), .. . , , : ..

, .. . .. ( ), ( ); .. , ; .. , -; , .. ; . , , : , .. . .. ( ), , .. (, : ... , ).

. , .. , .. , . .. . ; . 1860- , - , ; . , , , .. . .

, . ( , ) . : , , , . , ( ), rendez-vous (1858), .

, . . , .-., . , . , . , , : , , .

.. . ; , , .. . .. -, - , .. , . .. ( . , , : ; 11:1).

 

.:

. .

.. . 70 - 71

 

t`x<<   1

 


 

1) .. (1788-1789).

, (7864 .) . (.. . : , .) , , XVIII . (.. , .. ) - .. .

II (1786). , , . , , , , , ( .) . . , .

. . , , , . : . , . , , .

. -. , , (, ), (, .. ), , , . . , -, . , ? , . , . , , , .

. . , : , ? ?

., , , . , XVIII ., . , , . , ( , ? ...), . .

. . ( .. .) ( , ) . , . . , . , . . , , , . . , , , - , . . , . . ( 1787 . .. ) .

, 1793 . ( ); ( ) 1871, 1914 . 1789 . ... , . , .

 

.:

.. // .. XVIII . ., 1939.

 

2) XIX .:

, .. (1800), .. (1803), . .. (1803). .. . (1823).

. .. , 1820-1821 . , . . , . , . . . , , . . (. : , .) , . : , . .

, . , , , , . , . : , . ( .)

, , .
, ., .

 

.:

.. . // .. . ., 1978.

 

3) .. (1830-1831).

, , . , , , , , .

. . . , . , ., . ( , , .) . ( , ), , , .

. , . . , . ; , , .

 

. , , , , , . ( , .. ). , .

 

.:

.. . , 1901.

..

. 60 - 62

 

Ft`XX?L$)20_ 横 ஥\\20 - 窠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Հ@>G  

.. (1848-1869, . . , ).

. , . ( , , .) . . , , . , . , , . , . , -.

, : , , , , , , , . , - . , , , , , . , . . , , . , . . . , , .

, , ., , , , . . , , , . . , : . , . .

. .. (1879).

 

.

. .

.. . 71 - 72

Lt`~##\1c20^ 横 ஥\\21 - ᨫ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`  

.. (1875), , , , , .

, , , ( , ). , , ... - , . , , . . , ( , , .. ).

, ; ߻ ( ) , . , 23/11 1874 : , . <...> , !! . , . : - , , , .

. , , -; . , . : , ; , . . , . , ( , ; , - , , ), , . , . ; , ; .

. , . , (.. , , ), , , , . , . , , , . . . : ., , : , , , . , . , , .

. ( ); . , . , . : . , , . ; . ., , ( , ) ( , , ., ) ( , ) .

 

.:

.. // .. . .; ., 1963. . 95-132;

.. // .. . . . ., 1995. . 464-488;

.. // . ., 1973;

.. ( ). ., 1979.

.. . 72 - 73

 

[t`3#{30] 横 ஥\\22 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`5@

 

(. Werther)

.. (1774). , . , . , , . . .

. , . , , ; , , , , . , , , . . , , , , , , , .

, . - : . .: , , , . : , ... . . : , , , .

. , , , . , , , , . . , , - . <...> , . , . . , . . .

. : ( ), . . . . . , , , .

 

.:

. // . . ., 1986.

..

 

. . (1892, . , . , . ). , XVIII , , . , . , ; . , .

. ., .. , .. .

.. . 73

 

t`kk120p 横 ஥\\23 - 客᪨ (.).htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`AA<


.:

 

. 73

t`cc]+20^ 横 ஥\\24 - 設.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`  

 

.. (1900). ., , , , ... ..., . , . , , . , , ....

, . , , . , , , - , , , , . . . , , . : , .

, , , , . . , , , - . , : ... , .: ...

. : . , , , ...

. .. (1901). .. (1940), .. (1965).

 

.

. .

.. . 73 - 74

 

 

 

tt`x x 6vn20^ 横 ஥\\25 - 設.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`

 

. . 14-69 (1927). . , , , . , , , .

. , , , . . ! . , . . , , . , , . , , , , . , -, , . , .

. (1927) .. .

.. . 74

 

 

 

7at` ]20d 横 ஥\\26 - ࠬ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߁@`

 

 

(. , , )

  , , , , , . .

. , .. : , , , , , , , . - . . , , , . , (XI .), ., , , - .

 

.:

.. . ., 1989.

.. . 74

kt`Ty20 横 ஥\\27 - 죥 ᪥ࢨ᪨.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\݁LLM< A߀@`

 

(. Gudlielmo de Baskerville)
 

(1980). .. (1214-1292), , (1285-1349), .

, , , , , , .. . ( ) , . .. . ( .) , , , , .

.., - , 1327 . XXII . , . , , , . .. , , , . . , , , - , . .

.. : , , . , , , .

1986 . - .. .

 

.:

. // . . : , 1989.

..         .  74 - 75

 

-6t`]]y20q 横 ஥\\28 - 죥 .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\݁LLO< `\5@

 

 

(. Wilhelm Meister)

.-. (1785), (1796) , (1821).

. , . .. : , . .. , : , , , , . .. XVIII . . , , , .

.. ; , , , . .. , ; , . , , : . .. . , .. , , .

.. . .. , : , . , . .. , , . .. , . , , .., .

.. , , . .. , , . .. , . .., , . , , .

.. - . . , . 40- XIX .. . XX .. XVIII , .

 

.:

. . . . ., 1983. . 1;

. . ., 1986. . 214-221, 328-352, 475-491.

..         .  75 - 76

ڎt`MMR20l 横 ஥\\29 - 쥣 .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\݁LLM< L

 


(. Wilhelm Tell)

. (1804). .. . .. . .. , .

.. , , , . , , .. . . .. , : , , .. . : , . , , .. , . .. . , .. . .

.. ; , .. . . . , .. . . , . 1919 ., .. . , .

.. .. (1830). . (1829).

 

..         .  76

L`t`1 30e 横 ஥\\3 - -.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\т@-ׁ`0@

 

-


.. - (1927). (1795-1829), , , ( . . -) , . , . , , . ( , - ), ( , ), ( , , ).

.-. . (1925) , . -, .

.-. , , , , , . , , . , , , . .-. , , , . .

.-., ; , , (. ). (. ) , , , .

, . . .-. , , . .

, . , . , , .-. . , , , .-., .. , . . .. , .. .

 

.:

. . ., 1966;

.. - // . ., 1988;

.., .. . ., 1988;

.. . (.) , 1990.

.. . 62

 

 

:t`==d~120` 横 ஥\\30 - -.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ǃ-`

 

-

 

(. Winnie-the-Pooh)

. - (1926) (1928) , . .-. , , , - , , , , , , , , ( .. ).

, , . .

, , .-. (, , , - ). , .

.-. , . . , , , , . .-. .-. .-. , , . , , - (1964). .-. .

.-. . .-. .. .

 

.

.. - // . , . , .. , . . , 1985.

..         .  76

t`wh20W 横 ஥\\31 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\

 

(. Viola)

. , (1601). , .

, , , . , . , , , , , . , . , . , , , , . . . , .

-, , , , . , , . , , . . . , . ( ., ) , . , .

. , , . . , , . , ., , , . , ., , , . : , , . . : , , , , .

. , , - . , . , - , , , ( ). , . . , . , ., : ..

. . , , , , . , . . . - : , , , : , , ? , , ... .

 

.:

. // . . ., 1958. .7.

..

. 76 - 77

t`~ BWLD20^ 横 ஥\\32 - ਭ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\݀@O  

.. (1924) , . (1925). , ; , , , , , , , , . . . , .

, , , . . , , , . . , , . , , , , . , .

. . (1925).

 

.:

. . . ., 1989.

.. . 77

t`  ){20h 横 ஥\\33 - 檨 (.).htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߃F\A<  


.: .

 

. 77

Egt`}20[ 横 ஥\\34 - 楪.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߁F

 

 

(. Woyzeck)

. (1836-1837). . , : 27 1824 . , , . ; , .

. , , . , : - . . , : , . , , . , , . . . , , , . , . , , . , .

, , , ., . . , (1978).

 

.

.. // .. . ., 1990.

..

 

. . (1922-1924). , , : , . . , , , . - , ,

 

.. . 77 - 78

 

8@t`x&&1#20X 横 ஥\\35 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\  

.. (1928-1940), , , , , ; , , , .

. . , . ( л, 1930). ., , , , , . , 1928 1937 : , , , , , , . ( , , ), . . , , - . , . . , , .

. : Platz! Junker Voland kommt (! !; .. ; ). .. (1904), , . . . , - ; . ( . . , .) , , , . , , .

, , : , , , , - , , , , , . . , . , . . , . . . . , , . . , . - ( ) (), , , . , , . .

., , - /, , , . , , (, VII, 44), . . : , . , . , ; , .

. . , . , . (. ), , . . , , . , : , .

- . (1-1 .), , , . , , . , , . , . . . . , , . . , , , , .

 

.:

. ... // . 1991, 5;

. . .

.. . 78 - 79

 

t`q{120] 横 ஥\\36 - 쯮.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߁L

 

 

 

(. Volpone)

. , (1606). . ( ), . ( ), . ( )

. XVI XVII . , . , . . , . , , , , . , , . , , .

. , . , , , ., : ., . .. , . . , . . . , . , , . .

. . , , , : , , , // ! , , // , , . , . , . , ., - . : (), (), (), (), (). . . , , , , .

., , , ., , , , .

XVII . , , . <...> , , , , , , . . . , , , .

 

.:

.. . 1573-1637. .;., 1958;

.. . ., 1982.

.. . 79 - 80

 

t`OOE 20` 横 ஥\\37 - ஭᪨.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\]@A  

.. (1873-1877), , -, . . .. , . , , 30- XIX .

. , , , , . . , , .. , .

, , , , . , . , , , , , . , . , , .

. : . . : , , . . , , . : , . . : ; . . , . , , , ., , - -. , .. Frou-Frou (1870), .

, . , - , . , , , . . , . , . , .

.: , , . , , . , , , , , , . . , .

 

.:

.. .. ( ) // . ., 1981.

. . .

.. . 80

 

t`""@, {20h 横 ஥\\4 - ᪨ (.).htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߄A\A<



. :

,

.

 

. 63

4t`\20` 横 ஥\\5 - ⥩.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`

 

(. Wallenstein)

  . , , (1797-1800). , (), (1583-1634).

. . , , . , . , , . , , , : . ., , . . , .

. , , . , . , , , , . , , , . . , , : . : . . .

. : (1931), (1958).

 

..

. 63

t`{PPd鈀20[ 横 ஥\\6 - 쬮.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߁L

 



(. Valmont )

(1782). . . , .

. , , , . , . , . , , ( , ). , , . , . , . , .

. , , . , . . . , , . . : . . . : - .

.. .

(1960) , , . .

 

.:

. XVIII // . . . . ., 1967. . 16-19;

. . ., 1971;

.. . , 1980;

.. ( ). --, 1992.

...

. 63

<(t`6RP20_ 横 ஥\\7 - ᨭ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`  

 


.. (1830), , , . ... - . (1816).

( I, 4) . ; . ., , , , (, , ).

.: , , , , . , , - . . , , , , , . , , . , , .

, . , , , , , , , , . . , , , , , , . . : . .

. (1979) ... . , : , , , , : . , , ludi funebres, . , XX (.. ), . .

... , 29 1830 . ( 6 ). , , , . : , , , , . , ., , . . , , . , , , : ; // ? !

(1899, . .. ). . (1901).

 

.:

.. . // .. . . . 1937. . .

..

. 63 - 64

 

 

Ξt`GGy.Թ20g 横 ஥\\8 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`5@7 @

 

(Walter Faber)

. Homo (1957), , , - . , , , -, .

.. , , homo faber, . .. , , , . , , . .. , , , . , , .

.. , , , , . (), .. -, . , , , , : , , , , . ( ) .. : . ..: , , , , , , , .

: , .. , , . , , .

.. . 1994 . . ; .

 

.:

. Homo // . 1966. N 4;

. // . 1967, 6.

..

. 64

 

Zt`}aal%S20[ 横 ஥\\9 - 㪠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߂C  

 


(1900), ( .. , , ). , .

, , ., , , . . , , , !, , , , . ( - ), . .

: , . . ( : .) ( .. : ?, ), . . , , , .

(1909) . , , . , .

 

.:

Homo novus [.. ]. // . 1909, 5;

. // . 1917, 48;

XIX XX . , 1976.

..

. 65

 

>t`nVj0;0N"横 ஥\\Thumbs.db݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ࡱ>  )& !"#$%'/(*<+,-.0812345679B:;=M>?@ACLDEFGHIJKNVbOPQRSTUW`XYZ[\]^_aicdefghjklmopqrstuvwRoot Entry o61Catalog x2  ( !"#$%&'E*+,-./012345689:;<=>?@ABCDSGHIJKLMNOPQRaUVWXYZ[\]^_`zcdefghijklmopqrstuvwxy|}~ JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?֭u|N%hIm#PM=s=п2mR{i 4m8? /SyO0``,P8}apixbul2.gif, JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?3?_Ǚ"7gj_Nq;ʺko+sFݝcӭu[I-omฌ:6#*x8 £m?Ch4m>m+!@ JqqP8}apixbul3.gif,P8}apix JFIF``C     C   `" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdef34)L57B6F<ghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?2ZhE =*_"?Ȣȏy(#i|(D?GOQED?GOQED?GOQED?Q]ֳQ J(B?rule.gif,⣀aprobul1.gif @JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?G EƏ:^!-g%TE 20{c XO_<_}jںehN2q|SO?.xPGUv۩nzn>:u_\{{u+O=ĆI%,%I'MyEeS%BP,y#xUvݮos 6JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?]jB⦥:ZȲ^0wQ4HY%z ?>$xocw:ݕjvϗwHʳ&%a 0`=kG.oxßgnlJv"H$g ?ჾЏ{?\);~ݑIhQ`ҧMkVzi,⣀aprobul2.gif,⣀ap 0JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?wcw6m_VZE޵qmKulڻUxkϋ_u_cY^Nai#ݑY1ONvŠ(ΕekoѿxVMߥ (&|6?o~(Kdϝ_,?garefbul1.gif, ?g JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?l? i[/l>kO9pH<䞸b_@m?oѭ4w?.a<4pm-z JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?C`ăsW+ϙwx<+=P!}6BqwM3arefbul2.gif, ?garefbul3.g JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?7I|zH8r2p ;^D5&*G"*ʸy P+O][JQQ:*RIy~GO}barbul3e.gif,O}barrul JFIF``C     C   `" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?_7h}}((>u?3f٢>u?3f٢>u?3f٢>u?3f٢>u?3f٢ee.gif*k0}blbkgnd.gif, JFIF``C     C   --" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?MY5Cs*j((/eT _((SUiTHɌ0#{T_ix/(G1?ix/(G1?ix/( SJFIF``C     C   " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ??{(tj-ebwngn~lta~^!M;1u{OP=܆Ib-#eKI$_?~{ ],ѻ{yb=;0mۀ<3_n厭}G/ϓ, jQJ+/ȪMWͫZ斔tPސfrt`w+Yݷ_L~blebul1a.gif,L~blebu91'(02&12 22X JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ??]:] !қʊ5UwaT}PԼ"]u7G<W>׃ino'K$4y9 d,-$HC9;_;ө Wq,NpԹZQt]l2a.gif,L~blebul3a.gif, JFIF``C     C       % !"#$B'()*+,-./012356789:;<=>?@AQDEFGHIJKLMNOPaSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`cdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{}~ " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?|ghω:o'^%ʹ^mogq^J&*~| /5y4I',?ſ%ֵ+R/[),Ҵ< I8'{ǃ|!gtg\2guõ~Ƹ' F8j\(D.ǟ3? JFIF``C     C   `" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? S_Ez5WxQ^YQ@Q@Q@Q@L~blegtext.gif*L~ble LJFIF``C     C   `" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?='P&}_93?Z_YCF (??hֿa7G,ѭo*(5MQ ş4k_0?ckTg  &⨢X,ZUYCF (??hֿa7G,ѭo*(sepa.gif,Vѥbtzbul1a.gif XJFIF``C     C   32&d424T52C^62R" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?;L~?>#:v-ҤJ,[DE9F!'#оi9׷? i_w q4v7 66)Z$PYn؀#%=N+w?y6MͽfjI HJFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?NGSB=6ef(q]_O)^­sPK&mfGBdg!]*C L H%[rC y$GO5J0dZ~<}x7:׏KgOuB;8T_w#k o%..5:{ ؀*FQUp%<^c]+k-k_[uխRzbul3a.gif,Vѥbtzhsepa.gif JFIF``C     C   `" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?ТF(}+du6 ǚdvׁbB@?u=Exf>GCh xK;mۺyd{gПZPQ킀۩yh?slcHz~k lw?7瓎QJ?]zH%ElFYzlZ,HH'pG8(c4$Ndvppf'֧G`(6p8h3~8$AxdZƶ[MyRiWguG,Vѥbtztilea.gif*B~ @JFIF``C     C   :`" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz72bL82|92o03)3 w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?Ly'Z>a$Jz`|݉=f9=}irmI,G>Nwl)T =sqDAcF-JX>P,k`du&Հ?HʮF}21I:+ÏҀ"OR{x>cy*O21G(<ܑ:I'=81T6Ҕ=I'~΀9d`rš=sԱǴQYPpwo=dq9+NKm$tSl#ր"oHbڹn:q}*I&r2ns~4v[9 4=@?֕ˣïT;}:4$g'n?Jt3I$\p>,%:<Đy֐Jۘ=G>I. a€% =z~Ցw_\w?4V?Ͻ"=(N`98g8P~R@˵G탓t6qu ¯CH,A z`d\?\P n'a?zsN7rsu?DU9@E枛M&Hqa֔HF=eM6qh/5;Jfbv1I@F `Ѱ:cY!0=)@wOP D2rsO0\Zgf41`PWU+<I })~)>maF0@<JA!NzUf'sw429ɏh`u? RXX*) 1N~\㴮Ih2s% <)r@` FHq#S8W? JFIF``C     C   `" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?9j,~U[((6A (((((chbkgnd.gif,R̕globul1a.gi cJFIF``C     C   " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?#qT  6z+yj5,fZ䭺*F]Yp62shf/#N-ke,b{:b_3gJvh>x?KM) _JGԡU>6HwY|:QxľKwQkkK[hL>XRqsUXss++{ۮJIr[df,R̕globul2a.gif,R̕ 'JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?yn>|Gm4;}RLt^=@nH]K?]QmT>)T_%kTZI G*{ѓnTy[ZR-+W"OM*YܼK#k|3#%RySn//.%w/$,ǒI$y$Uwt$ JFIF``C     C    " }!1A13* 23+N33, 43-]Qa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?ƞ4>$x/w:Du]E)Í3nqר3o ]R-+af8霞b|;2 Qn%kb ˓8ÞӼ'[ZUl-yPg۹Xyby=ϧK~%;Xglobul3a.gif, R̕glohorsa. BJFIF``C     C   `" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?3Km_KiK> =iRLn?}0δ,ڊ(EiK> }@FiX/QE7Km_KiK> =4)Gu7` LgZcp E"4%֟t>CiT#N,(?gif,!R̕glotextb.gif*" JFIF``C     C   4@" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?LX>333cLךAe 99?^Aik5h2`LlSʛn;lgcgSaŔj(g?tw{e) 89=/NثQCT߻tݿkc8L<栺Hl(H^I>HvsWjB\BZC9_Q8G2u?ikHQEPQ@Cy߿cc3⦪ ar Lh̀z徃Dt֖z-Tv@QE0 ( $DĖW:Uw'ٿ~ǗmgDp)h((}E%ؒlH2'wQS/ QJFIF``C     C   H`" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?<ѝ#On2R29k4kԃm< ג1#8ҥ籭t[{Xn423Y!)-Җ+hm$Ӌړugt2:RyˌU)*0k;ܫ>:\InԏkEq1`w b]<pEin|uZl1TQ@?ZQ\t朱sUv.VЮYHNOZ=(O||&cZlABIAlq EcQ\[;dެF[am,dt2 kX'Mb [- JDoWٲ4 < եE h֊)ȖVp3fފ+5H?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVeYZ[\]^_`abcdghijklmnoprstuvwxyz{|}~w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?PdHG9[A8N?+3H<ژ9=0:PrwpiJ|/dt9 z@ݵFx?zP1'BJ3ێ4Tr#-;C^qR)AoCև,@_(@,A#FьÍ>q9^}3@ TX Q;l>N2xxUr?A,A_42{pip3sHcPB!;Hnx_SJnn H 1zPSr;R8MWh bb[gR2pyrscC!8JBz }(s~C`v>@7v-ҀgR)3H@OBFyJ~zcۭ2DGu#9@plR`NW4w<FO(1J4#(_d y.NALq?Ҁ\Z@dI?NԊwcs{I( ph<AHsTphT  #iOi>p?zF#GORžԓvN<xp#8۞`HCpsӰH2Fcڀ0PA<!4rTTiI`99a`ќ׎ \$Ry##C`8{IG;SJN3{g,#~*x =H=n'chh-ߥv;͜~R :Z@1{ RsBzg8u4nPqyA=94gځ99gqH PᱜmR 'w@Gsi8N +8*ˌ0dן/r8'9.0r;L&pFyh apH'P.gif,$\D~poebul1a.gif,% 'JFIF``C     C   " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?L/F:Tڐ8F#`?^<ᶷe_^lZ7WWjnd$ݹRqpk_yiEBhn]6HB2_|9쎂0]xwV3O)h+Ȕv|)YU;F1r_w? JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?'ON]fmD/e16Dܥn'+_=su{ARnS@{Ȿ"~ f;Aib|p7Vy]V?\D~poebul2a.gif,&\D~poebul JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?5]-OE2")2Mg0;^{oYXǜwmb=3>!⫘5M6;,%Hx[Xlm!%ª *JMVRaIn3a.gif,'\D~poehorsa.gif, ]JFIF``C  93/i04=[14X24f    C   `" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?>K;(##Gdc?QTt,Mi|CD a"JG?O) lW81Dsgop.(='&1\Riɏ9h>hvp bDx ? <,c`ˊ(Ԟ[H7O򥶵\D1czb OJFIF``C     C   [`" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?S$S<KqٲJ*/8v)o~1זcd;2Zk<Bqr)1M4]Hw1ʟLw9ڼjO+؟)m@b:H؜}s2U+J/X($~~c7G~ސ8ufFXew.}1NS}{`m HpE3i1(PB# `jhS/!{(aQ0=E/Ϧ9IYg)i!w٨ 3ԅ[QEhA?!hcI Q$aA&)ăi gؽ@%+ér(2sx5?4 ҕ5db17Sj`0GsJ+#1ISR6,`IQr{JNa"gw"̌qC7ڃ[jShm&MEB '(zJN5`>h!~OҞ(݆-[pϸ$7(|SNi;RlV? S3"aB4BMF;n3LBJC?cS[X}5:{";z5$MH=qt-1 )H={`1hԭ,S*| S[MITDqJ9䓒i|*ZQ6#(`A'Ry*ߟ8$|p9cS G^riKQaY敢!ߡD9x~%F4it73u~X`wv%1Tyi-[%}O~F j;qtZ=42zbõѽjJB#"IȦy t,5 ~BVI]֦.LEr{YcQ*>" kƯ4ˇ)TEܠIMiir_!q=3JtTV3;rXVtŠ( ?(\D~poetextb.gif,)⣀prob JFIF``C     C   P" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?1"z䥷/j("z䥷/j("z䥷/j("z䥷/j("z䥷/j(kgnd.gif**?grefbgd2.gif, JFIF``C     C   " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?sV]Q@(G[wG#³ `JFIF``C     C   " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz 34ql44^54V64w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?Ox:#VwwMM.ERcKeo|_~'kKN/egs"3Bbv2=CZ>/ϊUlt-fbu eh-g/.& TP$"5Y]?g~8ռUyo5.aNڋ;IKkoW|_򫙼P\Yl~ٵit{Yj?+3+~topbul1a.gif,,3+~top RJFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?>.~_KM#NƺEy^uN<9m-bUS# =ºC/=]. [ėՅmΫio^:*;wh2 v!3|Pо4:k&F3B.#单IH #qY~{E%ϊK=P sgX9Hʾpv|-9~[և 4z6q',^Igvw8e:绾-o,.3+~toprulea.gif*/3+~t JFIF``C     C   `" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?崀jav6)1I_zUhsox#]g* B qڊ+HXh=x*="X49oEb`dw)UFBGbYHᏘFO+Zg$"DX~4QHh%jav6)1I_zUhsox#]g* B qڊ()bŴ&o'JH+%tFX9yduEUeѐQؖR8c? やq;԰0i {P>g9j8v]'H;.xH]v@w.:jm P!# @Q[ǥ)RxOWS•8l?{9 m4R3QI ”> +mg_4"l F~C52ŹTa pIZPF?HSpT~PT#-c9P*q@EӜaIQ's gPyOn*5xmӃq@mOQ#}˩Hzqm2t_zP !-G5Q\)eqEìҶBvMh.\O񤍁cpo1U%40Fr?Ԋ(P~=>x 1q@ Kp:g [Hp$2qӌRgu onvIyQ9qzH;f%RJߵEm,84)y9ty^*:t8G>!w.þ1- `cF~cO"G/鞔n<<}}hFۚUݖ1 r}Ҡ*Iums=MA@PRFHϷր' $u CqAI*eW +<optxtr.jpg`0,'M${A42CD7B6-E9B9-4D02-B7A6-288B71AD28BA} {JFIF``C     C   ``" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?Ϗ-=06t}Bʵ2V|NL|KpGY@8щMPH*+B@uA[FY{ez?Jίky$e~jv^gCBu^H~!cwXyL?Sh!8b}8Y?؟P/D[M@n+6d{8ThЎWi?LXq>ҟ%lp ]tAJTܮDa6<' 4K' 4K?!=1S,Ϳ4oٷlcz_q_|-pOeg*^:uBϿŝ/4'OiG4'OiGß,k jw$?cU-Huuy4kx-˿3W͟{h+ß >tОi?i]tX5XD*2ʯ .>m@b Q_?82U%>״YZX.i`k qdn=2k9EbjFQrKt\|zj0Iﲹ<]QhҺOO5=oT.Z{u>.(лI¹ ſH+(_s'Vmş,u=>bpǘlNܰauϡV SIL*RugN _<;k>!ԼgOàlO&D$0 Rc0I_^d Go1_40տ~&GBybֵ{M>,$lP@l1Ak/^o;mHxaKY` *غע=jԩa{5|a>Ӟ+[\_=k#UY6y^f͞\Q-h_f,ӔlXX[M6d62tq;]sp+__h:Vo"kGhmAH@Ž1׭vǝo/īOu͗um7O)H4yV rXӝHOk5\jU! *_ְ2NH_+O>$j̲-اnv3ҼLY/|xƣK]Ҭa7^e41&meQed{+p^KGͽ{ :k_@ +5s >񎡠C_@_gݎSm泻D!p0UU9P$u(OG ~|29oLoi(πN?Ɲ|[[xah'BFYO  1_-X2o^CKه__ίGlxşHk?mx𾟣߾ϴZdy6l15;>]z\"񾉥n=GBz,2 kӒƥ?e3Z)SU#?L|u}~Ӵ5k+c ;e7#^S?!ߥx^Z樰@[`LrZJ1`Oȯο ^a x;[3=9voE>hٔ]O}=;K3YRUץiCVOdj)iMY|_xHz/.i w,dbB>AzQ7__Vխ,'{{KcdF*Mc3ġ<@1Gȧ<+~! ox5Nr&! Yv=+֫k+?xz8j*oW韶o$O"Pyb k?f[Gy-",m$8#=xOس_ %i:qgxZX1E;B>v.\XkMլvp!8 O)uы&R<3v/9#De?~ͱk_SkyvjϚzz+TF" ^Sc׾ĺ~mmgpQ>v _½kT9nDO} \pK{YԚrwײ<7' ZzU:DBg~l\cO|C3ޓai.w_U>{৉nuSk&MBX0䀑cXbO®U 0ss|)|z__;S$,oj!׳h:<>>$|kLArNXppkyQ>9gWxz*0 /ɖ-&zIkZO~oO{vF-iqQUm޿22>o,yZx+]֡l?W^ a?.&UcjU?/ɖ'Zת䂾މ-#zcͬ]Cxms{veu!<0Ü L|Y? ziY++)sTV9&zx8~ޝ'NQ*V]

 

 

(. Den Grimme Aeling)

.. (1843). , , . , , : . - . .., .

, , ; , . , , , , . , .. , --, . , . : , ! .. , . .

 

.:

. // . . ., 1979. . 44-98;

. // . . ., 1979. . 165-188.

..

. 81

 

Ot`䈥 20f 横 ஥\\10 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\􀐀`8 ܃@

 


 

(. Harry Haller)

. (1927). , , (1907), , , , .

, . , , . .. : , ..: , .. . , , : . .. , , , ( .. ) , , . .. , , .

, .. . , , . ..: , , . .. , , , , , .

-, . , , .. , .. , , : , .. , , , : .. , : , , , . .. , , , , , , . .. , , .. , . , .. , . . , .. .

.. , . : , , , . .. -- ( ).

 

.:

.. . ., 1970;

.. // . ., 1987;

. // . . . ., 1994. . 1.

..

. 90 - 91

 

 

yt`GZbù20h 横 ஥\\11 - ࣠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\􀐀`8 ߀@

 


 

(. Harry Morgan)

. (1937). .. , , , , , . , .. , 30- .

.. , XVIII ., , .. , , , , , . .. . , , , , . . .. -, , .. .

.. , . , , , , . , . .. , , , . .. , . .. ( ),

.. , (. . . ). .. . , . , . , .. . .

 

.:

Baker C. , 1963;

C. . .

..

. 91

 

 

t`|88%Y$20\ 横 ஥\\12 - ⠭.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`


.. (1912).
 

. .

 

. 91 - 92

\t`SS 20c 横 ஥\\13 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\̓ @

 


 

(. Hedda Gabler)

. (1890). . .., , , , , -, , . , . : , , , . .. Noli me tangere .

, , , , , , , . . . , , , - . , , , . .. . , - , .

, . .. , , . , , , - . .. , , . . (, - .. ) , . .. . . , , , , . . , .

 

.:

Andersen Butenson H. , 1891;

Nurtham J. , 1966;

Host E. , 1958.

..

. 92

 

t`$S 4 20u 横 ஥\\14 - 졥 (.).htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߂L`O8 \A<  



.: .

 

. 92

st`~&L 20\ 横 ஥\\15 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ՁB>@

(.)

  ( 10 8 . ..). , . , , , . . , , , . , , .

VI . , : ! , . , . . . VII , , . . , , , . . , . , . , . XXII, .

. . . , . , . . , , . . XXIV . , . . , . (V . ..).

 

.. . 92


 

t`z{{O"J 20Z 横 ஥\\16 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\


(. Genoveva)

(1799). . , , , , . . . , , .

. , , . , , . . , , . , , . , , : , , . . , , , . . , , , , , . . , 90- XVIII . . , , .

, . . . , , , , .

 

..

. 93


 

at`TT~\ 20^ 横 ஥\\17 - 4.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ձ@8E IV

IV

 

(. Henri IV)

. IV (1597-1598). : IV (1366-1413), 1399. : , (1577).

.4 II , . II. , , . . , . . , . . ( V), , . , , . .4 , :

, ,
;
...
, , ,
                ,
(IV, 2).

.4 .

 

. . II .

..

. 93

 

ut`}@@Kb 20[ 横 ஥\\18 - 㡠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߁C

(.)

1) (415 . ..).

. . , . , , : , , , , ... , . . . , , , : , <...> ! . . , , , . , , . , . .

 

2) (424-418 . ..).

, . . . , , . , . - , , , . , . . .

, . . , . . , . , .
. , . , XVII .

 

.. . 92 - 93

 

t`ܹѧ720^ 横 ஥\\19 - 5.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ձ@8E V

V

 

(. Henri V)

. V (1598). : V (1387-1422), 1413. : V ( 1588).

. . . V , , IV, . , , . . ( ). (1415). . , . , , , . . , . . , , , VI. VI.

. V:

,
! :
,
.

. . 11 .

..

. 93 - 94

 

nt`{g1ʤ20[ 横 ஥\\2 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ׄB0

 

 

(. Hiawatha)

.. (1855). . . . XVI . . , . . , . . ( . ).

, -, ( . ). . (. ) -, . , , . , .

.: () , . , , . : , , , , . . , . . (). , . . ., , . . .

. , , , (). . , , . . . , . . . , .

. : ( , ), ( ) ( . , , ). , . , , . . , , .

. . . ( , . ) . , .

 

.:

.. . // , .. 1977. 4;

. ? // . 1981. 6.

.. . 81 - 82

 

4t`vvO20^ 横 ஥\\20 - 6.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ձ@8E VI

VI
 

(. Henri VI)

. VI (1590-1592). : VI (1421-1471), 1422 1431. : (1548) (1577).

. . . . , . , . : , .

. . . , , . . . , , ; - .

. ( III). . . . : , ! (II, 5). , - . . :

! !
- ,
- (II, 5).

. .. (1868).

 

.:

Levin H. , 1976;

. . II .

..

. 94

 

 

;tt`~ JN20^ 横 ஥\\21 - 8.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ձ@8E VIII

VIII

 

(. Henri VIII)

. VIII (1613). : VIII (1491-1547), 1509. : (1577).

, , -, . , . . . . , , . . , . -, . ., , I.

 

.: Sen-Gupta S. , 1961;

. . II .

..

. 94


 

t` *20_ 横 ஥\\22 - ᨬ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Հ@0A  

.. (1852), -, , , . . , .

, , , , . : , , , , , , , ... , . . : , . , . , . . . , .. , . , .

 

.:

.. // .. . ., 1987. . 212-220;

.. .. // .. . ., 1959. . 141-157.

..

. 94 - 95

)t`z  320Z 横 ஥\\23 - ठ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߀@


 

(. Gerda)

.. (1843). . , , , . , , , , . , -, . , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , .

, , . , . , , . , ( ), ( ), , , . . : , , . . : , , ( ) , , , . , , . . .

 

.:

. // . . ., 1979. . 44-98;

. , .. , ; . ., 1983. . 279-320.

..

. 95

 

t`|??5020\ 横 ஥\\24 - ଠ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߀@  

.. (1833). . , , , , . , . . , - , , .

, . , , , , . , , , . . . , . , , . , . , , , . : , , . . , . , , . . . .

. , , , .

 

..

 

. .. (1890); .. , 1887-1889 . .. .

, , . , XVIII . , , . . , .

, . . -: , , - ( ? !). , , . , , .

. , .. 1933 . . . , .

 

..

. 95 - 96

 

t`yg} 20W 横 ஥\\25 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\܁F

 

(. Ginz)

. (1797). , , , .

. , , , . , , , , . : ! ! ! . . : , - .

. . . , . . , ; , . , : , . . : ( . , ) . , . , .

 

:

.. . ., 1877;

.. // .. . ., 1969.

..

. 97

 

t`II7{ 20u 横 ஥\\26 - 䮭 ૨娭.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\рF D̀ @߀E

 

(. Götz von Berlichingen)

.-. , (1771-1773). . -1 . . , , .

. (1504-1505). . 1519 . . ( . ), . . , . . . , , . . . 40 , 78 .

., , . , , , . . , . , . . . , . . , .

., . ., , , . . , . , , . . - , . , , , , . , .

. , , . . , , . , , , .

1- . . , - . : , , . , , .

, . , 1798 . . . .. .

 

.:

.-. . ., 1986;

Miller R. , 1966.

.. . 96 - 97

 

a_t`zH920X 横 ஥\\27 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\׀@>


(. Hero)

. (1831). . . . . , . , .

. , . . , . , , , , , , , , . . , , , .

; . , . , : , , . , . , , , , , , . : , . ., , , . , .

. - (1889), . , .

 

.:

. // . . .; ., 1961;

Fuerst N. , 1958.

..

. 96

 

t`1tʪ20b 横 ஥\\28 - (.).htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\׀@>\A<  


.: .

 

. 96

nt`{UMu 20[ 横 ஥\\29 - 㬮.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߀C  

.. (1868). . , .

. , . , , . , , , , . . . : , . , , : , .

. . , , . , , . , . , , . , -. , , . , . , , . , . , , . .

. , . . , , . , , . , . , .

. , . , , , . . , (. .. : , ).

. (1870). . .. - (1877-1883).

. .. (1868). .. (1876), .. (1910), .. (1968).

 

..

. 97 - 98

 

0t`55 qH20c 横 ஥\\3 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\υ  ˨

 

 

(. Galileo Galilei)

. (1938). (1564-1642), , , ; , , ; , 1637 .

. 1934 , . , . .. . . , , , - , , . 1- 9 1943 - (). . .

30 1947 (-, -) , - . 30 1947 .. . .

: . -. , . , , . .. , , , , ; , , , , , , .

.. , . , . , , .

15 1957 , , . , . .

1966 .. ; .. .. . : .-, , . , . , , .

 

.:

.. . ., 1961. .329-363;

.. // .. .; ., 1962. . 130-131;

. // . , 1988. .31-37.

.. . 82

 

t`}k[ 20[ 横 ஥\\30 - ᥪ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߁A


 

(. Gobseck)

(1830), . ., -, -, . , , , , , . , , . , . , , .

. , . ( .. , , , .) . , , , , , . , , , . , , , , . , , , , . , , , , . (. : ! .)

. , , : ... , , . , .

, , , , , - - .. , .

 

..

. 98

 

 

yt`bbyٯp 20d 横 ஥\\31 - (.).htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\A< ˨ 



.:

 

. 98

yt`}--57 20] 横 ஥\\32 - 浪.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߁O  

.. (1846), , , . , , , .

, , . . , , . , . : , .

(, , ), - ( , , ) , , , . . ; - , . ( . , ) . , .- , : , , , , , , , , , .

, , . ., , (, .) . , . (, , ) , . . .

. 1872-1875 . , , , , <...> . , . 1860-1870- . ( ). , ( , , , , ).

, , (), . , . : ( ), ( ), , , , , , , . . , . ( ), ( ). , 1840- , , , . , .

, 1840- . . , , : , . .

. ( .. ), . () . , 1820-1840- ., . (.. ), .. , .. , .. , .. . . ( ) 1840- . . , . : , , . ... .. .

 

.:

.. ;

1846 // . . . . 13 . , 1953-1959. . IX. . 563-564. . X. . 40-41;

.. 1846 // .. . ., 1985. . 181-182;

.. . ., 1885;

.. . . ., 1929;

Reber W. , 1964;

. (... 30-40- . ) // , 1917. . XXVII, 1-2, . 1. . 222-230;

. - ( ) // . 1965, 3;

. .. // Scandosslavica, 1968. . XIV. . 21-32;

. // Studia slavica Hungarica, 1970. . XVI. . 259-300;

.. // Slavia. 1961. . XXX. . 3.

..

. 98 - 99

 

 

&t`GGmN{20d 横 ஥\\33 - 㭪.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\݁CC|;`


 

(. Homunkulus . )

.. (1797-1831). , , , , . , , .

. , , , . . . , , , . (, -! // .) , . , . , , ( ). . . : ... -, // . ( , . .)

, , . , , . . , . , . . : , // . ; . , , , . , . : , , . , , . , . . , . . , .

. . , , . . . . . , , , , . . . . , , .

. , , , , . , . .

. . , , .; , . . , , . XX . , ( -, -503 . ).

 

.:

. . ., 1986. . 510-513.

..

. 99 - 100


 

t`|VΎ:20Z 横 ஥\\34 - ਮ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߀@


 

(. Goriot)

(1835). . , , XVIII ., , , ( , , ).

. , . . , : , , , . , . , , . . . , ; . , . . , .

, , ; , , , . , , . , . , . , , , , . ; , ; . , , 62 , . , , . , . , , , , , . , , . - , , .

, , , . . , , : , , . (, , 1835 ., , -, , , , ). . : , , , . , , . , . , , , , ; , , . , , , - .

( , 1843) , , .. (1944) . .
 

.. . 100 - 101

 

˔t`-!-!130c 横 ஥\\35 - த稩.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\݀@G  

.. (1835, 1841). : -. , - , <> ; .

. . , , , , .. , , : , , , : л. : ... -... ...

. , , : , ; . ; ; : , , , , , . . , .

. : ... , . . , . : - , , . : , ! . . , . . , .

: , , , , .. . . ( , , : , , ). . : ( , - ); (, , , ?); (: , . ! !); ( ! , ! !). : , , !
. , : ( -); ! ( ); ! , , 1836 . , - ( . , . ): , , , , .

( ) : ? !.. , , . . .. ( ) .. ( ). . , .. , , , . , : , , ..., ... 껻. XIX . .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. ; XX . .. (1921), .. (1952), .. (1952), .. (1969), .. (1972).

 

.:

.. . ., 1978;

.. . ., 1979;

.. . , 1983; . . ., 1985;

.. . ., 1996.

.. . 101 - 102

 

t`qq,20^ 横 ஥\\36 - 䮫.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\݀DO


 

(. Athalie)

. (1691). - IV . , , . , . , , , , , , .

, , . . : . , , , , , , . - . , , , . , , . , : .

. , , . , , , . : , . . , , , , , , , , , , , . , . , .

. , : , . , , , , . , . : 20 . - . . , , , , , . , , ? , , , ? . .

. . , , , ; .. .

 

.:

.. . 6., 1896;

Butler Ph. ..., 1959;

Goldmann L. ... , 1962.

.. . 102 - 103

 

 

t`~  ?O{20^ 横 ஥\\37 - ࠭.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\]@A


 

(. Grandios)

. (1754). . , . ( ). .. , . . , . .

XVIII . , . . , .

 

..

. 103

 

\t`pp:uְ20e 横 ஥\\38 - ॣ .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\]@@< 


 

(. Gregor Samsa; . sam , )

. (1915). , , .. , . , , , . . , , . , ..: , , , , .

, .. , - . , ; . , , , , . ..: , - ; . .. , . , , .
.. . ( ), - ( ), ( ) . : , .

.. : , . , , , , , . .., , ., : , . .. , .

 

.:

Fingerhut K.-H. ... , 1969.

..

. 103

 

t`  DRrlF20b 横 ஥\\39 - ॣ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\]@@|8`


 

(. Gregorius)

(1951). . , . . , -, , , : , . , , . . -, .

, , , . , , , . , . , , . . , , . . , . , - . : . . , , , . . , , , .

. , , , . , . . : , . . , . . , , , . . : .

 

.:

.. // . ., 1985.

..

. 103 - 104

 

ot`z^B[20X 横 ஥\\4 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\܃B

 

 

 (. Amled, . Hamlet, . Hamlet)

1) .

, , . , XII Gesta Danorum. 10 , .

, , -. , . , , , . , . , , , . , , , , , .

. , . : , . : , , . . . , . (), . , , . , . . . , .

, , , , . , . , , , , . , . , , . , , . , , , , .

, . . . , . , . . , , , , . . . - . , . . , , . , . , .
, . , . , . . , , , . , , . , , , , , , .

, , . , , , , . . , . . . .

, . , , , ( ), . , . . , , . , , , , , , . (). , ; , . . , . , . . , , , .

, . , . . . , . , . , . , , . . , . , , , . . , , , . , . , . , . , .

 

..

 

(.. ). : . , , , , , , .

, , (1530-1583). , , , , 1576 , . -, , ( , ). 1608 , XIX ( , , ). , , - .

, . . 1589 , , . , , , , . : (1596), , , : , ! , , -, , , , . , , , , , , . , , , (1577-1594), (. 1587 .), ( ) . , : , , 1584 1596-, Hammet Hamlet Amblett.

 

2) . (1600-1601).

- . , , , . ( ) , , . , , . : , , : . , , , , , , (-, -, , , , ), , , , , . , , , , , , , , - , , . , , - , , , . , .

. - , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , .

, , , , , , , , (, , , -, , , ).

, , , , . . . (1661). XVIII . (1743) .. (1783); XIX . (1814) . (1864 ; , , . ). , XX , . (1930), . (1937, . . ), . (1948; 1955 ), . (1965; . ), . (1970). ; , . XX , , .

. .. (1803), . - (1880- ). 1899 . , 1946 . .. . XIX . , . , XX . .

. 1810 , , .. , .. ( ..). ( 1837 ): .. ( ) .. ( ). : . .. , . , , , . (1911), .. , , . .. .

, , . : , , . , (1924), .

: .. .. (1971), .. .. ( , 1964 ), .. .. (1977).

 

.:

.. , . // .. .. ., 1948. .1;

.. // .. .. ., 1980. .5;

.. , // .. . ., 1968;

.. : . ., 1971;

. . . . ., 1986;

.. . . . ., 1994.

..

 

3) .. (1748).

. . , , . (1745-1748).

, , - . . , , . : , , , . , , . . , , , . , , , . , . . , , .

. (VII III ), . : ? , . . ! ! , <...> - . . , ( ). . , , ( ), . . . . ., . . , , . , . . . . . . , , , . , .

, , . , . . . , . , . . , , , .

1750 . . . .. (1757).

 

.:

.. XVIII . .,1977;

.. . ., 1982.

..

 

4) .-. (1769).

, . , . .

, , , : , ., , , . , , , .

, : . , , , : , , . , , , . , . . , , , ; : - , , .

, . , , . : . ? : , , , , , . , , , : . , , . . : , , , , . .

, . . , , . , , . , , , , . : , . . (, , , ) : , , . , : , , , .

, XVIII , , , , , , . , . () a la these, , . , . : , , , , .

, . , , , , . . , : , . , , . , . , : , , .

 

.:

Boncompain J.

..

 

. , . , (). , , . 1-1 . ( , ), , (.. ), . .

(1776-1796). , , . , , , - , <...> , , . (.. ), . . , . ; , , , , , . .. , ... (1838) . . <...> , . .. , . , . . , . ( ). , . . , , ; . , , . .. (1905) . , , , . . . (1947) . , .

. 1- . (1859) .. . , .. , . . .. , .. .

. (. 1868). .. - (1888); . ; .. , .. (1932), .. . : 1788 ( . ). . 82 - 86

t`LLng,w20i 横 ஥\\40 - 奭 (.).htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\W@5`A<  



.:

 

 

. 104

t`W!W!nA20o 横 ஥\\41 - ਣ਩ 客.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\]@@̀ E  

.. (1928-1940). , (1870-1920), . . 1974 . . ( *) ໻. . 1978 . . : .. ( , , 1979).

.., , , .., ( ) , .. , , .. , - , .. , . (1925), (1925), - (1925). .. .

.. - XX . . : .. , . : , , , . , .

.. , .. , . . 1939 . , .. , , - .

.. -, , XX ., , 1917., . .., , - , . .., , , , , -. , . , , . , , , . , , .

.. , . - , . - .

.. , , , . .., - ( . ), , , , , , , .

 

.:

.. . , 1962;

.. . , 1975;

.. . ., 1977;

.., .. // : . --, 1979;

.. . ., 1987.

..

. 104 - 105

 

d:t`8 G20} 横 ஥\\42 - ਣ਩ ९쥢 (.).htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\]@@ǀ `߀L\A<



.:

 

 

. 104 - 105

jt`$uH20a 横 ஥\\43 - ਧ줠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\]@L  

(1350-1353), 10- 10- . . , , , . ; , . , . . . , . , ; . , , , , , .

, , , : , , . ( 100 100 .) , , .. . : , , , . , , ( , . , ). . , . . 1 - , . . .

. , . : . . , . , . . ( ). 1472 . . ( : , ) . . 1593 . - , , , , . , . , . 1593 . . . , , . . . XVIII . . , , , ., . . , . 1816-1817 . .. .

XIX XX . . . . . ( ) : , , , , . XX . , .

 

.:

.. , . ., 1893-1894.

..

 

. 105

 

*\t`zܥ20Z 横 ஥\\44 - ਭ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\_@  

.. (1836), . . , , 1830 . . , , , . - , . , , . , . , , -, . , , - , , .

, , , , , , 1762 ., , - . (. , 1830: , // , // , // .) .-, , , , , , , .

, , , . , , , . , - , . , , . . , , , , - , .

, , . , . , , . , , , , , . , . -, . : , , , , . ., , , , .

, , , , . 1830- . , , .

 

.:

.. // .. . . . . . ., 1988;

.. .. . ., 1977;

.., .. .. . . . ., 1977;

.. // .. . ., 1985. . 170-179; . // . 1987. 7;

.. . ., 1987. . 241-287.

..

. 105 - 106

pt`~,20_ 横 ஥\\45 - 䨭.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\W@8`


 

(. Griffin)

. - (1897). . , , . , , , - . . , . , , , . . , , .

. , . , , , , . . . . , , . . , , , , . . , . . : , , ; , , , . .

. . , , , . , . , . , . . . . , , , . . . , . , , , , . , , . . , . , : . , ; , .

. , . , , , . 30- -, , .

 

.:

.. . ., 1989.

..

. 106 - 107


 

eyt`ee W20k 横 ஥\\46 - (.).htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\W@8`}8`Ap<


.:
 

. 104 - 105

t``320b 横 ஥\\47 - 襭쪠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\}`L  

.. (1878-1880). ( ), , , -. .

., , , . . , . : , ! . , , : . , , , .

, , , , , , (). . , . , . , . , , .

, , . : , , , ( , 1879, 28 ).

, , . . . 1889 . , , , , (. . // . 1971. 10. . 254-255).

 

.:

.. // . 1967. 4.

..

. 107

t`~X20c 横 ஥\\48 - 譨檨.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\}`F  

.. (1838-1840). . , . , . . , , , . . . . , . ! , , .

. , . , . . , . . : , , . . . . - . .

 

..

 

. 107 - 108

 

t`~  ˅o20^ 横 ஥\\49 - 㫫.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\]C@


 

(. Gulliver)

. , , (1726). , - , , , (.. ). , . ., .

.

. , , , : , , , .

. . . , . . - , , , , - .

, , , , , , , , .

. ( ) ( , ). . . , , , , , .

. , , , . , ., , . . , , , , , . . : . . , . , , , . , . : .

. , . . , , . , , , , . . , .

. - .. (1935), , .

 

.:

.. . ., , . ., 1986.

. : // . . ., 1990;

.. . ., 1972.

..

. 108

t`xH20X 横 ஥\\5 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\

 

 

(. Ganelon)

( , , .. 1170 .). , 856 .

. , , . , , . , , . . , .

, . , . , , . , . . , , . , , , : - . , . , . , . . : , . , , , . . .

. , . (1483).

 

.:

. .;., 1934. . 276-277;

. .;., 1946. . 34-35.

..

. 88

 

t`w20n 横 ஥\\50 - 㬡 㬡.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\_C` C`  

.. (1947 , 1955 ). , . , , .. , , .

, , - .. , , , . (, , ). , . .., (.. ) . ( ) , .

, - , , . .. ( , ), .

.. , , , . , , , , , , , .

. .. , . . - .. , . , .. , .

, . , . , , , , .
 

.

. .

..

. 108 - 109

t`xq%]20_ 横 ஥\\51 - 㭠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\_C`


(. )

- () , XI . , (), . 1-1 . .. . . - . , , , , (XI .) , . . , , , .

V . . , , , , . , , , . , , .

, (), - , . , .. , , . . , . , - , . , , .

: . , , , . . , , (.. ), , (.. ). : , , . , , . . , . , , , , , . , ., ( ). , - , , , , , .

 

.:

.. Brhatkatha // . 1888. . 3, .1;

.. . ., 1989.

..

. 109 - 110

t`{͎<20[ 横 ஥\\52 - ⠢.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`


 

(. Hustaw)

. (II IV 1822 . , , - ; 1831 . III , ; I - widowisko). - . - . , . , , .

- , , , . -, , , , . , . , , , . , , . , . , . - .

. . , . , , , . . . . IV . , , , , .

III , , : , , , . . , , , - , , , . . . - -.

, , , , , . .- -, -. .- , , . , , .- . . - , - , . , , , .

.- () (1901). . . (1901); . (1932, 1934, 1937), . (1961), . (1973, .-).

 

.:

.. // . . . ., 1952. . 3;

.. . ., 1977.

..

. 110 - 111

t`p&J20s 横 ஥\\53 - ⠢ 䮭 襭.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\|` qD wHE


 

(. Gustav von Aschenbach)

. (1911). , .. , 1911 , , . . , - , - , . . 18 1921 . , , , . , .. . . , . , . 1971 ., .. , . . .

.. : .. , , - .

.. , , , , . , .. , , , . , , .. . , .

, , , , , , , .. , , .

. , , ; , ; .

, , , . , - .. , , . .. - , , , , . , , . , , . : , , , , , , . , , ...

 

.:

. . ., 1975;

.. . ., 1975.

..

 

. 111

Jt`)) k=20h 横 ஥\\54 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\UM1@T8M; 


(. Gabrial Gale)

.-. (1929). .. -, , . .., , , . , , , ( ), , ( ) ( ). , .. , , : , , . , .

.. , . .. , . : , ; . , , . , . - , .. , , . , , , , . .. , ( ).

.. . ( ), , .. , , , , , : , , , . , .., : . -. ; . .. , , .

.., , , , , . , , , , .

 

.:

. // .. . ., 1992. , 1;

Robson W.W. ..., London, 1974.

..

 

. 111 - 112

 

t`uukӹs20l 横 ஥\\55 - ਥ ன.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\UM1@́ @


 

(. Gabrial Conroy)

. (1876). .. , 1849 . .. . , -. , , , - .

, .. , , . . , , . , .. . . , , . .. , (, ). . , .. .

 

..

. 112

p  

- ( , , 70- . X . 1016) - ( ). . - : . , .

. , . , , ( ), , . , , . , , .

. . , , ; , . (- ).

. () -. ., , , , . , , 75 ( ), .

. , , . , , , , , . . , , .

. -, , , . . , . , . . . . . , , , . . , .

. , . . . . , , . . XI . ., ( ). , . . 1-1 . , , (. , 1682), , , ( , XVI .) - ( , XVIII .).
. . 1935 . . . , ( ) (1951).

 

.:

Morris I. ..., N.Y., 1964;

. // . , 1968. .1;

Janeira A.M. ... , Tuttle, 1970;

.. // ... . ., 1974;

.. . , 1981.

..

. 112 - 113

s-t`}+U20[ 横 ஥\\57 - ᡨ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`


 

(. Jay Gatsby)

. (1925). . (. ). , . .

, -, , , . , , , . . , , .

, . -. , - - . , . . , , , . , . , . . , , , . - . -: .

. , , . . . , , , . : .

. , . . , , -, . ., , . . .

. , 1920- . ----. . - , , . . . , .

(1926), (1949) (1974).

 

:

. . . 1976. . 144-152;

. ., 1970. .263-267.

..

. 113 - 114

t` C20_ 横 ஥\\58 - 쭠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\UN;L܀@


 

(. Gulnare)

() .. (1814). . .. , - ( , ; ).

. ( ) , , -, . , , . , -, .
. , .

. , . , , .

. .. ( 1820-1821).

 

..

. 113 - 114

1t`20h 横 ஥\\6 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ӁA Հ`>@?

 


 

(. Hans Kastorp)

. (1924). , , , , . , , .. , , , .

, - : , , . . , , . . , . , . .., , , . , .. , , , , , , .

.. , . , , , . , , , . .. , . , , ; , , . ; , . , . , , .

 

.:

Baer L. , 1932;

Hirschbach F.D. , 1955;

. : . ., 1981.

.. . 88 - 89

{Ht`>> &>20` 横 ஥\\7 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ӁA p@

 


 

(. Hans Schnier)

. (1963). . , , . : . .

.. , . , , , , , , . . .. , .

.. , , , , -, -, , . .. . , .. . .., , . .. . , . , .

, .. , , , . , , , , .. . .. , . . , ! (1959), . , , .

, , . , 1968 . . . . , ..

 

.:

.. . ., 1965.

.. . 89

Bt`ff{N$30a 横 ஥\\8 - ࣠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߀@`p0

 

 

(. Gargantua: que grand tu as . () )

. , , 1534 . .. .

. , , . . , . . - . , . , , , , .

. , , . , . . , : . . , , .. , . , . .

 

.:

.. // . ., 1946. . 1;

.. // .. . ., 1961;

.. , ., 1965;

.. // .. . ., 1978. .586-593.

.. . 89 - 90

t`~kL20\ 横 ஥\\9 - ௠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߀@

 

 

(. Garpagone)

(1668). , Aulularia ( ). ( . - , ) , : ... , ),

., , , . , , , , , .. . , , . , , , , , . . , , . . , , . , , . .: .

: . , . , : . . . (.. , .. , . .) , . , . . , , , .

. . 1966 . , , . , .

 

.:

. . ., , 1983;

Corvin . , 1985.

..

. 90

 

t`p0;0N"横 ஥\\Thumbs.db݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ࡱ>  Root Entry{ p6@1 Catalog7p  !"#$%&'()*+,-./01234568  JFIF``C     C   ``" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?Ϗ-=06t}Bʵ2V|NL|KpGY@9}эMԢJFYPZHz v`O7UfU$e~jcSc(]Nўa="Lno45S{I45^~GGGSb^'Ȟf>+ih-Efl}gʞ*]'4'Oi^~L'`͐ K 8JM{tһ&"\4~Iu g% g%עfDY@m@b >o+ \\h Yzn8k bz[e1*[OKUIBi7erLJ0h?Ci]pcƞ,H+K!.3KJf8~H(S8Ն}ߴj,|#n.T|steO$=2Z}*c o%|\cO^KW_qOgg;'iWXnwۧۛxʥmma?/򩫧z/9n³~D?٬`Kn 8PIߏI5aXaj׆jIZZЧ-Kf{^(4[74ɻj<8j|mQYv%oBO%} |uQ["͞g[5]$x/m1Ha+Jk})ǎ].Ol|E(צTR2,m}ٞ61ƗW]..{~OVh; _yHx?꾠BЕ6@FUUuC2kB Kp_f\ q,qE S֟ u?\I{qJ*>ꔞE m?G%se/UTC u?\\6}Fv tɳQ>9gWXxכU!?a p/ɖ,|F?/mU6!KZj ҙ׻G+AEW؞A˙l)-:6*& 9׈]{Jy0Cٕ8N3 -!o6lVyfLՇ3zҡ;Ƣj.MC :XΤwqkmb+zȟx|ޗ~{jt:=og>]'2&&'jF9+"Χu.3?T`c T}>A;]֡l?VYSx?"kwqDNTs?.O̷|^I-k֫ʵZG-JAY(7Cf"xa9x;?9_U_湪ISWzx~ޝNQ)?z+ѿ?w'?ٳ[mَwg9?ug&+{Q 3ȨՅW+ *XW8֡r]_hZԘ=Ŝ;`2d? úxOLӼxۼ[g2:zM

-503

.. (1920). , , , -503 ( ) - ( ).

(1984 . ), , ., 451 . , -503 , , , ( ) . , , -, , . ( , .) , -503 ; , . , , , , , , .

-503 , , ; , . , , : , , , . , XX , , .

. , , . -503 , , , , , , . , , ; ( , , ) , . , . , -503. . , . -503 , . . , - - , , , , .

, : . , , , . ( , -503 .) , (, , ), , XX . , , .

 

:

. .. // . 1984 . ., 1989;

Morson D. , 1981;

Collins C. Zamyattin, Wells and The Utopian Literary Tradicion // Slavonic and East Europen Review. 1966. 7.

..

 

. 114 - 115

["t`##ʤŹ20d 横 ஥\\10 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\̓ @\=A


 

(. Jake Barnes)

. ( ) (1926). .. - . , . .. ( , 1925) (, !, 1929) ( , 1940). . wounded hero ( ), .

.. ( ). , .

.. , , , -, . , , . . . , , . .. , , , , . , , , ..: , , .

.. , , , . .. , , . , . .., , , . . . , .. , . .., , ; . .

, , , .. , . , : . .. , : - . .. , , , , .

.. , , , . , , , , . .. . , .. , . .. . , .

, .., , . , . ( , 1951) , .., , , , . - . ( , 1838), , , .

 

.:

.. . ., 1966;

Wylder D.E. , 1969;

.. // . ., 1970;

Sarason B.D. , 1972;

.. 23-40 . (). ., 1974;

.. . , 1986;

.. : . , 1986.

..

. 121 - 122

t`XX>­}L20i 横 ஥\\11 - ⬠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ł @}8`A


 

(. Joe Christnas)

. (. . , 1931-1932). .. , . .. . .. : , , . , .. . : ... , , , , ... .

.. . , , , . . , , , . .. , , . , . .. , , , , , , , . , , . . , . , , , , .

, .., , . . .. ... , ....

, , : , -, , , . , ( .. ). . .. Joe Christnas, Jesus Christ ( . : .. , , 33 ... , .. , .

 

.:

. // . , 1970.

..

 

. 122 - 123

nt`<<;-L20c 横 ஥\\12 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ł "M܁@

́


.:

 

. 123

^t`deN20m 横 ஥\\13 - 㫨 .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\݀CO M`

́ ́
 

(. Julia Lambert)

. (1937). , , , , . .. , . , , : , , , , .

.. , , . , , , , , , , , , . . . : , , . , , . : , , . , , . .

. -, , , . , , . , , , , . , , , : , .. , . , , : : . .

. . .. (1978).

 

..

 

. 123

 

t`99WN20m 横 ஥\\14 - (.).htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ՀC;Lw5`0\A<  

́



.:

 

 

. 123

t`wM

́
 

(. Diana)

(1613-1618). ., , : ( ) . , : , .

, , , . . , . , , . , , .: , . , , , . , . : , . .

. . : .. (1903), .. (1891), .. (1937). . . . (1955).

 

.:

.. . ., 1901.

..

. 123

t`wɅ O20l 横 ஥\\16 - ᫨.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ղ@

́ ́
 

(. Diderich Gesling)

. (1915). .. , .

.. , . .., . ; . .. II, . .. . .. , , , , , .

.. . .. , . , , .., , , , . .. , , , . , .. I, . , . , , , .., , .

 

:

.. . . ., 1964;

Herder W. Aufruf und Bekenntnis // Weimarer Beitage , 1965, 3.

 

..

. 123 - 124

 

fJt`5N20x 横 ஥\\17 - ਩ (.).htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\` ݇FAp<

́ ́



.:

 

 

. 124

t`,,@Җ20l 横 ஥\\18 - ਩ ᪮.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\` ߁A

́ ́

1)

.. ( : 1350-1389), , , 1359 . , (1988). - (1378), . 8 1380 ., .

.. 1- . ( ). , (, ).

.. ( XIV XV .), . 1380 . ( , ) . .. . ..: , ! , , , , !

, , (. XV .). , : .. , , .. , .. , . XVIII XIX ., .

- .. . . .., . .. .

 

.:

. ., 1982;

.. 1- . ., 1987.

..

 

2) .. (1807)

.. . , , . , , , . .

. , , , , . , . , , .. , . .. . . ( ) , , . , . .., , , , , . .. . .

.. , , , . .. , .

.. .. (1807), .. (1820), .. (1822).

 

.:

. // . ., 1828.

..

 

3) 1- . .. .

, .. (1822), . , (1827), , .. 1864 . .. ( XIV .).

.. XX . . .. (1941), . (1980), . (1980), . (1990). 1380 . (. , . , . , . , . , . , . , . , . ) (.. , .. , . , . ).

 

.:

.. XVIII . // . 1980. .39. 4. .291-300;

. ., 1980.

..

. 124 - 125

t`&& H20n 横 ஥\\19 - ਩ ࠬ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\` ߀@

́ ́

.. (1878-1880), , . .. , : , - . , . .. . , , (), . .. .. .. ( , , , ) .

, 1878 ., .., , ( ). .. . , , : , , . , , .,, : , , .

.. , , .. . , , ..: . . .. , , , . , , - XVII . , , . , .. , ( ). .. . , , , . , .. , . , . .., , , , , ( .. , ).

.. . , . .. . , , .

 

:

.. // .. . ., 1935. . 1. . 3-51;

.., .. // . 1969. 1. . 13-24;

. ... ., 1971.

..

. 125 - 126

 

3t`zZÛ20Z 横 ஥\\2 - ⮭.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߁B


(. Danton, . Danton)

1) . (1835).

. (1759-1794), . 10 1792 , . . , : , , . ., . , , . . , , . .
, , .' , , , , : ... , , ... . , . - . , , , , 35 - . , . , . , , , .
, XX . , . (1916).

 

.:

Honigmann G. , 1929;

.. ... // . . ., 1935;

.. // . . . . ., 1972.

 

2) . (1900) .

. , . , . , , , . -. . , , , . . , , , , , , . , , , ., , , , .
., . , , . , , . , .

.:
.. // . ., 1970. . 5.

..

. 114 - 115

Ct`Y20s 横 ஥\\20 - ᮭ ().htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ՁB>@? `A<

́ ́



. .:

 

 

. 126

tqt` J 20 横 ஥\\21 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ՁB>@4 L O8 `S5@ 

́ ́ ́
 

(. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde)

.. (1886). , , : , , , .. .

- . , , . , . , , .

, , .. , , , , ().

 

..

. 126

\t`Q20o 横 ஥\\22 - ().htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ՁB>@= Ap<

́ ́


 

.:

 

 

. 126

_t`&&Ys20p 横 ஥\\23 - ().htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ՁB>@? `\A<

́ ́


 

.:
 

 

. 126

t`99B20r 横 ஥\\24 - ().htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ՁB>@? `\A<

́ ́



.:

 

 

 

. 126

Oht`eF)20p 横 ஥\\25 - ७ ().htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\̓ @݀AAp<

́ ́


 

.:

 

 

. 126

ut`||Kic20i 横 ஥\\26 - 㠭 (0.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ł CA<

́


.:

 

 

 

. 126

Ot`&N&NF8/20` 横 ஥\\27 - 㠭.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ł C


(. Don Juan, . Don Giovanni, . Don Juan, . Don Juan, . Don Juan)

XVII XX ., . , , , .

: , , . , ( 1283 1286 ..). , , .. , -. : , XI ., . , XIII ., XIV . XV ., - . .., .

.. , , - . , , , , . , , . , . , , , . , , . , , , . ( . .) , : , , . ..

.. , XIV ., -. (1350-1369), , . , . . , -, , .

.. , , 1626 , .. , 1676-, . .. . , , , . , , . , : , - . XVII . , . , , .

, .., , . , , . : , .. . , , , .., .

(, , ) . . . .. . .. ( . ) (.. ). : ( /), , ( , ), .., ( ) ( ), .. ( ), .. ( , ), ( .. ).

.. : , . .. . , .

.. (, , , , , .. ), . ( : , , ) : , ..

 

.:

. // . 1887, 1.

..

 

1) , (? 1619)

, .. , ; , , , , , . , , , , , ; - , , , , , . , .. , . . .., .

.. , , . , . : - XVII . , , , - , , . , , . , , .

.. . , . El burlador de Sevilla .. burlador burla, . , , -, , , , , . .. , , , .

.. . , ; , , , . , . . : , , , : .

, .. , , , . , , . .. . , .. , . , . , , . , .

..

 

.. : (1652), (1670). , . , XX . .. : . .. (), . , .. ( 1658 .) (, 1659). .., .

 

2) .-. , (1665).

.. , , , , , , , - , : , , .

.. -, , , . .. , , ( ), , , (. ); , (. ). , , . ; , , : .

.. . , , , , . .. : , , , , , . .. : , - , , , , . , , .

, , . .. , , , , , . , . , . -, .. , . .. , , , .

. , , , - , XVII , . ..
( ) : , , . , . . ( ) , .., , , .

. . , . .. , , , . , , , . , , , .

. , , . , , , , .
.. , ( !) , . , - . , , , , . , - .. (.. ) , , , , , . , , .. . , , , , , , .
, , .. . . , , , . , , . .. . . , , , , .

XVII , , , , , . . .. , , , , .

, , , . , .., , , .

- 15 1665 . . . . .. , .

 

. . .

..

 

. (1677). 1841 . . .. . (1947), (1952), . (1953); .. (1816), .. (1876), .. (1880), .. ( , 1910) .. , .. (1972) .. .. .

XVII . .. . (1676), . : ( XVII .), . , (1736). , .

.. 1713 . ; ( . ) 1761 . .. XVIII . , , , , .

 

3) . .. , (1787; , ).

, . , , , -, . .. ; , . .. , , . , , .. : , .

, - , , . .. , . . , .., - . . ..-, , , . . .. .

..

 

-, ... . . , (1812) : , , . .., . , .. , , . , , , .., .

.. . , .. , . .. , . : .. ; , . , .. , . , .. , , .., .

..

 

4) .. (1824).

, . , , . , , , . , ; ; , , II. , , , , .

, , . .. , Cavaliere-servente (-), , ; , , gate blase ( ) , .

- . .. , , , .

.. , . , , - , - , - . , , . , , , , , .

( ) . , . // , , // . , . , , , , , , .. , , (). ; , . , . , . : .

, , , - . ..? XVIII ., , , (.. ), (.. ) , - -? .., , , . , .., , , .

, , , , , , . , , , , . , - . ( ), , .. . , , , , , , , .

.. , ( , , ). , , - , , , . , , , , , , , , . .. , . . , : . , , , , .

..

 

5) . (1829).

. , . , . . .. . . .., , . . , , , . .., , , . , , , . ..: , , . , , , .. : .

. . , .., . , , : .. , . , . , .. . .. . ( . ) .. , ; , .. , ..

...

 

6) .. (1830).

.. ( 1830) . . . . , . . , . . , , . . , . , .

, . .. , . .. . , . , , . . , , . . , : , . .. , . , . . .. .

. .. ... , .. . .. , . . . , .. . . , , , . , . , , .. . , . , , , . .. , .. . , : , . . .. . - , , , , .

.. .. (1877), .. (1899), .. (1915), .. (1979). , .. (1872), . .. .. (1976).

 

.:

.. // .. . ., 1977;

. // . . ., 1977. . 201-247.

..

 

7) . (1834).

, , , . .., ( ), , , .

.., : , , , , , , . , . , , , .

.. : : , , ; , , , . , , , , , ( ). .'. - , , . , , .

.. . , . .., . . , . , .. - ( , ), .. , , . , .. . , .. .

, . .. , . , , .., , , . .., , . .. . , , (.. ), , , , , . , . .. . ( .) : . .., , , , : . .. , . .. , , , .

: - . , , , . . .., , ; , . , , . .. , . ( ). , -, , , , : ! .

, . , , .. . , . , , .. . , , , , , ( , ), .. , . , , . , , , .

 

.:

.. . ., 1904.

..

 

.. , , -: . XIX : . (1832), . - (1836), . (1844), . ' (1874), . (1883).

, , , (1844) - . , , .

 

8) .. (1862).

. .., , , , . , , ..: , , , , , . .. , . . , , . .. . .. , , . ..: : . . .. .

, ,
, ,

.

.. , . .. , .

, .. . : , , , . .. , . , , , .. . , , . .. . , . , . , , . , .. , . , , . , .. .

..

 

9) . (1901-1903), .

, . , : .., , , . , , . , , .., , . , -; ( , , , , ). , .., .

.. , . , , - : . , . , , , , . , , , , . ( ) .., , .

, : . . : , , . , , , , . , - , , .

, , , . , , . , -, , .. . . , , , , , , .. . , , , ( ).

: , , .

..

 

10) .. (1912).

- . , , , , , , .. XX , , . , .. , . - . .

..

 

11) ( .. ) (1912).

.. . , , , , .. , . , .

.. , , , , , . .. . .. (), , , .. .., . , , , .. , , , , , .., .. .

.. . XX ., .

. 1914 . 20- . . .. . . . (1971).

..

 

12) . , (1953; . 1962).

XX . .., , , . , , . . , , .. ( -).

, . , (, XIX ), . : , . , , .. . , . , , , . .. , , , .

, , , , - , . . , , , , , . , , , . , . , - , . .. , , , .

.. , - : . , , : . . , : , , .., . , : .

.. , ( ) . , . , . , , . .. - , , . .., - , .

 

.:

.. , ., 1889;

Gendarme de Bevotte G. La legende de Don Juan. P., 1906 1911. V. 1 2;

Weinstein L. The metamorhoses of Don Juan. Stanford, 1959.

..

. 126 - 137

:t`FF#|20d 横 ஥\\28 - ૮.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\́ @܀A

́
 

(. Don Karlos)

.. , (1787). : (1545-1568), , II .
.. , , . , , . .. , , , , . .., , : . .. , , , .
, .. , , . , , .. , , , , . .. , , . , . .. , . . : . , .

, .., . , , , .. . . (1867). .. , .. (1829) .. (1830). . 1918/19 .

 

.:

.. . . ., 1955;

Wertheim U. , 1958.

..

. 137


 

at`tItI20u 横 ஥\\29 - ᪨.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\́ ES>B `

́ ́
 

(. Don Quijote de la Mancha < quijte , )

( 1605, 1615); , .

(: , , , ) , , , , , , . , .. , , . .. . . .. , , . ( ), ,

.. . .. , , . . .. , . . - . , , , .. , . .. , , , , . , , .. .

, .. . , , , , -, . .. , .

.. . : .. , . , .. , . , , . .. . , .. , , .

, , , .. . , , , .. . , .. , , . , .. , . , , .. , . ( , ) . , .., , .. , , .

.. , : , , .. , .

.. , , , . .. . , . .. , . .. . .. , , . , .. , .

.. . .. , , -. (, ), .. . .., , . .. ( , , , , , XIX , ). .. , , -. .. , (, , ).

, .., , , . . XIX .. . .. , , , (, , , , ). - .

, .. , . . .. . .. , , , .. .. . .. . .. . - .. XIX (, . , ). ( ).

XX . .. , . .. . , . , . .. . --, , , .. . .. . .. , , .

. .. . 50- . .., . .. . , , , .. , . , , .. .

 

.:

. // . . , 1958. . 7;

. . ., 1966;

.. // . . ., 1956. . 11;

.. 1877, // . . . ., 1984. . 26;

. // ( ). . . ., 1989;

.. // . ., 1969;

.. // ; .. // ;

Alter R. Partial magic. California, 1975;

- . . ., 1981;

.. ( ) // . ., 1985.

.. . ..

 

.. . . (1851), . (1863), . . XVIII . .. ( . , . , . , . ). 1910 . . , .. . .. . (1933).

1957 . .. (.. .. , .. ). 1847 . ( .. ). 1920- . .. , .. , .. ( , 1921). .. ( ). . ( 1986 . . .) .. (1938), , . 1941 . . : .., , . 60- . . ( 1966, 1972).+

. 137 - 140

mmt`w,Xs20W 横 ஥\\3 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\

.. (1938). - , , . , , , .

. , , . . : , .

. . , , , . . : ! , . , , . , , : . . (1939) (1940), .

.- , , .
1946 . . ; .. (1950), .. (1950). . .. (1959).

 

.:

. // .. . ., 1986. .1.

..

. 116

*t`4~20e 横 ஥\\30 - ୠ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\́ @

́
 

(. Don Fernando)

. (1628). . 1437 . , . , . 1443 , . , . (1572) , (1595-1598), .

. . , , . , : . . . : , , , , , . . , . . : , -.

 

.:

.. - // XVII . , 1969.

..

. 140

Ht`\(20i 横 ஥\\31 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\󁐀` UA8B0

́ ́
 

(. Dona Rosita . . Rosa: )

, , (1935). , , .

.. ( ), .. , , . , , , , , () . , .

, ... , , - , .... .., , , (rosa mutabilis). , , , , ... .. , , , . . .. , . .

13 1935 . . , (1898-1936), - 1938 .

 

.:

.. . . ., 1989;

. . .

..

. 140

&t`R820f 横 ஥\\32 - ਠ ३.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\܀@ _@

́
 

(. Dorian Gray)

. (1891), . . , , , . , , . , , , - , , .. , , .

, , .. , , , , , , . , , , , , , .. , , .

, .. , , , . , .. - .

. , . , , , , .

, .., . , , . , .., , . , .. . , , . , .. , , , ..

, , - , , . .. , , .

 

:

.. // . . . ., 1960. .1.

..

. 140 - 141

zt` dΚ20u 横 ஥\\33 - ᨭ ᪠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\WC;`ӁO `O

́ ́
 

(. Dulcinea de Toboso)

( 1605, 1615), , , . , , , , , , .. . , . .., .. . .., , , . , , ... (II, XXXII). , .. , , , , . .

.., , .

 

. . .

..

 

. 141

t`ss*pYg20d 横 ஥\\34 - ஢᪨.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\UC1@߀A  

́

.. (1832-1833). ( : , .) . , , . . , . , . . . : ( ), , , . . , . ( ) . . , . . . .

, .. , . , . . . , . , , . . , . . . . . , (. ). . . .

. . -, , , , . , ., . , , , ., , , : , . , ., , . , , !

. . , , , , , , . ( , ), 1802 . . .. . . . , , , , , . , . . . -, , .

, .. (1895), : .. .. . (1936) . .. .

 

.:

. . ., 1981.

..

 

. 141 - 142


 

`t`^Fz20_ 横 ஥\\35 - 窠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\u`5G

́

.. (1899). ., , , , . -: .. . , , . , , . .. - .

. , , , : , , , ( , ), , . . . , . , . , , . , , .

, , , . , , . : , , , , , ; ; , , , , , . . , , . , , . . , . , , : , , , , , . ? ?

 

.:

. . , 1983. . 167-178;

. . , 1976. . 291-312;

. // . , 1974.

..

. 142 - 143

 

t`66BH20o 横 ஥\\36 - 䨫.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\\M `Lp4

́ ́
 

(. David Copperfield)

. , (1849-1859), . , , . .. , , , , , .

.. , . , . .. , . .. ( : , , , ) . ; , . ? , , , , , , . , , .

, , , . , .. . , .. , (, ) , , , ; , , . . .., , , - -. , . .. . ! .

 

.:

. // . . , 1975. . 217-222;

. // . .,1990. . 192-197.

..
 

. 143

t` Zṇ820b 横 ஥\\37 - 窠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\]NG

́, ́
 

(. Tommelise . )

.. (1835). , . , , , .

. , . , . (. .. .) , , , , , . , , , , : , . . , . . , , , , . . -- (- ), , , , .

 

.:

. // . . ., 1979. . 44-119.;

. : . . . ., 1979.

..

. 143

t`P\wԹ20b 横 ஥\\38 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\UO4O7 O  

́ ́

.. (1896), , , . - , , .. , , , . .. . : , .

.. , , : , . .. , , . , , , . .. . , , . - .. , . - - . , - .

.. . , .. : ... , ! ! .. , . (.. ), , .. , . .. : , , , . .. : ! , , ... , , ... ! ... , !.

..: : ! , , , .

. .., , : , . -. , , : ... 20 ... ... .. , , .

, .., , . ..

.. .. (1899), .. (1947), .. (1982), .. (1985).

 

.:

. // . . ., 1982. .2;

.. // . 1947, 8;

. // . 1980, 10;

. // . 1985, 10;

.. // . . ., 1990;

.. // . 1993, 11.

..

. 143 - 144

7t`nnx20` 横 ஥\\39 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\UO4O< 

́
 

(. Uncle Tom)

. - (1851-1852). -, , , -, .

.. . , , , , , , , , . : .. , , . .., , .

, , . .. . , . .. . , -, .. .. . , .

, . .. . . , . , . .. , . , . .. . .. : .

 

.:

.. , . ., 1975.

..

. 142 - 143

ְt`##br20d 横 ஥\\4 - ⠭.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\G ``=

'
(. D'Artagnane)

. - (1844), (1845), , (1848-1850). ', - , , 1700 , . , ', - , , . , , ' , .

'. . -, - - . , , . '. . , ; , , . '. , , , , , , , . . , , .

'. , : , , , , , . , , , ( , , : , .), , , , , . , . , . , - : , , , : , , '.

'. . '., , , , , . '. ( ), ( ), . '., , : , , , . : , , . , , , , , , '. , . , , : , , .

'., ( , ) . , , , - , . , . - ( , ..), (), , .. , -. 4 . , , - . , '. , , , . . , , , , . , , , . , , , , , . , , . , ( ), .

 

..

. 116 - 117

_t`Bh20b 横 ஥\\5 - ᪨.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`;A  

(1909). - (1885-1942).

, , . , I, . , , . , , .

., , -. , - , , -. (Tod , Rabe , Grabe ), ( -, ) , .

. , . , , , . , . , , , . . , : . , , ; , 1909 .

: , ; , , , . , . , , . , , . . , ( , , ) .

 

.:

.. . ( .) // . 1994. 9.

 

..

. 117 - 118

t`"20j 横 ஥\\6 - 䭨 .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\݀DA 8 pO


(.)

, II . .. ( , ; ta poimenika, , , .. , , ). , , . , , . , ; .

. X. , , ; , ( ., X.). , , , - , , : . X., ., . : . , , , - .

, . X.: X., ; . , , . . X. , , : , . , , ; . , . ( .) .. , -, , , , , .

. ; , , X., . , , , , .

, ; : ( . X.) , . : , .

. X. . ( . ) .. (1912) .. .. .

 

.:

Rohde E. , 1876;

.. // . . ., 1904;

. // . ., 1988.

..

. 118 - 119

 

8t`JJWC20g 横 ஥\\7 - 誨 (.).htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`\A<



.:

 

. 119

4Rt`v..eؓ20V 横 ஥\\8 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\


 

(. )

.. (1829-1841). , - . . , .

. . , . . ., , , . : ( ), () . . , . , . , . . , . - , . .

. . , ( ). . . . , . ., : , . ., . . . , . , , .

. , . . . . , , . ... : , , , !. . , , , . , . , , . . ( ) . . , . , , , . , , .

. , . : , , . , . , , - .

( ) .? . , , . , , . , . , , . . , : , . , ., , . . . , . .

. , -, , . ., . . .

, . . . . 30- , . . , , , . . , , . , , , , , . . . . . , , . , .

 

.:

.. .. // . 1960, 4;

.. // .. . ., 1976. . 213-232.

..

 

. .. (1871-1872). .. , , . . , . .

. .. (1904), , . . . : , .

.. (1890), (1899), (1902) (1891). . , , , , . . , , .

 

..

 

. 119 - 120

AXt`p!0;0N"横 ஥\\Thumbs.db݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ࡱ>   Root Entry0%p6 1Catalogp JFIF``C     C   ``" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?Ϗ-=06t}Bʵ2V|NL|KpGY@9}эMԢJFYPZHz v`O7UfU$e~jcSc(]Nўa="Lno45S{I45^~GGGSb^'Ȟf>+ih-Efl}gʞ*]'4'Oi^~L'`͐ K 8JM{tһ&"\4~Iu g% g%עfDY@wqݷiBx}tBx}u3mJ[K{sX!;o1t: BTDz*Of4'Oi]'>%>,( m$Ŗ$J$i B8iS] dSEϹ_'+fk _~,۴W!JLHqɨgc^'1i%{I}(ԋ僎w[f0h?CiZ]_Ƴ)d-,p2A} OV71|@״eqI"R_U?Q_}@M|5pHK; s0 y4ǹ}/Ê;`c?WjV"NA_Ksohz}ın:,)J2>U~~[hOceX[YR>Zm}^&oGgVM.?{=kcG˯BFq%5¶%aiRķi4ڠ P62coaҢtei4(4NV>+9 k&y_f0qzw+/\j1yTuldWϪ5m˥{=GNƵ1(EJt/G{{۠j"B-;t &Nzg|YX48[.|ՠ%WirˍFSc9#_[|%vȽ .`ל~kGOK^;eV38Zы[ZOuu)ǎ ۯz<]mGC+J?)󜝙?n#MZ$`0gpO $5Y%&5O~_ *Ӈpqm/wwck=5HmFf~/$ u?|a$2'9㨯9/խ# U_u 5{o^ @C[]I+Pji]JwJSZktk~Y\W\Y0a2AֿR oWeo&?bӢ[I<9;Fx֓GjuPJNͻhǬhZHn95~Lw2B& jug:rF]p:-;5bbCr23ץxUirQߛV[.TOVWsꕟ寻N)S[>tq/ʜp+;@tO=s.my鎵L?mhbrk߅- |je/;Z5!$Q>;pOWe'gu;=9xH uh0Hk״I|C:U%4Q]J >"^HkkJ0WO_ido_>_ou}dUII6/O\h?M6KdY{4Ww,{ɥ`llb;+v?&xp $yϵu?O/vZծMqLG+ñ6b0pHU4 _'F-:?9gWXxכU!?a p/ɖ,|F?/mU6!KZj ҙ׻G+GƿQ/x_&h}2[o;oٶݍ͌}k|b=nukG;jk3<,/֕::֬V?1Vx%m(٤_q ХW.'I6oOQȴدO/yR6s<k_Lh5z֥cu[$ʒGtes8&|jZkknnW'a-$о xz-0[J1#+7@;ry<*z|m.tSqUHtE8s]Yk};t}ڭ1VXdIg?pFz][Q? MA6S:='ş;y}Կ.7b~4ZJ%ςX2و#bo> gǾ 0aS_ۏ3Te>(Ik^^U"Qwls><}5roB.ȵH~;݅|u \>WNvK}O2,~FxŮkդ}ơ^uLw6FG=;Q%}bmZ%Fzc^ݡX!|% -ǗQ̾@kyr+ӌp~Qĸtj>߻_uT\aU)kg̮_Wnqy<[B}?<[B}7ߵ?#/&hjП}v~П}v~ n45GqLo g3+藷M,-tDDr9ݙns{p,kPnSmI$mmk֠ԵHu]```^%p6{A42CD7B6-E9B9-4D02-B7A6-288B71AD28BA}%St`}))k 20[ 横 ஥\\ .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ā\\̓ @

 

(. Jane Eyre)

. (1847). , .

.. , , , . . , , . , , , , , , .., . . , , , .

, , , . , , . .. , . , . .

. , . .. , , . : , ; , ; , , , .

. . .. , , . , . , , , .. , , . . , , .. , , , , .

- .., (. ), , XIX . . . , . , .. .. , , , . , , .

 

.:

. // . . . ., 1990.

..

. 120 - 121

 

dt`#30j 横 ஥\\0 - ⥫ .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\݃BL1 

               

 







 

t`UUKò 30b 横 ஥\\1 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\υ   

́ ́

.. (1823-1831). , ( , .. ), , , , .

, ( ). .. , , . - , , , , , . , , , , (. ).

( , , , .. .. ) , , . ( ), . . (1821) .. .

, , , , , 1820- .. ..

, , . . .. -, ( ), ( ), , , .., , , .. , - , , , -, , .. - .., , , .

. , - , , , , . , , , , , , , , .

.. :, -, . , .-. , , , . - , , , , . , ..

, , .., , , , . , ; , ; , ( , ). , .., , , - , .. - , - . .

(2 - 6) .. . ( , , ), . -, , .. . , . , , , , , .., , , . (, , , !) .. , , .. .

, .. , , , , -, - , , .
, , .. , , . , , .. . , : , .

.. . , : , , , , , . , , , . .. (, !..). , , . , , . . .. , , , .

. , - . . , .. -, -, .

.., , . , .. -, .. , , .

, - , , XIX . , .., .. .. .

 

:

.. . // .. . . . ., 1955. XVII;

.. // .. . ., 1956. .. .306-338;

.. // .. . ., 1990;

.. ( ) // . 1960, 2;

. // . . . ., 1987;

.. .. . . , 1983;

.. ( ) // . ., 1995.

..

 

.. 24 1846 , , .. .. , . . , .. . ; . , , ( ). , .., , , .. .

.. (1879), . .. , .. , , , . ..: , , , . - , . , : .. .

..: .. (1881), .. (1928), .. (1963).

 

.:

.. . // .. . . . XVII. ., 1955;

.. // .. . .. ., 1956. .306-338;

.. // .. . 9 . .9. , 1990;

.. . ., 1968. .281-288;

.. . .. . . . 5. ., 1964;

.. // .. . ., 1964;

.. // .. . . . ., 1983;

.. . . 3. ., 1957;

.. . // . 1960. 2;

.. .. // .. .. ;

.. .. . ., 1971;

Nabokov Vladimir. , 1964;

.. // .. . . . . . ., 1988;

.. . ., 1971;

.. .. . . . ., 1980;

.. // . . . . 2, . ., 1987;

.. // .. . , 1993;

.. ( ) // . I. ., 1995.

..

. 145 - 147

\t`zuu7b20X 横 ஥\\2 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\  

́

.. (1833), . , , , , , , . ., , .

. . , , ( ). , . .

. . , , , , , , . . , . . , , . , .

, , . , . , . . , ( ) , , . , , . , . , . , , , , , , . . . , .

, . . , , , . ( ). , . , 1820-1830- ., .

 

:

.. . // .. . . . ., 1955. . VII. . 542-547;

.. // . . . ., 1975. . VII;

. // , 1961, 7;

.. .. 1830- . . ., 1974;

.. .. . , // .. ( . ). ., 1978. . 258-265,

Panfilowitsch Igor , 1995.

..

 

. 147 - 148

 

9t`0035'ƈ20f 横 ஥\\3 - ࠭.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\фO |@

́ ́
 

(. Eugenie Grandet)

(1833), . .. , : , , , , , , .

, , , -, , . .. , , , , . , , .

.., , , , . .. , , , , , - , , , , . .. , , .

 

..

 

. 148

0\t`{' ʼn20[ 横 ஥\\4 - ਯ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߀@

́
 

(.)

(425 ..), (411) (405); , .

, , , , , .

. . , , , , - . , . , . . , , . , . , , , .

, ., . , . , , . . ., . .

 

.:

. . // . . .; ., 1934. . 2.

...

 

. 148

 

t`u]'820f 横 ஥\\5 - 客.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ń !B_0E

́ ́

.. (1860). , , , , . .. , , (). , , , , .

: , , , , . .. ? (1860) : .. , , .

.. . , .. : - , , . .. . .

 

.:

.. // ( . . -). 1951. . 1;

. . .

..

 

. 148 - 149

{~t`~HIi20\ 横 ஥\\6 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ׅB0

́
 

(. Elizabeth)

(1800). I (1533-1603), 1558 , VIII .

. , , . , , , , . . , , , . . , , : <...> . : . , , . . . , , , , , .

. , , , . . , , , ., . , - , . , . , . , . . , , , .
. -, .

. .. (1886), .. (1910), .. (1957).

 

. . .

..

. 148

 

Kwt`pXXv؈0;0N"横 ஥\\Thumbs.db݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ࡱ>   # !"$%&'()*Root Entry\6p6B12 3  !"#%&'()*+,-./023456789:;<=>@ABCDEFGHIJKLNOPQRSTUVWXY[\]^_`abcdefhijklmnopqrstvwxyz{|}~ JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?gmiCOx^O}*o/̲W䅜ݏ$7IFD&I?";Mֵ=~ag)Rn+켏J] JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?<;NҵKLm.9;!Bib3+hwSU~KZ(EIfuf氿~й?rV )4||"YNI?7G JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?㮵i`<gݏ/O^S ?;d_Pj:.os 8S3??xL3c=%hZZ)=jK pQq 2JFIF``C     C   `" }!1A4$>51L6?B7M<Qa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?  wG#NHŠ+  wG#NHŠ(GB._ӿ??п $G":t(Dt/ Q@];# ( wG#NHŠ( @JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?G EƏ:^!-g%TE 20{c XO_<_}jںehN2q|SO?.xPGUv۩nzn>:u_\{{u+O=ĆI%,%I'MyEeS%BP,y#xUvݮos 6JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?]jB⦥:ZȲ^0wQ4HY%z ?>$xocw:ݕjvϗwHʳ&%a 0`=kG.oxßgnlJv"H$g ?ჾЏ{?\);~ݑIhQ`ҧMkVzi 0JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?wcw6m_VZE޵qmKulڻUxkϋ_u_cY^Nai#ݑY1ONvŠ(ΕekoѿxVMߥ (&|6?o~(Kdϝ_ cJFIF``C     C   " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?#qT  6z+yj5,fZ䭺*F]Yp62shf/#N-ke,b{:b_3gJvh>x?KM) _JGԡU>6HwY|:QxľKwQkkK[hL>XRqsUXss++{ۮJIr[d 'JFIF``C     C    "  }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?yn>|Gm4;}RLt^=@nH]K?]QmT>)T_%kTZI G*{ѓnTy[ZR-+W"OM*YܼK#k|3#%RySn//.%w/$,ǒI$y$Uwt$ JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?ƞ4>$x/w:Du]E)Í3nqר3o ]R-+af8霞b|;2 Qn%kb ˓8ÞӼ'[ZUl-yPg۹Xyby=ϧK~%;X BJFIF``C  21 N31 41 51    C   `" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?3Km_KiK> =iRLn?}0δ,ڊ(EiK> }@FiX/QE7Km_KiK> =4)Gu7` LgZcp E"4%֟t>CiT#N,(? JFIF``C     C   4@" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?LX>333cLךAe 99?^Aik5h2`LlSʛn;lgcgSaŔj(g?tw{e) 89=/NثQCT߻tݿkc8L<栺Hl(H^I>HvsWjB\BZC9_Q8G2u?ikHQEPQ@Cy߿cc3⦪ ar Lh̀z徃Dt֖z-Tv@QE0 ( $DĖW:Uw'ٿ~ǗmgDp)h((}E%ؒlH2'wQS/ JFIF``C     C   `" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?F[NQ_=lk1QE} QEQEQEQE JFIF``C     C   P" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?1"z䥷/j("z䥷/j("z䥷/j("z䥷/j("z䥷/j(``,]7anetbul1.gif,]7anetbul2.gif,]7anetCatalog61 bul3.gif,]7anetrule.gif, aprobul1.gif, aprobul2.gif, aprobul3.gif, aprorule.gif, mFglobul1a.gif, mFglobul2a.gif, mFglobul3a.gif, mFglohorsa.gif, mFglotextb.gif,]7netbkgnd.gif, probkgnd.gif`J\M${A42CD  JFIF``C     C   ``" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz  w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?Ϗ-=06t}Bʵ2V|NL|KpEY n7_1%#%PZ$q=:ŀgfV'+F{0.OT0C$/OU7'/3OUߔ@~H!p_1))^O9"aKGOf|qlƓ' 4KD,o)C;dG+wMF~ '?ߒGBx}tBx}uq+ P[Ս'T4e (uSWE:|EV*Q?1#O3' 4K' 4KKD,ʗwn\*Bln]21 &'β>83cnTinKTĩ*qIﲹ6<]QhҼ/߳GQ G#:ؾx`a#Ee9Gqʞנ荏xzx!VwB6c<^%I_Jf#:|ݣ#XFhpNY>.GhvB>gc=| 웿vNJb8`vpi˵#ӕ\J(?&|;?t __lu_i7 -i"nX.U E|hȱ!޽+k8~ե\Uˌ0jevbTi?gʾBD+ME`#:DYΚoh:+/z`2D:jJ&<8x`>j97AӜOW|l(pW:O#dV=t߄c#d\N<}:W3[7PEi^C#P?cO#k^!ԡ*kɚ:{0`Կ> X|zgŞy>|jNT̻YPrzu %;Zv+"Ҿ.IYlO>)C8*.5~6U󯬓8q~z_| 'Jkc+OB;_g^GPe|@2TG%o?$SZU*j#͏`?P9gWXhכU!?a p/ɖ- '!Ƴa_BgM_=ԍ=̣̪w~s,yy_y}!c̪~ ?\R> gǾ O_)q2R~L^I-kېk5ZO=JAY(7Cf"xa9>+%gk|ZNk95wqGEӔtvCLWٿml̎݌3GZ?0O:`&+{+?;Hz./kC~G_M4Ϗ_33ſ']ψc^hsi6t<7>IUvd`AIN $mն1ZR"v~g7B6-E9B9-4D02-B7A6-288B71AD28BA} t`%%ܭ#30j 横 ஥\\0 - ⥫ .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\݃BL1 

               

 

 




 





 

t`v## 7QS20V 横 ஥\\1 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\  

́

.. (1856). , , . , , . ., , . . . , . , , , . - . , . . , , .

, , . . , ; ; , . . . . : , , , . : , , . . , , .

, . , , . , . . , , . .

. , . , , , , , . : ; , . . .

. .. (1863). .. (1863), .. (1968).

 

..

. 149 - 150

>t`U;-_20` 横 ஥\\10 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ӁL 


 

( , . Gil Blas de Santillane)

.-. (1715-1747), , , : . .. , .

.. 17 , , , : - . , , ; , . , , ; , ; , ; , . , , , . - , , , , -.

, , . , , : . - , , . : , .

 

...

. 156 - 157

|t`wEEzX7c20W 横 ஥\\11 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\

́
 

(. Jodelet)

. , - (1645) - (1646, . , ). , .

. : , . , . . . . : , , . . , . ., : ., , . , . , ; , .

 

.:

Cosnier C. Jodelet : un acteur du 17 siekle devenu un type // Revue d´histoire litteraire de la France. 1962, n 3. P. 329 - 352.

..

 

. 157

Ϭt```%c20c 横 ஥\\12 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ԁ@6 

́
 

(. George Dandin)

, (1668; : - ). .. , , , .. .. , , : , . . : . <...> , . ; .

, .., - ( , ., , ). .. () . , . , , .. : , , ! , , .. . , , , .

, , .. , . .., . (1654), , , , . IV , , , , . , , , . , .

.. .

 

. . .

..

 

. 157 - 158

Nt`˸mId20n 横 ஥\\13 - ଠ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ԁ@6 ̀ @

́
 

(. Gorge de Germanie )

. . , (1827). XIX , - , . , , , . ( 1790 1820 ), , .

, , . . . , . , , , , . , . - , . . . : , , ... .

. . , .

- - . , , , ... . .

. . .. (1829) .. (1828). . . .. .

 

..

. 158

5Wt`Jkd20m 横 ஥\\14 - ().htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ԁ@6 w`0\A<  


.

 

 

 

. 158

t`}S$S$

́
 

(. Jurdain)

(Le bourgeois gentihomme . -, 1670). . . , , .

, , , . ., , , , , , .

. . , , , , . , . , . , ., . . . - . . , , . , ., , .

., , , . , , , . train de vie ( ( ). ., , , , , , . -, , , . , - , , . .

. . , . , . : ... , . , ., , , . , , , , . , . , , , . . , , , , ,

. , , . , , . ( ); .

, , , , . , , , , , . ., , , , , . , .. , 1932 - .. .

14 1670 . . - . . - (1903). . : .. (1825), .. (1844), .. (1864).

 

.:

M. Gutwirth. Moliere ou l´invention comique. La metamorphose des themes, la creation des types. Paris, 1966;

. . , .

..

. 158 - 159

 

t`!!\ _=f20l 横 ஥\\16 - 쥭 ५.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\UN;L̀ @܀L

́ ́
 

(. Julien Sorel)

. (1830). XIX . . , , , . - , , , . , , , (1827). , , (1829).

.. , ( ), . .. XIX . , , , . .. , . .-. (1770), ( ) (I´homme different).

.. - ., , . , .. , , ; , , .

.. , . , , , , , , , , . , , .

.., , , , , . .. , , , , , . .

.. . .. , . .. : ., .. .. , . .. , . .. . ( , 1973), , . , , , .

.. (1954).

 

.:

Fonvieille R. , 1971;

.. . ., 1978;

.. // .. . ., 1979;

.. . ., 1983;

. , -. ., 1985;

.. : . , 1991.

..

. 159 - 160

 

t`f[KM20f 横 ஥\\2 - ૥.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ł "N߀@

́
 

(. Jacques Tuverlin)

. (1929), , . . , , , . . - , -.

.. -, 20- . , , , . .., , . , , .. . .. . , , . , , .. . .., , . .. -, . . .. . .. . , .

.. , , . , . , -, , , . .., . .. . , , . , , . .., , . , . .., . .. , . : . , , . : , . .., -, . .. , . , . . , , . , , , , . , , , , . .

, , , , . , , , , . . , .. . .., , . , , . .. , . .. , . , , , .. : .., , , , , . , .. , . , .

 

..

. 150 - 151

e"t`a20f 横 ஥\\3 - -⠫.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\́-B`

-́
 

(. Jacques le fataliste)

. - (1773-1774), . , . , , , .. , -, . , , , . , , , . , , . , - , , , , , . ., , .

. , : , , . . : . , . , , . , . : . , . , , , , , .

 

.:

Puner Francis. , 1970;

. // . . . - . ., 1973. . 21-25.

...

. 151

jt`Q Q Gm20c 横 ஥\\4 - 즠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\́ L

́
 

(. Jean Valejean)

. (1862). , 1801 . , , , , . : . .. , , . .. - .

.. -, . , .., : .. , , . . .. , , . , . , . , , . , , , . -, , , .., , . , ( 24601) ( ), ( ), .. , , , , , , , , .

.. , . . -, ( ), .. , , , .. : .., ! , . . . , .. : , , .. , , . , , , , , , , .

, . .. , . .., , , , , . . .. : , . , .. . .. , , . ..: , . , .., . .. , . , , , , . ( ), , , .

 

.:

Venzac G. ,1955;

Savey-Casard P. , 1956;

. . , 1968;

. // . . , 1984. .73-79.

..

. 151 - 152

 

t`!!wZ}20f 横 ஥\\5 - -.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ł-@u8`>D

-́
 

(. Jean-Christophe)

- . - (1904-1912). . (1770-1827). : .-. -, , .

; .-. , . - , .. , . (, , , ) .-. . , .-. . , , . , , , . .-., , , . .-. . , , , . , , .-. : , , , .

.-. , : , , . .-. , . , , , , , .-. , , , , , , . .-. , . .-. . , XIX . : , , . : , , , , , .-. , .

.-. , . , : , -, .-. . .-. , , , , , . .-. . : , , , .-. , , , , . , . . . ( .. .)

, , - . .-., , . .-. ( ) , .-. . , .-. , . .-. , , . .-. . , . .-. , , , . - . - -, . - , , ( ). .-. : , , .

.-. . .-. , , : , . - , , , , .

 

.:

. . . ., 1959;

.. . (-). ., 1968;

. .. ., 1969.

..

. 152 - 153

nVt`OOOOEK]20a 横 ஥\\6 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\̓ @p:

́ '
 

(. Jeanne d´Arc, . Joan d´Arc)

. ' (. 1413-1431), , , 1429 . , . . , 1920 ., . . , , , -

, ., . .: , VII, . : . , . , . . . , , . . -, , , , la Vierge ( ), la Pucelle , -. . (, ), -, (, () , ).

. , , , , , , , ., , , . : , , , , , : . . . . , , , .

. , , , .

 

1) . VI (1591).

. . , . . , , , , , . , , . . , , . , , .

: . . , , , , ( , ), . . , .

 

.:

. VI //

. . ., 1977. . 17-46;

. // . : . ., 1971. .37-47.

 

2) (1762).

. ., , -. . , , . .

 

3) . (1801)

. , . ., .-. . . , , , ( ) . , , . . , , , , - .

. VII - , . , , , . , XIX . . .. (1884), 18 . .. .. (1879), , , .

 

4) . ' , (1895-1896).

, , , , , . , , . . . , , .

, , , ... , , , . . . , , . , , VII , , . , - .

 

.:

.. // . ., 1987. .72-86;

Salomon R.B. , 1961.

 

5) . (1923).

, , : - . , ., . , . , . ., , : , , ! , . , , . , , : . , , , , ...

. , . , ., , , . . : . . ? , ... , . ! . , .

 

.:

Ohmann R.M. Shaw: the Style and the Man. Middletown, Connecticut, 1962;

.. . ., 1965;

. . .;., 1965.

 

6) . (1952).

, , . , . , , , , . . . , , , , .

, , (, , ) . . , . : . , : , .?

. , . . . ' , !

 

.:

Jolivet Ph. Le theatre de Jean Anouilh. Paris, 1963.

 

. XX . , , . . (1935). . . , (. ) , , , .

 

..

 

. 153 - 155

 

t`9r]20r 横 ஥\\7 - ஬ 㠭 ().htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\܀@ _C`A<

́ ́


.:

 

. 155

t`w ' 's<"^20W 横 ஥\\8 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\  

́

. (1946-1956). . 1947 . : , ( , , ). 1929. , . , , 1903-1945 .. . . , , ... , , , , ; .

, 1918 . : , . 10- .. , , ( . . pour vie ). 30- ( ). , , , ( , ). - . : , , .

. , , . , . ( 1946 . , .) . ( , .) . , , , , ( ), . , , , .

: . , ? , , ., , (, , . ). , -, , , . . . , , , , (. ).

, , , ... , , . , , , . , , , ..., . , , , . - --, , . ( . .)

. , (vitalism Guy de Mallac). . , , : , . , . . , . . , , .. . . , , . - . , . , , ( , ), ( , , ). . , ( ).

. , . - .. , , .. , , (. ). . , : , , , , , , , , .

 

.:

.. : . ., 1989;

. . . ., 1992;

.. ( ). ., 1990;

Fleishman L. Boris Pasternak. L., 1990;

Mallac G. Boris Pasternak: His life and art. 1981.

..

. 155 - 156

+*t`E+^20_ 横 ஥\\9 - ().htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\A<  

́


.:

 

 

. 156

t`pzz󷓉0;0N"横 ஥\\Thumbs.db݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ࡱ>   ' !."#$%&(5)*+,-/012346789:;Root EntryFp6b1"2 3  !"#$%'()*+,-./023456789:;=>?@ABCDEFHIJKLMNOPQSTUVWXYZ[\^_`abcdefghiklmnopqrstuvxyz{|}~ JFIF``C     C   " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?ڻ UIyRoYvf:&N^-K(+T3=zP"s 9?>0N^,O>+[xX$w'a _#ϙ߲K(E(gj=5`Ƅpd zSs8 JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?@??W7ݟ7xS=Q_j΀?  JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?H{wu+dӣ,Wn_*e9`1 }})}K{$uyJЫa99~^e];|-P $JFIF``C     C   " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?|Yg ZElWJ夸VURڼo. |٭w8%R{ }~].gFmZ%^jr(0wdyGL7˚V9An1Md6ܦp18%LŽ:(=n *]_``,˜dߊablbull1.gif,˜dߊablbull2.gif,˜dߊablbull3.gif*˜dߊablrule.gif,>-acasbul1.gif,>-acasbul2.gif,>-acasbul3.gif,>-acasrule.gif, mBaedgbul1.gif, mBaedgbul2.gif, mBaedgbul3.gif, mBaedgrule.gif, ;?astonbu1.gif,;exptextb.jpg( JFIF``C     C   `^" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?ŕ;\H K)Al<8zO Aھ< yQߊR:)#r뒬F睌r 23?EFG tI,$7 цSc Ng>~<#&ml9>v1v= ǁP@;@~i@ r9FOq4*F( J`#-֧ؐN8*SzqHOˑZ@szR<=>w0r戤2VR25!PF qRW\d7))pqߟOS7Ӟ;Ӧ 4(/@qx49Za,z~G~2FpZ| 3I$q39x=u]Lx N 0GQwҜ`d``A@ xrvNo#7@ āQ̤>d(=(2E\cqR+IRGQ ###i:y?Q$'ߊw9ғdꦗOzXs@cqoFbR啊1?¤VN ɣ1MB*XoOU)GN)%%h$ #;U~ JBKeYJ1@ p[sqqP0`ùfeYsD`y)JzMFHdn2A~8 t518 61l71^81V , JFIF``C     C   `T" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?<カ jF2Hb)~U ǵ=cH&)l3aP'XU'9<9ҹA+:+,k$pƕei\mWύg9d;XAz@<N rsL\PAmId ȑuTq ?Sǵ0 %ڪq?wzV5X+9+ C4an?:iB`c.ri'$I%;w0NjeXt 2A>CAnǶh=F5tcH) ,(cr$&s>63dh' pF{wvG%9gB#fݸ@.@!+$X,6~)yM3}P89ߎen% 8QydmnJ9LrmOMA!uÒc0TW qed' i"FоF 9SsvMRmGg #qxɧ^2,PAj:`@ Ti-7RC0#M,qFڭqd}* d@FT7<)7dxH^\H"pobv;vQTWg8/(~?ĩ@Gp SRq̓G!w$=~~R[D0+\{ޖg,ddF[u "~ "0+n@`=6[_!]K?9=8t'$4hI gϵ~Y :rzR)U I^e\m`TSQx0+$ր,5y-'XR8Aӝ.2:gS֬-љ-x #88OSP1lo /;wg@C!dTI@!vc'۽Ae;$>gc  U2a:a=E=U6shn݋RMa1r^I銮̈VHn jI ϗo6qEĥegP#hN' #/VDt22`~z11QCv亶z4xؓ H Ffێ2;wyθ L0GU Q;و*hez*sܞJm)*-FH=;f*&*Bd8zsMfB`UԖ%FXP?3N~Vb(çsM`"''Qh`v+FIs ~pddű $9?&4U+ ; @AgފW}ł`Onj?()O6UE*J/(3Ѐx9=(ʢ92׶{$M9%-?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?Ox:#VwwMM.ERcKeo|_~'kKN/egs"3Bbv2=CZ>/ϊUlt-fbu eh-g/.& TP$"5Y]?g~8ռUyo5.aNڋ;IKkoW|_򫙼P\Yl~ٵit{Yj?gif,9}Atopbul2a.gif, RJFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?>.~_KM#NƺEy^uN<9m-bUS# =ºC/=]. [ėՅmΫio^:*;wh2 v!3|Pо4:k&F3B.#单IH #qY~{E%ϊK=P sgX9Hʾpv|-9~[և 4z6q',^Igvw8e:绾-o9}Atopbul3a.gif,9}Atoprule JFIF``C     C   `" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz91"022=12S  w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?崀jav6)1I_zUhsox#]g* B qڊ+HXh=x*="X49oEb`dw)UFBGbYHᏘFO+Zg$"DX~4QHh%jav6)1I_zUhsox#]g* B qڊ()bŴ&o'JH+%tFX9yduEUeѐQؖR8c? やq;԰0i {P>g9j8v]'H;.xH]v@w.:jm P!# @Q[ǥ)RxOWS•8l?{9 m4R3QI ”> +mg_4"l F~C52ŹTa pIZPF?HSpT~PT#-c9P*q@EӜaIQ's gPyOn*5xmӃq@mOQ#}˩Hzqm2t_zP !-G5Q\)eqEìҶBvMh.\O񤍁cpo1U%40Fr?Ԋ(P~=>x 1q@ Kp:g [Hp$2qӌRgu onvIyQ9qzH;f%RJߵEm,84)y9ty^*:t8G>!w.þ1- `cF~cO"G/鞔n<<}}hFۚUݖ1 r}Ҡ*Iums=MA@PRFHϷր' $u CqAI*eW +<  JFIF``C     C   ``" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?Ϗ-=06t}Bʵ2V|NL|KpC@L<)/IdGki&,'Ue^$]|Ioʹnyj.ZX@0YEIzn8kgُiFE(Q\[cBqj0{erm!R/!R/!2 ck9L>GC3Vjsa3Vlʏc#ũS'Vl\kM?2&}oSӥﯟj+ov~ƽ̯%|^{\,m]im5 4ӓiG"]Wew^ݪi}26ud0zcpZ/YichٮrO]OuSQJ*)F1OUwI_-_ 9՜(ٷԫ?׺M\WE?uԸlb=ͳ9Ϝ=k/3ſ']sZ8N6ZT*8sb}6TЌ'R)2mƍo go g7hKɷ73ſ']3ſ']xB?%dۍ3Ml?S?<[B} :%6kK-sqQwf@ya[ 4pI)&m[c*5-R/}Wg9LM${A42CD7B6-E9B9-4D02-B7A6-288B71AD28BA}_t`69#30j 横 ஥\\0 - ⥫ .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\݃BL1 

               

 

 

(.)





 

bt`ݗMr20` 横 ஥\\1 - 筠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Հ@5G܀O

́


.:

 

 

. 160

rt`| 5s20\ 横 ஥\\2 - 誠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`

́
 

(. Cinderella)

. (1697). , , . . 3. , , , . , 3., , , , , . , ; , , , , , . .

, 3. . . 3. , , . 3. , - , , , , , , . , 3. , , , , .

3. . 3. (1814). . - (1817), .. (1944). (1947) . ( .. ) .

..

. 160

t`z3έs20Z 横 ஥\\3 - ᨬ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߀A  

́

.. (1878-1880). 3. . , ( ), , - ( ). 3. . .. . , , : , , . , . , -. , : , .

3. , ; -, , - ; , .. .. 1878 . .. 3.: , .. . .. , 3. . . , - . . 3.

, , 3., . , 3. . . 3. -, , . 3. . : , , , .

.. 11 1879 . 3. . . , ( , ), . 3. . , : . .

3. . .. (1880) : . ; . , . ... ... .. . .. .. ( 1880- .) , . , : . . 3. (, , , , , 3.), , , , . . 3. ..: ; : , .

 

.:

. ( ) // . . . , 1929. . II. . 73-92;

.. // . ., 1971. . 213-216.

..

. 160 - 161

ygt`vt20V 横 ஥\\4 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\|`


 

(. Suss)

. (1925). (1917-1918), , , , . , , , , , , .

, , -. , - . , 3. - . : , , , ; , , , . 3. , . 3. . , . , . -, -, , . . 3., , , . 3. , .

3. . 3. . . 3. : , , . ( . .). 3. , , , , . , . , , , . 3. , , : . , .

- -, , 1940 . . , . , , . .

..

. 161 - 162
 

 

t`pHHq퉨0;0N"横 ஥\\Thumbs.db݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ࡱ>   !"Root EntryКPp671L2[Catalog$  !"#$%&'()*+-./012345678:;<=>?@ABCDEFHIJKLMNOPQRSTVWXYZ[\]^_`acdefghijklmnoprstuvwxyz{|}~ @JFIF``C     C   " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?| 4[x\ֆEsrdi ԨPWΟ0aGگ]#)"6Tuqk?lx^#xK×>(L5 ;h%:zbC."n ­s:Wr4el9z!V"5k~i+j OJFIF``C     C   " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?RCŖ1]G]#)"6uqk/cᶹg ԗe'x-캅+ȑ˹`e#rG0?,|9+|?ҾI}7dfsG\f3A:-h-W{_dO #Qv߷ ``,rPaaxibul1.gif,rPaaxibul2.gif,rPaaxi @JFIF``C     C   3L4 ,59H6GG" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?(U hjp=F0` ;>QRzSx JFIF``C     C   ``" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?Q hyqӪ8Ux84c۸q84$J;?+x9h . y9? uDE"1U9 t4y-2V`#eJ+}S8s@<|F(` ,Q-'E9;f'AOK).s@"q`mH7019);hj'g̐ya9,\vϭOQ$q{ N@H'X0du KE5 Ž~]9#hO?)=g9 juANʱO,NO9rnRiԌA$$Դle~xJ&G?-6R71i0v8ɤ _'MKM5J-NOi $S!?0cE03 .9S]hs2p ?JpgF) څP@UaVR_fCs :=:Tv_ia!# 0#=lEwEC# aGv IHr x#^)P## @FTmwi#;68n:'ʣkle`3ODXB19? l*zYlq1'_Lf3vޙ`+HpĶy=r#'#>Uvy)$(/%[D\Ɔ@& 4ꍄrJ ̀y~u%3ƌcb(H%O)?f>9ϮhaZL=i5WglgJj$2c )934}ifXkM\@>=FGbj6y#;)$nʆFXsD0F )QR AOJ`@$d42Ws;uI$,GsH55DPԨF]|G})Ԍvy8ebCr4j6VFpT2F,~to`n=O*JSpGA qq01ǽy6B2gv{5%Eͅ0zzCKnKEXcTE 0Tϻn3l2<`F]XO?.ьz@$;wtlһjY*I'S =- ԉXo2l#ޞ,H,@O JFIF``C     C   `" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?9j,~U[((6A (((((bul3.gif,rPaaxirule.gif,_achbull1.gif,_achbull2.gif,_achbull3.gif*_achrule.gif, rPaxibkgnd.gif* _chbkgnd.gif` v(M${A42CD7B6-E9B9-4D02-B7 JFIF``C     C   ``" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz11 w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?Ϗ-=06t}Bʵ2V|NL|KpE۟x_iG$L \ V6b^_qU$a'+m.WO0Q.OU4&7|E~=C6NJ_F {t _CAO팞/ o<|Vt9<[͆-;=&4#U!OhOϴ4?. Oօ6% WU,/ai5JT܄$>IM3IM3[wP:ؘ7DOl{pqk6~&`_[E8*ѳ0U.{4'OiG4'Oi^98%=A- 71oj_Wx~_/i=' 4KŸKpbx%YYFYUEʹH @![Gg!KyeȽy_A,3H> |{땍E@2 ;MMa,VsCs9F6KvIa(B&X/wJoƿ|9;źtVj/[H i%E+)*Y q֛չ_'΁iz YjEI"&b3q~\1n:WW-n˟n-59=f1ә.?[dcna_ z_[Y-~o0Fp';+0n$&Cf^GIsҺ >]͉g.'+_MR"& 'k RGLw_τ?)?s_Q;FlxH*ŭ NΑ_xoRs{Y@<4׊VHi_1^D[bҙŝ©u#ie lK_L<x3JVw\Os@0J8 K&> $mM_}V*\j~A^0*c;r<]c"j:5?e8W ~Y rcIݶ"\Oc0Ǭ->.̅cˆ={ #9HLfcO,%uP2qt}QIg.[o$?+qw5"۟aAa? -U|A.?;Ңz85i1Rw⢤5XO~ —f.VZ\%PK3~dw'R"?j^'埲:Ǭ&gJٵf|cJv'vF5`~&LJտfΑiLdxʬN B3޾`tK"L_)?;,#1cV!,R cYDpd+%W''v9w5$k5Be,\W)ҡ9+ԻzOWJs|3ޓ#Ugd~JO^Sy|o]2?\K{m()+vS5]\5Ϗ|#`gbL;UEqJN/y%R# {D;Z/ǟ0輏f/v?O+I6:Ǭ&Z澱8ݡ_2D`T| OF 9=ilyq0 W땣݈F1'y?a Z$%_|kO~y&۵,Gk{}V_} %>(*z]_ȗ? eeW}hEX*߃G?OWϭCb#l\LԪ_'~~$xzIk_~ն㯊n6/x_lkj.iys = l1FQ6b'Fsx`kS嶣u62{J3p [",Xs\$թԒjT*qFh8E'yEYͣv1ewrsNp~-9GLGÛ,ӏ?EjિOnGףO}[BaVx潛ņHiLcIo;k}h6J2!KmnZAP!iU2~eԒO$EѼ?ٞ->ٞ->>}O@?\?%dۍC.._|EwCIӥ幸HG; <0pnx КJpmI$mz?A6-288B71AD28BA} t`o'o'q#30j 横 ஥\\0 - ⥫ .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\݃BL1 

               

 









 
 

Ɂt`}$z20[ 横 ஥\\1 - ࠣ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߀@  

́

.. (1827; ). : , , (. 1697-1781), , , I, ; - . , , I , . .. . (1820), (1824), (1824), (1830), (1825), (1830- ..), .

., , , , ( , ) , : . , . . (, , , .. ). , , ., .

 

..

 

. : , . . , . . : , , , . . . : ., (.. ). . .. . .

. .. , (1976).

 

:

.. - . ( ) // .. . ., 1873;

.. // , 1937, 3;

.. // .. .. . ., 1953;

.. // . . ., 1979. .1;

. . , 1980;

.. . , // .. . ., 1981;

.. // .. . ., 1987.

 

..

. 162 - 163

 

4t`bG20n 横 ஥\\10 - -.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\􀐀`0 π-`p8

́ -́

.. (1928-1940). , , , , . , , , , . - -, : , .

. .. (1874, . 1885), : , , . , - , .
, , . ( ), ( ). , , . , . , , , , , , , . , , ., , , .

. , , - , . , . (1863). , , . , ( . , 1928 . , , ). , , ., , , (). . , . , , . , , , , , , , .

, ( ), . . ( ) . . , , , .

 

. .

..

. 168 - 169

#t`UUdk+20^ 横 ஥\\11 - ᪨.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`  

́

.. (1826-1841). , , . , . , , Sakramentales.

- . . , ( ?), , , . . , , , . . , , . , , , . ., . , : . , , . . , . .

, , , , , . - , . , . , . ( ), . , , , , . -, . , , . , , . . , ( ).

 

.:

.. . ., 1966;

.. . ., 1995;

.. // . . , 1976.

..

. 169 - 170

t`^wz20g 横 ஥\\12 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\dž `\5@

́ ́
 

(. Isabel Archer)

. (1881), . , , , , . , .. , .

.. , , . , , . .. , . , 22- .. , . .. ( ). , . .. , . (1883). 1968 . -- .

 

.:

.. // . . ., 1981. . 568-577.

 

..

. 170

t`yM79̑20Y 横 ஥\\13 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ׁ@0  

́

.. (1912). , , . , , , . (1916) : ... , 1208 , , , , , , .

. , 16 . , , . . . , , . , -. , , . . ., .

. , , . , . . , . , . , . . , .

, . , . . , , . , , , ; , , . , . , , -, . , , .

. , , , , . . , , , , , .

, . , . 1915 .. - . , .. . 1916 . .. .. - , . .. , .. , .. , .. . 200 , .

 

.:

.. . . . ., 1928;

. . ., 1964.

..

. 170 - 171

 

Lt`w~A920W 横 ஥\\14 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\܁@

́ (. Icarus)

. ( . ..). ., , , . , ( ), , , , ; ( ) ; ; , -, , .

. , , , : , . , ( ), , , . , . , , ( , ).

, , , , . , , ; . ( . : , , , ). . . II -.

 

:

Lafaye G. ,1904;

Cahen E. Callimaque et son oeuvre poetique. Paris , 1929.

..

. 171

HRt`xoTQ20V 横 ஥\\15 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\܀@  

.. (1918). -- . VI , I. - ., -, . , , , . , , ., , , .

, . , ; , , . , . , , . : . , , ; .

. , , . , . -: ., (), - (). - , .

 

.:

.. // .. . . . ., 1990.

 

..

. 171

t`W20_ 横 ஥\\16 - ஢.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ՀA0@  

́

.. (1860). , . , . . - , , . , . . . - , : , .

. , : , - . : . . . , . . , , . , , ., , .

. , . , , . , .

. . . .. ? (1860) , , , . ., , . . . : , .. .

. , , . 1961 . ( . ). 1915,1928,1959 1985 .

 

.:

.. ? // .. . . ; ., 1934;

.. .. // .. : . . . . . . , 1991;

. // . 1960. 1.

 

.. . 172

t`99&20g 横 ஥\\17 - ஧.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ń @ׁK9  

́ ́

.. (1862-1864). IV , III, ( 1547 .). , . .. , , , , , , , . , , :

,
, ,


,
!

.. . . , , . .. . . .. . , , , . , , ; .
.., , , . , , , , , , , , . : , , , . , , , . .., : .

.. .. .. (1867). (1896), .. .. (, 1899), .. ( , 1905), .. ( , 1967).

 

.. . 172 - 173

nt`iikr720d 横 ஥\\18 - ,.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\Ą ,

́ '


.: '

 

 

. 173

.t`VVX20k 横 ஥\\19 - ᪠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\̈́ A܀O

́ ́
 

(. Ioanna Chmielewska)

, . , ..: (1973), (1974), (1975), (1992).

.. ; , , . , . , .. , , . , . .. , ( - , , ).

, , , , , , , , , , , , . .. .

(1964) . 1966 . , .

 

.:

. // . . ., 1993. . 5-11.

 

..

. 173

\It` z20g 横 ஥\\2 - ᮢ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\͂ A܁G  

́ ́

- .. (1959-1962). .. . , , . , 58- 1950-1952 .. . 1959 . -854 ( ). . , ( 11, 1962), .. .

.. 60- . . .. , , .. - . 58- .. .

.. , , . , , , , . , ( , , ), , , . , , , ( ), ( ), (), , .

, , , - . . . , ( ). , .. , , , , , . , .. , , , , (. ). .. , , .

.. , , . .. , , , . .. ( ), , , , , .

.. , , . .. - . ( .) .. , , .. . - , ..

.., , , .. , .. , ( ) .. . û. , ໻.

 

.:

. . ., 1992;

.. : . ., 1994;

Curtis J.M. Solzhenitsyn?s traditional imagination. Athens, 1984;

Krasnov V. Solzhenitsyn and Dostoevsky. Athens, 1980.

.. . 163 - 164

t`LLEU20o 横 ஥\\20 - ३᫥.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\хA w@Ap@

́ ́

 

(. Johannes Kreisler)

-1 -2 (181 0-181 5) , (1821) ... (1776-1822).

.. , ; , , . .. -, , . . , . .. -: , ; , . .. , . , , , , , , , , , , .

.. , , . .. , , , : . .. , .. , , , . , , , .. . . , . .. , , ; .. , .

, .. , .. : , .. , , , . , , . .. , , .., , . .. , . .. : .. , cis moll, es dur. .. , , , , . .. , , .

 

.:

.. // ... . . . ., 1972.

 

.. . 173 - 174

Lt`y glё20Y 横 ஥\\21 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\`

́

.. (1898), , . , . . . : - ( !), - ( , , ), , ( , , , ). . .

, , , . , , , . . : , . , . , - , , . : , , , . , , . ., , , , , .

 

.. . 174

36t`}j'j'?$G20[ 横 ஥\\22 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ՀA8D

́
 

(. Joseph)

. (1933-1943), , , , , , , .

. . , , : ? ! (, , , ) . , : , . , . -. , , . , , .

( ), ., , , . . , , , , ( ) , . : . , , . , , , .

. . , , ( ., , , , , ) . . , - : , . , ., , , .

, . ( , , , ). . . , , , , , ..

. . ( ) , , , . . , - , , , , , . . , , . , , ! , , , , . . , . .

, , - . . . , , . , , . , , . . , - -. . ; -, .

., . , , - . . , , , , . . , . , , : , XX . , - . ., , , , , .

, . . , , . , : ? : !

 

.:

Leopold K. The time levels in Tomas Mann?s Joseph the provider. Brisbane, 1958.

 

.. . 174 - 175

=It`|OZę20Z 横 ஥\\23 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\܄B


́ (.)

(428 . ..). . , , . - , . , . , : , , . . .

. , . . . , , . . . , , , . . , , . , , . . . , . . . , , . . . , , .

. , , . (. ).

 

.:

River A. Essai sur le tragique d´Euripide. P., 1975.

..

 

1902 . . .. , , . . -, (. , .. ), .

 

.. . 175 - 176

 

t`9U20k 横 ஥\\24 - 誠 .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\WC4`π   

́ ˨

.. - (1875-1880). , , . , , , , , : .

.. , , , . , , , , , : , , . .. : - . .. , . , .. : , , ! ! .. : -, . , .. . .

.., , , , , , , , . .. , .. , , , . , .

.. , - , . : , , .

: , , .. 1880- . . .. .. - (1880), .. ( , 1931), .. (, 1987).

 

.:

. -. ., 1965;

.. -. ., 1970.

 

..

. 176

|zt`y]y]h20^ 横 ஥\\25 - 䨣.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\]DO

́ (.)

1)

(405 . ..).

. . , , , , . : , , . , . . . ., , , . . ( ), : . . , , . , : . . . , , , .

 

2)

(412 . ..).

. , -. . , . , , , . , . . . . , , .

..

 

3) 16-17 ..

. - (. , . , . , . .). . (1674), . , , .: , , , . , ., , , , , , , , .

, . .: , . . , , , , . . : - . , , , - .

. , - . , . , , , , , , , , . : , . , , . . , . . , , , , , . ., - , , , , . , dues ex machina, , . . . .

 

4) . - - .

. , . , . , . , . , . ( . 70 ). .. : (1774) (1778). ( ). , , .

. : ; , , , . ., . . ( .. ). ( , ) (., , ). . . ; , , , . , : .. .

 

5) .

1787 . , . , , . , . , : . . , , , , . : , .

, , . , , . , , ; , , ; , , , , , , . , , : , , .

. , . , : , , . , , , . : ?

, . : , , . , . . . , : . , , , .

 

6)

- , , . 1940 . . . 20-40- (. , ', , , ), , , . , - XX .

. -, , , , ; , , ; ; . , , , . - . , . 1940 . , , . , , - . .

1943-1944 ., , , , . , , . , , , , , , .

. , ; . : , , , , , . , , , . ( . , , , ), - , , , , .

, , , , . , . , , . , , : , , -, , - -.

., XX , . . . , , , , , : , , . , XX , . , . . , , , . , , . , , .

 

.. . 176 - 179

ct`i2{20b 横 ஥\\3 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\͂ L\8G  

́ ́

.. (1881-1882; 1884-1886). , , .

.. , , : , , . , .. , , , , . .. , , , . . .., - . . , , . .. , , . : , , . , .. .

.. , . , , .. , . , . , .. , , , .

- , , .. , . . , , , , , .

 

:

.. . . // . 1984. ., 1986.

..

. 163

Ht`u u JgY{20a 横 ஥\\4 --ࠪ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ǂ-`

́-́

.. - (1834). , , .-., , , . , , , , . - : -, -, , , . , -, , .-., , . , . .-. (, .).

- .-. ( ). .. (1959), .-. .. .

 

..

. 163

t`)):~j|20f 横 ஥\\5 - ࠬ.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\͂ @  

́ ́

.. (1878-1880), . .. , , . : , .. ( .. .. ). , .. . , .. , .

.., , , , , , -- . - , .. , . .. -, , . .. . , . , . : : . : . , .. : , ; ; .

.. . : . <...> , . <...> , , ( .., .. , . . .. , 1848 . .. . , , .. , : .. , . .., : , , , ... . ( : , , , .)

.. 8 1879 . .. . .. , - . .. , . , , . , : . , , ; .. , . .. , , , , . 1876-1877 . , .. , ( , 1876, ) .. (. Pro contra). ( 1875 .) .. , : , .

.. - , . , .., , : . ໻ .. - : , , , . <...> , ? , , , , .

, , , , , .. XX . , .., . .. , .. .

 

.:

. ( ) // . . ., 1903;

.. ( ) // . 1914. 5. . 192-203;

.. . .; ., 1963;

.. // . ., 1973. . 83. . 64-65.

..

. 163 - 164

t`wC C ~MK120W 横 ஥\\6 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\  

́

.. (1889, . . 1887-1888). . . , . , . , . , . (.. ). , , .

. , , . : , , , , ...; , , ...; .... . , .

; ; , . - . . , ., , , .
.: ; ; . . , . , , : , , , ... , , ... ., , , , , . : , , , , , , ... , , ... (, , ) . : , , .

. (.. ) : ! , . , . . ; ; ; ; ; . . . : , . .

. , , . , , . , . . , , . . (.. ). .

, , , , . .
. .. (1887), .. (1904), (1919), .. (1960), .. (1975), .. (1976).
 

.:

. // . 1954, 7;

.. // .. . ., 1972;

- .. // . 1976, 6;

.. // .. . ., 1988.

..

. 166

)t`x::~;B20V 横 ஥\\7 - .htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\

́
 

(. Yvain)

, (. 1176-1181). . , , , , , , . . , , . , . , . . : , , , , , . .

: , , , . . , , . , . , . . , . , , : , ; , . . , . , , .

. . (1820).

 

.:

.. . ., 1976;

.. . ., 1983.

..

. 167

@t`00ȽBL20p 横 ஥\\8 - ᫠.htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\󁐀` WB>ApG   XII

́ ́

XII . . ( . - 1185 . 90- . XII . . ( , XVI .) , .. - - XVIII . 1796 . II. 1800 . 1812 .)

.. ( ) - , ( XVII . ). 2 1151. ; , -, ( ). .. (. ). (1180) - . , , 1181 . . (1184), . . .. , .. ( .., .., ..).

, 1185 , . 1 , , . , . .. , . , . , , . , .. , .

.. . , 1198 . . 1202 . : 1211 . , , , .
.. . ( - ), : , , , . ( ), .. , , : , . .. .., , . .. : , ... , . , .

.. : , (). , , , . .. , : , . . .. , , , , , . , - , - . , , , , , , , . .. , . ( , ), , . . , , ( .. ) , .. : , . . .. .

, , - . . ( ) . .. , . , .. , .., , . .. . 1185 . .. . . ( . 15 .) ( 1377 .) , , .

XVIII . . , , . .. (1869-1887).

. .. (1880). .. (1929) .. (1950- ..), .. , .. , . , .. .. .. . .. (1934).

, XII . .. .

 

.:

.. , , . . ... , 1989;

.. . - . ., 1982;

.. . ., 1985;

.. - // . . 9. . 1985, 4;

.. // . 11-17 . ., 1978;

.. . . ., 1991;

. ., 1995. .1-5.

..

. 167 - 168

t`)z20b 横 ஥\\9 - ப ().htm݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\߀@\A<  

́


.:

 

 

. 168

6t`nrrcn0;0N"横 ஥\\Thumbs.db݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @ǁ\ࡱ>     '2!"#$%&(1)*+,-./034567Root Entry ሳ6 H1Catalog2" JFIF``C     C   ``" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?Ϗ-=06t}Bʵ2V|NL|KpC@L?L亟|Ho͢THm1g4g33\7_W#ѡbqTl>qvvvi[}' 4K' 4K'GmGGmG?u_Bx}uxS^bLYaO+(*2H +cḾ(zx_w-)Rmv{ #$0l2k05je1In>8Y]l4/ΕӳJ4ljgaHֶC&x̞S䍭h/R|UwF=i9$n/wѾ}/E/d]F迿Q{rzpi<1+2_4;*g6 |_{Rm~5/g^x߿Y$N/?q+^ݯm}|JgRY+>W +BԭҿE~|9w:M~l>?ik㳏??j:6&wh)VAV Nу_?x[ ,G gR5c~Қ~WAbΥW?4/)^//͍]DOmq\!Թ <kMl|>e ĕ|Y,ϊݷ!\8͕#? \QQ{#M "Tk>θ)F#$y>Ƒsc}3W\jHdu2XAEW?skk+mKJW&|:^:%̓c\?ski|Kq}_M;kK0>;ib}I{٫2[ 6 >nYgm>g l2BW< c?:IJ#Nq^E<6`S{h֚AΕd"="G^~C?u8!ӟg߅M|!_7_߷w?HmR?k(1#ͳ*˕).o{xSO_iz.g}ɲ =P3mD p9$υ~[Z?TUogk^W:B\IG',yҿKcuZuQ/0p#YS׮N:Z׭Wkz'Z6iwu = Qo1ԆDs74_CvrʫB-b)sTV9&N1hOӢ:E'Et]>%.h}bP;cgCn@`g5ñ>)u 3i' {G*િthӍ(NZç~~ñ>)uշ'gďx@ilBP;{#G#)H+Mco+D.gk.(sNI=vx;?9X.-c^}ͣZvss,aFKfPya[ju|"RNqI)'v uzU?]sjZ.f@  !"#$%&')*+,-./012456789:;<=>?ABC_EFGHIJKLMNOPQSTUVWXYZ[\]^mabcdefghijklopqrstuvwxz{|}~```p6{A42CD7B6-E9B9-4D02-B7A6-288B71AD28BA},T\ JFIF``C     C   " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?ڻ UIyRoYvf:&N^-K(+T3=zP"s 9?>0N^,O>+[xX$w'a _#ϙ߲K(E(gj=5`Ƅpd zSs8 JFIF``C  345(63    C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?@??W7ݟ7xS=Q_j΀?  JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?H{wu+dӣ,Wn_*e9`1 }})}K{$uyJЫa99~^e׃ino'K$4y9 d,-$HC9;_;ө Wq,NpԹZQt]blebul2a.gif, |blebul3a JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?|ghω:o'^%ʹ^mogq^J&*~| /5y4I',?ſ%ֵ+R/[),Ҵ< I8'{ǃ|!gtg\2guõ~Ƹ' F8j\(D.ǟ3?.gif, |blegtext.gif* JFIF``C     C   `" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? S_Ez5WxQ^YQ@Q@Q@Q@ LJFIF``C     C   `" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz 11yX21 d31T41^w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?='P&}_93?Z_YCF (??hֿa7G,ѭo*(5MQ ş4k_0?ckTg  &⨢X,ZUYCF (??hֿa7G,ѭo*(|blesepa.gif, j,qbtzbul1 XJFIF``C     C   " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?;L~?>#:v-ҤJ,[DE9F!'#оi9׷? i_w q4v7 66)Z$PYn؀#%=N+w?y6MͽfjIa.gif, j,qbtzbul2a.gif, HJFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?NGSB=6ef(q]_O)^­sPK&mfGBdg!]*C L H%[rC y$GO5J0dZ~<}x7:׏KgOuB;8T_w#k o%..5:{ ؀*FQUp%<^c]+k-k_[uխRj,qbtzbul3a.gif,j,qbtzhs JFIF``C     C   `" }!1A5161L7181MQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?ТF(}+du6 ǚdvׁbB@?u=Exf>GCh xK;mۺyd{gПZPQ킀۩yh?slcHz~k lw?7瓎QJ?]zH%ElFYzlZ,HH'pG8(c4$Ndvppf'֧G`(6p8h3~8$AxdZƶ[MyRiWguGepa.gif,j,qbtztilea.gif, @JFIF``C     C   :`" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?Ly'Z>a$Jz`|݉=f9=}irmI,G>Nwl)T =sqDAcF-JX>P,k`du&Հ?HʮF}21I:+ÏҀ"OR{x>cy*O21G(<ܑ:I'=81T6Ҕ=I'~΀9d`rš=sԱǴQYPpwo=dq9+NKm$tSl#ր"oHbڹn:q}*I&r2ns~4v[9 4=@?֕ˣïT;}:4$g'n?Jt3I$\p>,%:<Đy֐Jۘ=G>I. a€% =z~Ցw_\w?4V?Ͻ"=(N`98g8P~R@˵G탓t6qu ¯CH,A z`d\?\P n'a?zsN7rsu?DU9@E枛M&Hqa֔HF=eM6qh/5;Jfbv1I@F `Ѱ:cY!0=)@wOP D2rsO0\Zgf41`PWU+<I })~)>maF0@<JA!NzUf'sw429ɏh`u? RXX*) 1N~\㴮Ih2s% <)r@` FHq#S8W? JFIF``C     C   " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?/Tn%M1lqه(|O%GiSĚ,wI#è-lש~i-%.ϦXy=kşNmܷG\ѝRIA<}^GʱͱRme~%kkJ.m#J~capbul1a.gif,J~cap AJFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?<i4Z׉u;!I6͏1PFw~ Y|O%-F,s2ǡʀ)Y{L -sp>?g/ OxYQqi}g L`nA# 22d_|4 jZ[r.08UT*t$M}bWͧo=-N}bul2a.gif,J~capbul3a.gif JFIF``C     C    " }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdef910212"      !ghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?$:ݡ[+;.2N9=GՅzpmRK{X[.a،=+?4X MB6eVܒFp}A"м ~ZAe˸IrGb{G\U_vZ3UovJ?*J~capsepa.gif*J~ca JFIF``C     C   `" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?I{i#wXDW]xO4Q_^<5 ÿ %gGVa{Xx"y#Nn>E/qKqxgl_Ni<k;[DOtrJaE"G! h氈fº 7 hkb~KeΎ",fDGt}/&*^ؿyA׵wF &/&)G JFIF``C     C   `" }!1AQa"q2#BR$3br %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz w!1AQaq"2B #3Rbr $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ?R9"i:-QLaEPEPEPEPiG4QRHQEQAEPEPEPEPptext.gifH&t`bbz]Oy<0 横 ஥\. 横 ஥ (1997 .).doc݀FO5 B5]@0`=̀` @́\D}>FӆO UB5@0܁`=` ߀@p3Iࡱ> #`bjbjmmB8 8 8 8 $\ \ 6 $hzP!_" === ==== x 0K'W8 (=,0\="==='\8 8  -=F8:;>?548O ;8B5@0BC@=KE 35@>52  !>AB028B5;L 8 =0CG=K9 @540:B>@ 4>:B>@ 8A:CAAB2>2545=8O !.. !B0E>@A:89 %C4>6=8: ..>@>;L:>2 E@0=O5BAO 70:>=>< $ >1 02B>@A:>< ?@025. >A?@>872545=85 2A59 :=838 8;8 ;N1>9 55 G0AB8 70?@5I05BAO 157 ?8AL<5==>3> @07@5H5=8O 8740B5;O. N1K5 ?>?KB:8 =0@CH5=8O 70:>=0 1C4CB ?@5A;54>20BLAO 2 AC451=>< ?>@O4:5. - 68 -=F8:;>?548O ;8B5@0BC@=KE 35@>52.  .: 3@0D, 1997.  496 A. 5-7784-0013-6  03 740B5;LAB2>  $, 1997 740B5;LAB2>  $, >D>@<;5=85, 1997 !.. !B0E>@A:89,  $, A>AB02;5=85, 1997 2B>@A:89 :>;;5:B82 1@0<>20 .. ;O:@8=A:89 .. 065=>20 .. >340=>20 .. >;LH0:>20 ... 0A8;L520 .. >;>40@A:0O .. O7<8B8=>20 .. 0;:8= .. 5;81B5@ ... ;07:>20 ".. >@H:>20 .. @5948=3 ... @><>20-?C;LA:0O .. @CH:> .. C10=>20 .. C@528G .. CI8=0 .-. 5=8A5=:> .. 7N15=:> .. 2A5520 .. ;L=8F:0O .. 09F52 .. 820 .$. 20=>20 .. 030@;8F:89 ... >652=8:>2 .. >652=8:>20 ... >@>B:>20 .. >G5B>20 .. @K<>20 .. C7=5F>20 .. C;8:>20 .. 8A528G .!. N168= .. 0:0@>2 .. 0:0@>20 .. 0== ... 8;LG8=0 .. C;:0E09=5= .. C@0H:8=F520 .. CE052 .. 5<8@>2A:89 .. 8:8B8=0 .. 8:>;0520 .. 8:>;LA:89 !.. 0=:552 .. 0CB:8= .. 5B@>20 .. 82>20@>20 .!. @>A:C@=8:>20 ".. >70=>20 !.. >AB>F:89 .. CD0=>2 .. !0@0A:8=0 .. !0@=>2 .. !54>2 /.. !5@51@O:>2 .. !8;0=BL520 .. !8;N=0A ... !>@28=0 ... !B0E>@A:89 !.. !CE0=>20 ".. !K@5A:8= .. !K@>20B:> .. "@C=>2 .. #20@>2 ... $>:8= .. $@84HB59= ... %09G5=:> .. &C:0=>2 .. (0;8<>20 .. )C?;>2 .. .A8< .. " ",!" -=F8:;>?548O ;8B5@0BC@=KE 35@>52 (-)  MB> =0CG=>5 8740=85, A>45@60I55 8=D>@<0F8N >1 >A=>2=KE ?5@A>=060E <8@>2>9 ;8B5@0BC@K >B 0=B8G=>AB8 4> =0H8E 4=59. - 2:;NG05B >:>;> 452OB8A>B AB0B59, :0640O 87 :>B>@KE @0A:@K205B EC4>65AB25==K9 A<KA; >1@070 ;8B5@0BC@=>3> 35@>O, ?@54AB02;O5B 20@80=BK B>;:>20=8O MB>3> >1@070 2 :@8B8:5 8 2 MAB5B8:5, A>45@68B :@0B:CN 181;8>3@0D8N.  - >B>1@0=K F5=B@0;L=K5 ?5@A>=068 ?@>872545=89, >B=>AOI8EAO : :;0AA8:5 <8@>2>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. @8 MB>< :064K9 ?5@A>=06 O2;O5BAO =>A8B5;5< B>9 8;8 8=>9 ;8B5@0BC@=>9 B@048F88 8 8<55B 2>?;>I5=8O 2 4@C38E 2840E 8A:CAAB20. - @0AAG8B0=0 =0 H8@>:89 :@C3 G8B0B5;59: H:>;L=8:>2, ABC45=B>2 3C<0=8B0@=KE 2C7>2, ?@5?>4020B5;59, D8;>;>3>2 8 B50B@>254>2. '8B0B5;8 ;N1>9 87 MB8E :0B53>@89 <>3CB =09B8 2 =59 =5>1E>48<CN 8=D>@<0F8N: H:>;L=8: CA2>8B E0@0:B5@8AB8:8 >1@070 35@>O 8 =5:>B>@K5 A2545=8O > AN65B5 (87;>65=85 AN65B0 =5 2E>48;> 2 7040G8 -); ?@5?>4020B5;L ?>7=0:><8BAO A >A=>2=K<8 B@0:B>2:0<8 >1@070 2 :@8B8:5; CG5=K5 =094CB 2 M=F8:;>?5488 8AB>G=8:>254G5A:89 8 181;8>3@0D8G5A:89 <0B5@80;; 4;O B50B@0;L=KE 45OB5;59 >=0 <>65B AB0BL ?>4A?>@L5< 2 @01>B5 =04 @>;LN. >A:>;L:C - O2;O5BAO ?5@2K< 2 >B5G5AB25==>9 =0C:5 >?KB>< B0:>3> @>40 8740=89, 8740B5;LAB2> ?@54?>;0305B, GB> C G8B0B5;59 <>3CB 2>7=8:=CBL 70<5G0=8O 8 ?@54;>65=8O ?> ?>2>4C A>AB020 M=F8:;>?5488 8 A>45@60=8O AB0B59. K 1C45< ?@87=0B5;L=K 2A5<, :B> 2KA:065B A2>8 ?>65;0=8O, :>B>@K5 1C4CB CGB5=K 2 ?>A;54CNI8E 8740=8OE -. " "# +     !" '!/ !#,  =0G0;5 XX 25:0 ?8A0B5;L $.. !>;>3C1, @07<KH;OO > AC4L10E ;8B5@0BC@=KE 35@>52, =0720; 8E =5B;5==K< ?;5<5=5<, 25G=> 682CI8< =0 75<;5. =8-B> 8 5ABL =0AB>OI85, ?>4;8==K5 ;N48, 8AB8==>5, =5C<8@0NI55 =0A5;5=85 =0H59 ?;0=5BK, ?@8@>645==K5 2;0AB5;8=K =0H8E 4C<, <>3CI5AB25==K5 AB@>8B5;8 =0H8E 4CH, E>7O520 =0H59 75<;8. K ?5@54 =8<8 B>;L:> 1;54=K5 B5=8. I5 1>;55 :0B53>@8G=> =0 MB>B AG5B 2KA:07K20;AO A:0@ #09;L4, 2 ?@54AB02;5=88 :>B>@>3> AC4L10 ;8B5@0BC@=KE ?5@A>=0659 4>:07K205B, GB> =5 8A:CAAB2> ?>4@0605B 687=8, 0 A>2A5< =0>1>@>B  687=L 708<AB2C5B C 8A:CAAB20, C ;8B5@0BC@K A2>8 @50;88. B> B0:>9 >15A?L5@, 3>2>@8; #09;L4, :0: =5 B2>@5=85 CAA>; >B:C40 ?>O28;8AL =838;8ABK, :0: =5 87 @><0=>2 "C@35=520; 30<;5B87<, :>5<C ?>425@65=K <=>385 ;N48, 2KH5;, @07C<55BAO, 87 0<;5B0, 0 25AL XIX 25: 2>>1I5 A>G8=5= 0;L70:><. @8 2A59 ?0@04>:A0;L=>AB8 MB8E AC645=89 =04> ?@87=0BL 2 =8E 3;C1>:CN 8AB8=C, 2K@065==CN 2 2845 <5B0D>@K. ;>4 2>>1@065=8O 8 D0=B0788, ?@5B2>@5==>9 2 EC4>65AB25==>< >1@075, 87>;8@>20==>< >B @50;L=>AB8, ;8B5@0BC@=K9 35@>9 A 53> 2K<KH;5==>9 18>3@0D859, ?@84C<0==K<8 @5G0<8 8 ?>ABC?:0<8 >1;0405B =587JOA=8<>9 28B0;L=>9 A8;>9. 7OBK9 87 687=8 1K205B 1>;55 687=5==K<, G5< A0<0 687=L; ?> A;>20< >AB>52A:>3>, >:07K205BAO 459AB28B5;L=55 A0<>9 459AB28B5;L=>AB8. 8B0;L=>ABL EC4>65AB25==KE ?5@A>=0659 45;05B 8E ;53:> C7=0205<K<8 8;8 >?>7=0205<K<8. 0:>5 <=>65AB2> C<=KE ;N459,  ?8A0; >AB>52A:89 2 @><0=5 48>B,  C7=02 >B >3>;O ?@> >4:>;5A8=0, B>BG0A 65 AB0;8 =0E>48BL, GB> 45AOB:8 8 A>B=8 8E 4>1@KE 7=0:><KE 8 4@C759 C60A=> ?>E>68 =0 >4:>;5A8=0. 07304:C MB>3> D5=><5=0 ?8A0B5;L CA<0B@820; 2 B><, GB> 2A5 >4:>;5A8=K ACI5AB2CNB 459AB28B5;L=>, A=CNB 8 1530NB ?5@54 =0<8 5654=52=>, => :0: 1K =5A:>;L:> 2 @076865==>< A>AB>O=88.  A0<>< 45;5, 2A5 E0@0:B5@=>5 8 E0@0:B5@=>5, GB> A2>9AB25==> ;N4O<, 2 ?5@A>=060E A?@5AA>20=> 4> >1@070, 4> B8?0, =5@54:> AB0=>2OI53>AO A8<2>;><. 8B5@0BC@=K9 35@>9, ?@>6820O A2>N 687=L 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25 8 2@5<5=8 EC4>65AB25==>3> AN65B0, >4=>2@5<5==> O2;O5BAO =>A8B5;5< >?@545;5==>9 AC4L1K, 2K?02H59 =0 53> 4>;N. !C4L1K ?5@A>=0659 ?>4>1=K ;N4A:8<: >=8 AB>;L 65 <=>3>>1@07=K 8 =5?@54A:07C5<K, AB>;L 65 7028A8<K >B 2>;8 A;CG0O, => 2 3;C18=5 A2>59 =5 A;CG09=K. !C4L10 ;8B5@0BC@=>3> 35@>O 15@5B =0G0;> 2 EC4>65AB25==>< ?@>872545=88, 345 A =8< =5?@5<5==> GB>-B> ?@>8AE>48B, 2>7=8:0NB :0:85-B> >1AB>OB5;LAB20 8 :>;;8788, ?@82>4OI85, :0: ?@028;>, : :>=D;8:BC, :>B>@K9 70B5< B0: 8;8 8=0G5 @07@5H05BAO. AO 40;L=59H0O 687=L 35@>O @072>@0G8205BAO C65 =5 2 :=835, =5 2 B5:AB5, A>G8=5==>< ?8A0B5;5<. -B>B C@>25=L 1KB>20=8O ?@>872545=8O (8 35@>O) 2 =0C:5 =07K20NB <5B0B5:ABC0;L=K<, B> 5ABL =0E>4OI8<AO ?>A;5, 70 3@0=8F0<8 02B>@A:>3> B5:AB0. 065 B5 ;8B5@0BC@=K5 ?5@A>=068, AC4L10 :>B>@KE =5 A;>68;0AL, 2A5 @02=> >AB02;ONB ?>A;5 A51O :0:85-B> A;54K 2 <5B0B5:ABC0;L=>< ?@>AB@0=AB25: 2 2845 G8B0B5;LA:8E <=5=89, 2 D>@<5 :@8B8G5A:8E AC645=89 8 B.?. 87=L 35@>52, >40@5==KE AG0AB;82>9 AC4L1>9, =0?>;=5=0 <=>65AB2>< A>1KB89, 0 8=>340 8 ?@8:;NG5=89. -B0 687=L ?@>4>;605BAO 2 4@C38E 8A:CAAB20E, 2 8=KE D>@<0E >1I5AB25==>3> A>7=0=8O. "0:, 5<>=, A>B2>@5==K9 5@<>=B>2K<, 1K; 2>?;>I5= 70B5< 2 >?5@5 C18=HB59=0, 1;03>40@O :>B>@>9 >1@5; AF5=8G5A:89 >1;8:, A>740==K9 (0;O?8=K<, 0 ?>B>< ?5@52>?;>B8;AO 2 7@8<K5 >1@07K ?>;>B5= @C15;O. 0@<5= .5@8<5 ?@8 ?><>I8 .875 >1>A=>20;0AL =0 >?5@=>9 AF5=5; >BBC40 =0G0;>AL B@8C<D0;L=>5 H5AB285 35@>8=8 ?> AB@0=0< 8 60=@0<. N1>?KB=> >B<5B8BL, GB> 0@<5= 875, A>E@0=OO >1@5B5==K9 >?5@=K9 >1;8:, ?KB0;0AL CA8;8O<8 <=>38E @568AA5@>2 (>B ;.. 5<8@>28G0-0=G5=:> 4> . @C:0) 25@=CBLAO : ;8B5@0BC@=><C ?5@2>8AB>G=8:C. >4>1=>5 2>72@0I5=85 >4=064K ?@>87>H;> A 5@<0=>< '09:>2A:>3>, :>B>@K9 2 7=0<5=8B>< A?5:B0:;5 595@E>;L40 A=>20 AB0; 5@<0==>< 8 70=>2> ?5@568; >1AB>OB5;LAB20 ?CH:8=A:>3> AN65B0, >BACBAB2CNI85 2 ;81@5BB> 8 2 >?5@5. 8@ :C;LBC@K 25;8: 8 B5A5=, 0 7=0G8B, 2 =5< 2A5340 5ABL <5AB> 4;O =5>6840==KE 2AB@5G. "0: ?>2AB@5G0;8AL $0CAB 8 >= C0= 2 ?L5A5 . @0115, 0 ?>B>< A;8;8AL 2 548=K9 >1@07 4@0<0B8G5A:>9 ?>M<K ..">;AB>3>, 35@>9 :>B>@>9 O2;O5BAO $0CAB>< 8 >= C0=>< 2 >4=>< ;8F5. "0 65 0@<5= ?> E>4C 459AB28O >?5@K >15@=C;0AL ?CH:8=A:>9 5<D8@>9: ;81@5BB8ABK . 5;LO: 8 . 0;528 2:;NG8;8 2 ?0@B8N 0@<5= ?5A=N !B0@K9 <C6, 3@>7=K9 <C6 87 ?>M<K &K30=K, ?5@52545==>9 . 5@8<5. =>65AB2> ;8B5@0BC@=KE 35@>52 A>E@0=8;8AL 2> 2@5<5=8 B>;L:> 1;03>40@O B><C, GB> =0H;8 2=5 ;8B5@0BC@K 4>?>;=8B5;L=>3> 02B>@0. 5 1C4L 6. CGG8=8, =8:B> 1K, :@><5 A?5F80;8AB>2, =5 ?><=8; > ">A:5  35@>8=5 E>@>H> A45;0==>9 ?L5AK .!0@4C; 157 1@0BL52 0A8;L52KE 8 ..01>G:8=0 =5 4>68; 1K 4> =0H8E 4=59 '0?052 87 ?>25AB8 . $C@<0=>20. ..'5@:0A>2 C25:>25G8; 030=5;O . 5@=0. 5@52>?;>I5=8O ;8B5@0BC@=>3> 35@>O 2 4@C38E 2840E 8A:CAAB20  MB> =5 B>;L:> ?5@5<5=0 EC4>65AB25==>3> O7K:0, ?@>8AE>4OI0O =587156=>, :>340, =0?@8<5@, ?>25AB2>20B5;L=>5 A;>2> ?5@52>48BAO 2 480;>38G5A:>5 (?@8 8=AF5=8@>2:5 @><0=0, ?>25AB8), 8;8 >72CG8205BAO 2 ?5=88 (>?5@0), 8;8 70<5=O5BAO 65AB>< (10;5B, ?0=B><8<0). 4=>2@5<5==> 845B ?5@5>A<KA;5=85 >1@070, ?@8>1@5B0NI53> =>2K5 7=0G5=8O, :>B>@K5 2 >4=8E A;CG0OE 45;0NB D83C@C 35@>O 1>;55 25A><>9 8 7=0G8B5;L=>9 (?@8<5@ B>9 65 ">A:8), 2 4@C38E O2=> C?@>I0NB ($0CAB C=> 2 A>?>AB02;5=88 A 35B52A:8<). -B> ?5@5>A<KA;5=85 >:07K205B >1@0B=>5 2;8O=85 =0 ?5@2>8AB>G=8:, MAB5B8G5A:>5 2>A?@8OB85 :>B>@>3> <>65B 87<5=OBLAO, 8=>340 25AL<0 7=0G8B5;L=>. ..0EB8= 8A?>;L7>20; BCB B5@<8= ?5@50:F5=BC0F8O 8 ?@82>48; 2 :0G5AB25 :;0AA8G5A:>3> ?@8<5@0 235=8O =538=0 '09:>2A:>3>: >?5@0, ?> A;>20< CG5=>3>, >A;018;0 ?0@>489=>ABL >1@07>2 ?CH:8=A:>3> @><0=0. @>F5AA ?5@50:F5=B@BDF Z \ F H n p ȶ~~~~iWB7hxhxCJaJ(hxhxCJ\aJfHq "hxCJ\aJfHq (hxhdCJ\aJfHq hdhdCJaJ.hdhd6CJ\]aJfHq (hdhdCJ\aJfHq "hqCJ\aJfHq jhIUmHnHu%hd5CJ,\aJ$fHq +hdhd5CJ,\aJ$fHq BF \ F H p p 2NBv^P$[$\$a$gdx [$\$gdd$-DM `a$gddp n p 02LN@Btv\^NPH J ιt#hFhF5\fHq hR hFhF\fHq hFhF5CJ$'hFhF5CJ$\fHq (hFhFCJ\aJfHq "hxCJ\aJfHq hxhxCJaJ(hxhxCJ\aJfHq +N 'x/1 ;P>AD$x[$\$`xa$gd+$x[$\$`xa$gd+$[$\$`a$gd+$[$\$`a$gdR$[$\$a$gdF$[$\$a$gdF$[$\$a$gdxJ N ''v/x/11B5L5; ;N>P>AADDKKLZd[f[]]8a:aXcZceejjkkTlVl@pBprruuyyfzhz<>FHޚͻ͹ʹh@h+6CJ\ h@\Uh+h+6\] h+h+h+h+\h+h+5CJ h+h+5B*CJ \ph h+hF\fHq >DKf[]:aZcejkVlBpruyhz>Hޚ$x[$\$`xa$gdy@w$x[$\$`xa$gd@$x[$\$`xa$gd+C0F88 ;8B5@0BC@=>3> ?@>872545=8O (8 35@>O) =5-7028A8<> >B 53> >B45;L=KE ?>A;54AB289. :>B>@K5 <>6=> 2>A?@8=8<0BL ?>-@07=><C, 2 F5;>< 8<55B 3@><04=>5 7=0G5=85 4;O 8AB>@88 :C;LBC@K. 0AHB01 MB>3> D5=><5=0 >4=8< 87 ?5@2KE >F5=8; ..0EB8=, :>B>@K9 2 8AA;54>20=8OE 20-E 8 30-E 3>4>2 C1548B5;L=> ?>:070;, :0: 25;8:85 @><0==K5 >1@07K ?@>4>;60NB @0AB8 8 @072820BLAO 8 ?>A;5 A2>53> A>740=8O, A?>A>1=K B2>@G5A:8 87<5=OBLAO 2 4@C38E M?>E0E, >B40;5==59H8E >B 4=O 8 G0A0 8E ?5@2>=0G0;L=>3> @>645=8O. >7459AB285 <5B0B5:ABC0;L=>3> @O40 1K205B AB>;L <>I=K<, GB> 8=K5 ;8B5@0BC@=K5 35@>8 :0: 1K 3>2>@OB A> AB@0=8F :=838 3>;>A0<8 25;8:8E 0:B5@>2, A<>B@OBAO 2> 2=5H=5< >1;8:5, =0945==>< 8<8. ;O 1>;LH8=AB20 A>2@5<5==KE G8B0B5;59 L5@ 57CE>2 2K3;O48B B0:8<, :0:8< 53> ?>:070; !.$. >=40@GC:. 0: =8 40;5: 5=A:89 '09:>2A:>3> >B ?CH:8=A:>3> 35@>O, ?>@B@5B ?>A;54=53> ?@5645 2A53> 0AA>F88@C5BAO A D>B>3@0D8O<8 ..!>18=>20 2 ?0@B88 5=A:>3>. 0=8<0O >1H8@=>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2> :C;LBC@K, ;8B5@0BC@=K5 35@>8 =0E>48;8 A515 <5AB> 2> 2=5MAB5B8G5A:>9 459AB28B5;L=>AB8, 345, =0?@8<5@, 1C;30:>2A:89 (0@8:>2 ?>@>48; <=>65AB2> 45B59 A MB>9 E>@>H59 @CAA:>9 D0<8;859, AB02H59 87;N1;5==K< >1J5:B>< ?C1;8F8AB8G5A:>9 09AE@>;>388. 5B0<>@D>7K ;8B5@0BC@=KE 35@>52 AB>;L <=>3>- 8 @07=>>1@07=K, GB> =5 ?>4;560B 8AG8A;5=8N. 5@A>=068 ?5@540NB A2>8 8<5=0 2 :0G5AB25 ?A524>=8<>2. =>385 87 35@>52 48:BCNB =>@<K MB8:5B0 8 1KB>2>3> ?>2545=8O, G0AB> A;C60B >1@07F>< 4;O ?>4@060=8O.  ?>A;54=5< ?>;=>ABLN A>2?040NB B0:85 40;5:85 ?5@A>=068, :0: 5@B5@ 8 02:0 >@G038=. 5<>@80;L=K< A2845B5;LAB2>< ?@>=8:=>25=8O ;8B5@0BC@=KE 35@>52 2 687=L AB0;8 ?0<OB=8:8, CAB0=>2;5==K5 2 8E G5ABL: ?0<OB=8: >= 8E>BC 8 !0=G> 2 04@845, A:C;L?BC@0 8=>::8> 2 8B0;LO=A:>< 3>@>45 >;;>48, >B:C40 1K; @>4>< A>740B5;L MB>3> ?5@A>=060, 8725AB=K9 ?>4 ?A524>=8<>< >;;>48, 8;8, A:065<, ?0<OB=8: 53@M 2 3>@>45 5;D759;5 (>;;0=48O), 345 . !8<5=>= A>G8=O; ?5@2K9 @><0= >1 MB>< 45B5:B825. 8B5;8 "030=@>30 CAB0=>28;8 <5<>@80;L=K5 4>A:8 =0 4><0E, 2 :>B>@KE >18B0;8 ?5@A>=068 '5E>20, 8<5==> ?5@A>=068, 0 =5 ?@>B>B8?K, B0: 2> 2AO:>< A;CG05 C:070=> =0 =8E: >< >=KG0, >< 5;8:>20. A5 MB> ?@8<5@K >A>1>9 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 ;8B5@0BC@=KE 35@>52, 2 A0<>< 45;5 ?@52>AE>4OI59 459AB28B5;L=CN 687=L 2 55 @076865==>< A>AB>O=88. 8B5@0BC@=K9 35@>9 8 53> 8AB>@8G5A:0O AC4L10  B0: <>6=> >?@545;8BL >1ICN B5<C M=F8:;>?5488. 5@A>=068, ?@54AB02;5==K5 2 =59, @0AA<0B@820NBAO 2 =5A:>;L:8E @0:C@A0E: ?@>B5:AB0, ?@>B>B5:AB0, A>1AB25==>3> B5:AB0 ?@>872545=8O 8, =0:>=5F, <5B0B5:AB0. 5@2K9 @O4 ?>4@07C<5205B 687=5==K5 @50;88, ?@5420@O2H85 O2;5=85 35@>O. -B> 2>7<>6=K5 ?@>B>B8?K, 0 B0:65 <8D>;>38G5A:85, D>;L:;>@=K5, ;8B5@0BC@=K5 ?@>>1@07K, 5A;8 B0:>2K5 8<5NBAO. 0;55 A;54C5B C@>25=L ?@>B>B5:AB0 8;8 ?5@2>B5:AB0, :>B>@K9 2K@0605BAO 2 A2>5>1@07=KE ?@>10E 35@>O, :>B>@K5 <>6=> =01;N40BL 2 =01@>A:0E 8 G5@=>2KE @540:F8OE ?@>872545=8O. "5:ABC0;L=K9 A;>9 ;8B5@0BC@=>3> 35@>O, @07C<55BAO A0<K9 3;02=K9 8 >A=>2=>9, 2:;NG05B E0@0:B5@>;>38N 8 AN65B8:C, B> 5ABL 2A5, GB> A2>9AB25==> 40==><C ;8FC 8 GB> A =8< ?@>8AE>48B 2 ?@54;0305<KE D01C;>9 >1AB>OB5;LAB20E. !N40 65 >B=>AOBAO ?>MB8:0 8 AB8;8AB8:0 >1@070, 0 @02=> MAB5B8:0 8 D8;>A>D8O, =>A8B5;5< :>B>@>9 <>65B 2KABC?0BL 35@>9. 5B0B5:AB 2:;NG05B 02B>@A:85 :><<5=B0@88 (2 ?@548A;>28OE, 70<5B:0E, ?8AL<0E), >B:;8:8 8 >B7K2K ?5@2KE @5F5=75=B>2, AC645=8O 8 <=5=8O :@8B8:>2, ?>A;54CNI85 B>;:>20=8O CG5=KE. 0;55 A;54CNB >B<5G5==K5 2KH5 2>?;>I5=8O 35@>O 2 4@C38E 8A:CAAB20E 8 2> 2=5MAB5B8G5A:>< ?@>AB@0=AB25 687=8. !C4L10 :064>3> ;8B5@0BC@=>3> 35@>O 8=48284C0;L=0. 0;5:> =5 2A5340 <>6=> ?@>A;548BL 2A5 =0720==K5 0A?5:BK: 2 >4=8E A;CG0OE >BACBAB2CNB =5>1E>48<K5 <0B5@80;K, 2 4@C38E :0:>9-B> @0:C@A ?5@A>=060 E>BO 8 >1=0@C68205BAO, => ;8H5= 3;C1>:>9 7=0G8<>AB8. 0AB>OI0O M=F8:;>?548O  =5 4>AL5 ;8B5@0BC@=KE 35@>52: >=0 =0?@02;5=0 =0 ?>=8<0=85 EC4>65AB25==>3> A<KA;0 >1@070. >MB><C :0640O A;>20@=0O AB0BLO A:;04K20;0AL ?> B><C AF5=0@8N, :>B>@K9 1K; ?@>48:B>20= A0<8< 35@>5< 8 2A5< B5<, GB> 4;O =53> =081>;55 @5?@575=B0B82=>. N10O M=F8:;>?548O >?8@05BAO =0 ?@8=F8? 8718@0B5;L=>AB8. > :0:8< :@8B5@8O< >ACI5AB2;O;AO >B1>@ ?5@A>=0659 A CG5B>< =587156=KE >3@0=8G5=89, >1CA;>2;5==KE >1J5<>< 8740=8O? 5@2>5 >A=>20=85 >1>7=0G5=> C65 2 A0<>< =0720=88 M=F8:;>?5488, A>1@02H59 =0 A2>8E AB@0=8F0E 35@>52 <8@>2>9 ;8B5@0BC@K. !;>2> 35@>9 BCB C?>B@51;O5BAO 2 AC3C1> B5@<8=>;>38G5A:>< 7=0G5=88, >B;8G=>< >B >18E>4=>3>. "5@<8= 35@>9 >E20BK205B 40;5:> =5 2A5E ?5@A>=0659 ?@>872545=8O. = >B=>A8BAO B>;L:> : 3;02=K< 53> ;8F0<, F5=B@0;L=K< ?5@A>=060<, :>B>@K5 70=8<0NB >A52>5 ?>;>65=85 2 A8AB5<5 ?@>8AE>4OI8E A>1KB89, 25@E>25=AB2CNB 2 85@0@E88 >1@07>2, 2K45;ONBAO ?>;=>B>9 8 8=48284C0;L=>9 >1>A>1;5==>ABLN E0@0:B5@0.  MB>< A<KA;5 157CA;>2=K< 35@>5< O2;O5BAO 0<;5B, B>340 :0: 0M@B  ?@>AB> ?5@A>=06. $C=:F8O 35@>O <>65B 1KBL A:>=F5=B@8@>20=0 2 >4=>< ;8F5 ("0@BND 8;8 G5E>2A:89 20=>2) 8 <>65B @0A?@545;OBLAO <564C =5A:>;L:8<8 ?5@A>=060<8  >1KG=> 42C<O-B@5<O (>= 8E>B 8 !0=G> 0=A0). 5@A>=068 M?87>48G5A:85, =0E>4OI85AO =0 2B>@>< ?;0=5, =0 ?5@8D5@88 AN65B0 ( 5?5B8;>2, >1G8=A:89 8 >1G8=A:89 8 4@C385 ?>4>1=K5), 2 -=F8:;>?5488 ;8B5@0BC@=KE 35@>52 >BACBAB2CNB. 5@>9, :0: 8 ?5@A>=06, O2;O5BAO =>A8B5;5< >1@070 G5;>25:0. 4=0:> B0:>3> @>40 >1@07K ACI5AB2CNB 2 EC4>65AB25==>< ?@>872545=88 8 157 ?5@A>=0659. >=OB85 35@>O ?>4@07C<5205B >1J5:B820F8N >1@070 2 AN65B5, AB0=>2OI53>AO >4=>2@5<5==> >1J5:B>< =01;N45=8O 8 AC1J5:B>< A>1KB89, A?>A>1=K< 459AB2>20BL 2 AN65B=KE >1AB>OB5;LAB20E 8 :>;;878OE, 0 B0:65 8E ?@>6820BL 8 ?5@56820BL. AO:89 35@>9  =5?@5<5==> ;8F> 459AB2CNI55, E>BO E0@0:B5@ 53> 459AB289 ACI5AB25==> @07;8G05BAO 2 @07=KE ;8B5@0BC@=KE 60=@0E 8 D>@<0E (@><0=, 4@0<0, ?>25ABL, ?>M<0 8 ?@>G.). 'B> 65 :0A05BAO A0<8E ?@>872545=89, 35@>8 :>B>@KE 2>H;8 2 M=F8:;>?548N, B> BCB 157CA;>2=>5 ?@54?>GB5=85 1K;> >B40=> :;0AA8:5, A>AB02;ONI59 >A=>2=>9 EC4>65AB25==K9 D>=4 <8@>2>9 :C;LBC@K. 4=0:> >3@0=8G8BL M=F8:;>?548N B>;L:> MB8< @O4>< >7=0G0;> 1K ?>B5@OBL A2O7L A 682K< ;8B5@0BC@=K< ?@>F5AA><. > 2A5 2@5<5=0 2>7=8:0;8 ?@>872545=8O, A:@><=K5 ?> A2>8< EC4>65AB25==K< 4>AB>8=AB20<, 0 8=>340 8 ?@>AB> A><=8B5;L=K5, 35@>8 :>B>@KE, >4=0:>, AB0=>28;8AL M<1;5<0<8 2@5<5=8, 7=0:0<8 M?>E8, 2K@060NI8<8 55 AB8;L. "0:>2, =0?@8<5@, >@6 5@<0=8, 35@>9 ?>?C;O@=59H59 <5;>4@0<K 20-30-E 33. XIX 2. "@84F0BL ;5B, 8;8 87=L 83@>:0, 2 :>B>@>9 2KABC?0;8 2A5 25;8:85 0:B5@K-@><0=B8:8. "0:>20 4;O 4@C3>9 M?>E8 N1>2L /@>20O. 5@>8 MB>3> ;8B5@0BC@=>3> @O40 ?@54AB02;5=K 2 M=F8:;>?5488, E>BO 8 2K1>@>G=>. 5@A>=068 8<5NB 8<5=0: 2 >4=8E A;CG0OE ?>;=K5, A D0<8;859 8 >BG5AB2>< (5B@ 8@8;;>28G 57CE>2), 2 4@C38E ?@>728I0 (CHQG:0), 2 B@5BL8E  B>;L:> 8=8F80;K (. 2 @>F5AA5 8 0<:5 0D:8). @8 A>AB02;5=88 M=F8:;>?5488 206=K< <><5=B>< 1K; 2K1>@ >A=>2=>3> 8<5=8 35@>O: O4O 0=O 8;8 >9=8F:89? ==0 $8@;8=3 8;8 0<0H0 C@06? 235=89 =538= 8;8 ?@>AB> =538=? "CB =52>7<>65= >1I89 AB0=40@B, ?@8<5=8<K9 :> 2A5< 35@>O<. "@C4=>, A:065<, ?@54?>;>68BL, GB> G8B0B5;L, >B:@K2H89 M=F8:;>?548N, 1C45B 8A:0BL 35@>O 4=>3> 4=O... !>;65=8FK=0 ?> 53> D0<8;88 ((CE>2). >MB><C AB0BLO >1 MB>< ?5@A>=065 =07K205BAO 20= 5=8A>28G.  2>B 35@>9 0A:0@040 235=89 @15=8= 8725AB5=, ?@5645 2A53>, :0: @15=8=, E>BO C 5@<>=B>20 5ABL 8 4@C3>9 @15=8=, ;048<8@,  3;02=>5 ;8F> 4@0<K !B@0==K9 G5;>25:. "0:8< >1@07><, 2K1>@ 8<5=8 35@>O >ACI5AB2;O;AO 2 :064>< A;CG05 >A>1>, 8AE>4O 87 53> =0@8F0B5;L=>AB8. @C385 65 8<5=0 ?@82>4OBAO 2 D>@<5 >BAK;>G=KE C:070=89 (#%  A<.: L5@ 57CE>2). 5:>B>@K5 ?0@=K5 ?5@A>=068 ("@8AB0= 8 7>;L40, $8;5<>= 8 02:840) >1J548=5=K 2 >4=C A;>20@=CN AB0BLN. "0: 65 ?@54AB02;5=K B@8 A5AB@K '5E>20: AB0BLO > =8E =07K205BAO !5AB@K @>7>@>2K. !;>20@=K5 AB0BL8 M=F8:;>?5488 @0A?>;>65=K 2 0;D028B=>< ?>@O4:5. <O ?5@A>=060, 2K=5A5==>5 2 703;0285, =0?5G0B0=> ?@>?8A=K< ?>;C68@=K< H@8DB>< A C:070=85< C40@5=8O.  B5:AB5 A;>20@=>9 AB0BL8 703;02=>5 8<O 70<5=O5BAO ?5@2>9 1C:2>9 2 ?@>?8A=>< =0G5@B0=88 A B>G:>9. ;O ?5@A>=0659 8=>AB@0==>9 ;8B5@0BC@K ?>A;5 703;02=>3> 8<5=8 2 :@C3;KE A:>1:0E 405BAO =0?8A0=85 =0 O7K:5 >@838=0;0 A C:070=85< O7K:>2>3> 8AB>G=8:0, 0 B0:65 ?@82>48BAO 1C:20;L=>5 7=0G5=85, 5A;8 8<O 7=0G0I55. A5 >BAK;>G=K5 8<5=0 =0?5G0B0=K :C@A82><. BAK;>G=K<8 O2;ONBAO 8<5=0 B>;L:> B5E ?5@A>=0659, :>B>@K< 2 M=F8:;>?5488 ?>A2OI5=0 >B45;L=0O AB0BLO. A;8 ?@>872545=85 ?@54AB02;5=> =5A:>;L:8<8 ?5@A>=060<8, B> 181;8>3@0D8O 405BAO B>;L:> : >4=><C 87 =8E. !.. !B0E>@A:89 hy@whMt6CJ\8 00P:p. A!"S#n$S% FTBtSi^2^pEJFIF,, ExifMM*bj(1r2i,, Photoshop 7.0 2005:06:21 15:49:30(& HHJFIFHH Adobe_CMAdobed            P"?   3!1AQa"q2B#$Rb34rC%Scs5&DTdE£t6UeuF'Vfv7GWgw5!1AQaq"2B#R3$brCScs4%&5DTdEU6teuFVfv'7GWgw ?I?9LRivI #>jcg:Ci 5J]#LdqQ>~I%p\GktR:O:ystmRS~^ǚfÕI, <ڑȢTjm՜]Hp6}StMVRze XSr;kh$ۍR@[tk\ksߚ_4`Xkq:C~V2ݵj@ScwWoPíZ(%@t>[lpL 菛e%mNkcKٱ"2K39F~$3tt>|x&n7ocQm+59nfTdj@lr]vvX#aճSGVNUKJe8tahv5^mc߹fu>ߢG77eVUecc]:}hW@Owj`M"DQFS g^'v~A~E[@'T]1:QӸK>"L[/1<ӪZ_UQ2گnXhp$?ZtpT>RTL?xʝNӯRU0_}CsI}oPC>\ qt3*?ΨQmhm8AycOW" NꆆY[7Lu_h{_eC+1?gŐZ"~=߾I.9\)si77ob6a96)6NKM~wݷSv^j֐(ʹz_n9;WT{k_ 9ݳ躪V`0qf!eO߶ cc,qŎش4SճiimYctn ߻MoĩV5o۬/1[}U`kNJ=S]6H:̗1Ņ@icpQ*po(Lw^I,| 3Hħ0Ƹ {ZBF?_3L? |l:vc S}/phߦacjq}=B85^~\m&wսƶ_Tˑ;n?[>(WI}8d [;Bn赸WU!GSlEkULldLH56єZh p[?~s3nü_K^ ?ߴ=:$CJuHlnY$W>P mj 4 ff[Ys`Uo*2zk_͆͒ʞW/]cƱ6/c\~Vm>U`muL{kkBX~맖iGVȡUk+5Cj?ª7S>pY7#&ǰ~aҿmao塃S#ZtrzPȥ=k, AGCt*OѦmSh)!Yq[*yiwGަtʃс>I|xxILD1:4*[D&.RSݬ S#JV3 F6|TKty89\Z4*a= A]ò:g8% Ejcg:Ci 5J]#LdqQ>~I%p\GktR:O:ystmRS~^ǚfÕI, <ڑȢTjm՜]Hp6}StMVRze XSr;kh$ۍR@[tk\ksߚ_4`Xkq:C~V2ݵj@ScwWoPíZ(%@t>[lpL 菛e%mNkcKٱ"2K39F~$3tt>|x&n7ocQm+59nfTdj@lr]vvX#aճSGVNUKJe8tahv5^mc߹fu>ߢG77eVUecc]:}hW@Owj`M"DQFS g^'v~A~E[@'T]1:QӸK>"L[/1<ӪZ_UQ2گnXhp$?ZtpT>RTL?xʝNӯRU0_}CsI}oPC>\ qt3*?ΨQmhm8AycOW" NꆆY[7Lu_h{_eC+1?gŐZ"~=߾I.9\)si77ob6a96)6NKM~wݷSv^j֐(ʹz_n9;WT{k_ 9ݳ躪V`0qf!eO߶ cc,qŎش4SճiimYctn ߻MoĩV5o۬/1[}U`kNJ=S]6H:̗1Ņ@icpQ*po(Lw^I,| 3Hħ0Ƹ {ZBF?_3L? |l:vc S}/phߦacjq}=B85^~\m&wսƶ_Tˑ;n?[>(WI}8d [;Bn赸WU!GSlEkULldLH56єZh p[?~s3nü_K^ ?ߴ=:$CJuHlnY$W>P mj 4 ff[Ys`Uo*2zk_͆͒ʞW/]cƱ6/c\~Vm>U`muL{kkBX~맖iGVȡUk+5Cj?ª7S>pY7#&ǰ~aҿmao塃S#ZtrzPȥ=k, AGCt*OѦmSh)!Yq[*yiwGަtʃс>I|xxILD1:4*[D&.RSݬ S#JV3 F6|TKty89\Z4*a= A]ò:g8% E adobe:docid:photoshop:98c6aaa9-e20f-11d9-9e72-84dcf6e2bfc4 Adobed@      P !1A"Qa2#qBR$3brCт4%Sc5&D6'8!1AQaq"2BR#3brCS$4D%sc ?O!J2Vp ц%;A^F-Os]"-yZ_wc.2H%\mUz7aS9+i<FfY3 (0Z%Qcgw㞰FZRYa0@R ;| KP|)V^ ",ĶXGƒ*^8KLX-X'H~WdO^7i9QGR7{b*o*H ƿٴ. ~}fʔ,ƜG!\}t0a!I##|oPt:iNwkؠRDbr3&s_Nc%L$J*141%P6)B,OGI0UhĖ2W>Dg6#v>'_Irk/&lnA=v[ji#^r8fk0@S!]TW.Kgo +dTSy5/ " &m<%p*6 ?5IA6TRV Q=秈Vp  LB۟^si-[a4疥dAccSRm9:^c%xgdY%[XlbXI?뎟LoK*,Q&`,<&1 6J!U-//^SVbP Zt@Ee뜆Ϧ5sB dN.fUTpLG5m΀>}åd!0]*5mIeo96=))iԬyBqgWE*+ xHfm;s0_ 58vNF Axghæ5Mhngdl)l"WG A(*nPH]nPެR&hط{^B٫7 p{zt"$Ee<kdDԇ'4dm6$4f^Z'V3*0c#ef ߾9$.E4x{^df0FcpV9U]ܠqUWbs"YdjG퀁Uq=kS[BgwjLI m2!K6rJTqխk26:!@x\5,jN )xf[J U:h(D|O[G][bVMRX3VY 'HzV4j҃Z:O$5RBBDZC¸_Ý )4NAdO^,#rG&=E}8.eiv3иhX ΒdoUmrK+:ੲV*zvevmb9'>uPHnua-Ht'yاnUޥJ1dḴDWVN4RSϒD~*YЫ+p2{pq Zu Y2A-?Xn`X~Lzr),Kkؒeȑr ) B =aT\YN2UB,e2gfJ v!`dWpLd}Alr{=Uچ,̗Dz{rŃ BddA۪UI(&䳱~<O2ˉ,11o2dYKmө^2q_JZh/"VbLON3= SFq,zQ?2Iwoljm;8QCXKvΖ$PȱIU<[UŔ N0kta(~B^s2i^龎"ZP$Oe6pRM^gS=D Ia+Fʯd~p,ԼM>ttxBB@I 'CwEfMKadT\\0$í!cB:}3ڏ/;np`g@z y^;FO$%knCh]Զ-юF>V:+6āAdU/G4mzO%i:lw*mSgpHu?x*'zKGqj 1c-P4FVܞ:/~9m][NXpMC3i#RxQf@ّc1!O}ķQ}DTi-EYI'#0p2=M _qыMwէwVOi#GIBUG =)̲khfF衤ٹJJ6h 2HsU'Syc和L,kGZ#LrlRx^ZCV(,b}ȋ )iYQڥN=YEGk""'t#,Azn‘ߦ_Ǘx2~*LYu\rzҲ& V#2ז+#=s)M*dGmUCݭ_--9`fZFPw!i r WYKE,jd!>\U!C oMF$ٯE$HI<.5F`קjxViD  тѬ" ]FK!NYѬH3n ,鞖d%֗(-`ي.] R"aFtq?o^"RcŃWyQb ]=sMH aH[`2zVФȬJZi [~,4 hPQgr]5 qQ&1Ydl$1յ:3X$ٚ+NuG(J&=s = zTH]RSV?XE :WxxH ]ejjrFei3>#XT9;#R>H:us=ᢳ뽉 9̳Hx!P Hf:n L-h{&HR)c1hQ#6$qѨ҅$bz^3$l4*y¹'Xl'F]FzFJI+cѕdOc`.,NDSU6,`0`ǫvתHLkwz<[*c1quSVXDV'≫q&+vȬNC,Αdw8PdRO.LnA'hWYV˫MI>e\9ntUFM^ ܁ NčL d~GvYqJЊRXmw\{%YhD uuƚV)[UJ~L߮-ٱ!*xn00Uۑtx^g\<=>9ǁ^i3JsNk/Uƥ[0sqJ ^(CX:n1cQeU+HLp]$Y$F}>#L-r$uE{.2$y7iU&vii{'`+[bt%+Pn8S14)ߴ av0h?.3wnOǘZHI|q 541JXbUwH?)~: 8N2X[~e)՝zO -~) "ZK^#jmLIhhѡQ(mU 9 mٸ*58T)A3# dJI- E)/pѰlڕ9PmW9 iT o!fI(jَx٘ȰIU+M0J8h|䄆*Z'H^7<{MfcF,t-K^Dz`}Pl@n$g'kt_5Ŋkz\1%۱iw$)lz~ пfnSJ!*}\s`0bʤH7m$nەzwC<4/?gC^:vgIU]Dԑ^I!uegA*A?OHkU Phxap;C0tS? Y.*m,L &y"$eΪ'QgAN^`֮{+1L2&pM2R+r1bv ex$M;Zx.BB0=R8]KAʦH'MqR]0c<}8L+7~56S24dIE';WupʂLQ'D*xvn,{/yX@XXUbg˔(Hιœ=2dK+K?G^J򀶫KX7팺˹D!=+<6E ^H W Fp^EӉI*L/#jlDAVBeMF=zPTrqW̱8S"-SWYc o @8%QVaA&&SIz u-Nrh1%bx%Ɩ̲ 1[ WsNOR10$jH_֤`*Tdh#iHbZ2݆88n "YV| סcA[PP^]mjҒnx=㞦s |/l#ֶQ$oƽa-,f'Ӽ"M,6UD3{r24Tgl`*۩ey f.JpԌ)ǿ`8?#=QY8_bMQhTLJ2dUl{}s9&IbVItӂۻv{tLiGavY`$呰v>FlP2sW8"U9g=hv(B FPs7ȥYՒ5Hez-/!N1tkT%z v$iYI@쯘#:aB}ê OZ*.۪c,ú$L3hyzT',h ( HV'i\q u]JIuq'{}oI>lZ$w̍ wJ)W+M߬y6Qc6X"'Teg?JQ5\̌dh*BOz*F0":յU"bC˄piܓ[U**J1w`[p™BN \ s`^Bȷ4lI8Ώ]:jд=39jfep8G^3! G)'Qtd])< Y幺m3/hõFe]C co!xkq!d\4WY]#݅qOS wY+H^/c|~ĨS WBBVp}0xHm*<`۝o͊BM`+B#`rq鑞Vdvol=@]yY%P1!8C;}?J kVuNi9o<(f0K";G:tYPbK&|\||HVY "| q} ^4-սK)Z{Q`V8Ȍ Ϫvq ` ۰2Ăkb`>XmfG=e׉qU%T\R3=Ezu%j+47a!h쳤Flm hHƽiTgw V79:Y鑤9\ Mrt'%2珰VH3IcݺIΠh'%Y 䢩`K0$D߹`=M5zpȻ,YTۍy#֟@ב2]Q 7B#VK4)-KWPlҠp(?7+v:V_yN F܂TYg,vc1$seQCeP yTv9#C#?D)׷7)تإV$\ {2^)LlFM98^6G^OI\w΄~}sFKs5뼓K4H!W;2fǭDVjHK;Fz75m8JƅB҂)KB)e :(,Z"}:Nܞ2r N/Q/"YdX^xI]?V5R v.2@Qm\N*_WcO,Uc)Vc_:rRXOB֛›qӹL"C9 g`_M%jtg\ҕ r?w*{tp))27jG7dI7<ˬ%tY#zj%#,܉3;1ڲ1DKU+'uPDw6-x2Yd?aRKyQ^uJ75{ԘP[p,ĦG3CŠ4rҕ(giIqd8; eBOBry cxe.`4CrF$q3BWfF.Tg!)qh={}L+3gذT߸*23VE9,SauG9#cHrW@{6p !I9;j\yoJFN|h<11ҙԮ܏ǣmg#c dܔ1E2?X:#yI:A-[.dS5~'3" ?Yw/:bkĜHD&ibxYdPJˆw2gFԹK O0c4ԢTQ8פK%yVi>2}&Qú))k+N4DѓYdY!4a&7жQOkj}N$E8"zp&ZH9lꈩavʴтb.`UP*mM:zI lP_q:tHCMj +8f!]IUw;kZVQ]k򴤱aBev[*u,s81cµߒZ)Fm>_n{5tZɢPZ .P45Y`ܳ/!,}r5?ש 5mIxD~#*01ܺkKE !~dITѩRW ؃ MԴ7Kyڪ[RbUXdaјQq2TnFiV8$b*d d~eЭd^iNBId d$cc_jhQ, AٝNX6Ўf0 e?q F8zlA[;"P:O\rʮNkIJ6w>5,*K% ?љ.WbUjrrڂ1=ziIk$oƒ1ebm#!܅C1ܬ ǪsD6XGq%V3#Jd Ru|ء,RΪ"Dn qjө:^:µ(Uy|V @e${w'.˒%3õ^: Yb%RK,w ?tM+ i I~Fx]|`ߐteb=6 4'^>JrYVś 2TcDCa6OBmI,(9W4!zbFdZRoZ/;$pcOH|K(͕T@S%h## ڨ&Eа ةXeGP~Xf˞>.F %I #*a֒r69b!FUB1b?z)*"|PA9> 6)qnJV}0`Zʯ$M3FJ~$ 9#ꥃZ#fhY%gF"8ԣ&?:ԣJ?+ԓ]Vj{4dzX u^>mp_QGC4w.6uї9ԁ꙾eA>-Q`ĄFA+6?+j5^Mb>HܓqՖ%Jn&gmYQ;Z5bl/:?0Nc@uz䊟a潹X$WF 94<@ڷ2K/4ep<'suf;R=LGIxTz՚5\C (c,HF [F סHQ X׹@r\0,B=dtr'\=6$-E`՚j!Mϵùw۴qZ)H!GqaW^ R1$ߴ8+-T$Q@đd]ghА4]#vQn-S,|jF&LQcpXiQܶ2\UIIkQqֲDv6a$ N׶OIY154;ĈnKC:>W}!i'UI B XvFF 0;tjVL'yChD&Քc'wס$ˏX* @dõ- `zfQ4J̦Y1~i[H64*-i!k a A53n`&%1=[`;^SRIvZ­jylKaE%1R1^fi@Xuc58EFC Oq%]@